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BACKGROUND We wanted to determine and compare the serum prolactin levels in lurasidone, and aripiprazole drug administered psychiatric patients. METHODS A hospital-based prospective observational study was done in the psychiatric department, RIMS, Kadapa for a period of 06 months (i.e., from Sept. 2018 to Feb. 2019). Patients receiving drugs (Lurasidone/Aripiprazole) were enrolled in our study. Patients in the age group 20-60 years were recruited. Consecutive sampling method was followed during the study procedure. 300 patients were recruited according to study criteria. Ethical approval was obtained from IEC. After taking the informed consent from the patient, data collection form was designed accordingly and given to patients to collect patients’ complete data. Collected data was analysed and interpreted by using the SPSS/Graph Pad Prism/Chi-Square Test. RESULTS We have recruited 300 patients with 150 patients in each group. We have analysed the blood samples of the patients for serum prolactin levels. We have reviewed the patients three times and we have found the mean and standard deviation of each drug in every review. We have analysed the serum prolactin levels based on gender and age differences. And we have compared the other ADR's of the two drugs based on gender differences. And we have also compared the serum prolactin levels of each drug from their base line to third review. CONCLUSIONS From the data collected after each review, it can be concluded that Aripiprazole is a safe drug compared to lurasidone. After assessing the serum prolactin levels, we noted that lurasidone increased prolactin levels dramatically in females and adult patients with age between 25 to 38.5 years. After the collection of statistical data, it can be concluded that Aripiprazole is the safer antipsychotic drug.

Diabetes is a long-lasting disease which has the ability to cause a worldwide health calamity. International Diabetes Federation (IDF) has proven that 3820 lakhs people in the world are living with diabetes and this number can be doubled in the next 15 years. Diabetes, also known as Diabetes Mellitus is a chronic disease caused due to the increase of glucose level in the blood. This disease can be diagnosed using various physical and chemical tests. However, untreated and undiagnosed diabetes could damage human body organs such as eye, heart, kidneys, foot, nerves and can also lead to the death of the human. So, early prediction and analysis of Diabetes can reduce the death rate to some extent. Thus, the proposed work aims at designing a model which predicts the diabetes in human with maximum accuracy using machine learning classifiers like Support Vector Machine (SVM), K-Nearest Neighbors (KNN), Logistic Regression (LR), Navies Bayes (NB), Gradient Boosting (GB) and Random Forest (RF) Classifier. Analysis is done on Pima Indian Diabetes Database (PIDD), a dataset taken from Kaggle data repository. The performance of all the six classifiers is compared using Accuracy score, Receiver Operating Curve (ROC), Precision, Recall, F-measure evaluated from each model.

Novel Corona Virus has become the talk and thought of the year disturbing the entire world with its new disease COVID. Being totally new, it has become a challenge to diagnose and treat the victims. Thus, it is necessary to understand in detail the genomics of the virus, thereby predicting its evolutionary relation to the other known organisms. This can provide an insight for the development of diagnosis and treatment methodology. In view of the importance of understanding the genetic make of NCoV, the current work was undertaken. The chapter deals in detail with the genomic sequence, important regions, conservations and variations in the genetic make up of the Novel Corona virus.

COVID 19, a contagious respiratory disease caused by Novel Corona Virus 19 or Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 is a major concern of the decade.

The detailed structural analysis of the ORF1ab polyprotein was carried out to study its Physiochemical characterization as well as its domain annotations.

Nature has been the enormous medical resource of active compounds which has shown promising results. Apart from the regular allopathic medication some of the medicinal plants with a potential to kill viruses can be tested and used for the therapy making it a safer, economic and less time consuming approach.

In order to develop any diagnostic or therapeutic protocol for COVID19 it is necessary to study the genome and proteome of the NCoV and annotate the proteins to identify its phylogeny and evolutionary relation with the other known organisms. The SARS NCoV and MERS Corona Virus belong to the Corona group of viruses and both are known to cause Respiratory illness. There is a very close similarity in the disease manifestation and mode of transmission in MERS and COVID forming basis for the comparison between the two organisms. Hence the proteins of novel Corona virus are compared with those of MERS Corona Virus (Fig. 3.1).

Apart from the treatment options, protocols and preventive measures against COVID, an essential step prior to the treatment is its quick and accurate diagnosis. There are several diagnostic protocols prevailing currently for the identification of COVID infection. The Gold standard available diagnosis is based on the identification of pathogen by RTPCR analysis [1]. This involves extraction of the genetic material of the virus followed by its amplification using specific primers and identification.

Severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2)/Novel Corona Virus Disease-19 (nCOVID-19)/COVID-19 has only been discovered recently, and so our understanding of the disease epidemiology is continuously evolving. WHO has declared it a worldwide pandemic with high morbidity and significant mortality, hence it has been announced as the global health and wealth emergency. At present there is no any specific therapy available to fight against this virus, hence the drug repositioning is the most challenging to entire scientific community. The aim of this study is to determine the mutation(s) in the sequence of the spike protein, which plays a significant role in transmission from human to human. By using bioinformatics approach first we analyzed spike protein sequence of four nearest coronavirus family that include COVID-19, bat coronavirus RaTG13, pangolian coronavirus and SARS CoV, to determine phylogenetic distance between them. The homology modeling of COVID-19 spike protein has been done by iTASSER. and the protein-protein docking with human receptor ACE2 by Frodock web based docking tool showing the less binding energy of COVID-19 (−12.7 kcal/mol) in comparison with SARS CoV (10.3 kcal/mol). Further, the superimposed structure of COVID-19 and SARS CoV viruses has been performed to find the mutational site in association with human ACE2 protein. The extensive and detailed computational analyses approaches help to identify conserved region of COVID-19 and SARS CoV. Hence, our present data might help to identify potential target site and to develop antiviral drugs/vaccine to combat this pandemic.

The significance of vaccines in the battle of mankind with dreadful diseases cannot be surpassed. As it goes by saying ‘Prevention is better than cure’, vaccines have always proven their mettle. In view of the urge for the development of vaccine against the 2020 epidemic COVID the current work was undertaken.

It is an urgent requirement of 2020 to develop a drug which can successfully treat the patients of COVID19 and gift them a healthy life back.

Apart from the drugs used in the treatment of COVID, it is necessary to try several other routes through which the recovery of the victims can be made possible. India has now laid its steps towards implementing the Plasma Therapy as an approach towards the treatment of COVID19. Here the Plasma is collected from the individuals who have recovered from the infection, as they have already developed antibodies against the pathogen. The plasma from these individuals is expected to contain antibodies against COVID which can be used further for treating the patients affected with this pathogen.

This article presents a MIMO compact antenna measuring 45×45×1.6 mm, on the FR4 substrate, proposed for Ka band and 5G communication applications. The proposed design is suitable to overcome the issues connected with massive MIMO. It has four-sigma-shaped radiating elements and a c-shaped ground plane with coplanar waveguide feeding. Its compact dimensions suit it for most existing communications systems. The aerial operates in the 21–30 GHz range, which covers Ka and 5G communication bands. The proposed antenna exhibits the average efficiency of more than 76% within its operating band and gives a minimum signal to noise plus interference ratio. The presented antenna covers several services, such as Ka band satellite downlink applications and future 5G communication applications.

Background: Transversus abdominis plane block (TAP) has an evolving role in postoperative analgesia following laparoscopic-assisted vaginal hysterectomy (LAVH). Aims: This study was carried out to evaluate 75 μg and 150 μg of clonidine added to 0.25% levobupivacaine, with regard to the duration of analgesia. Our study also sought to assess the hemodynamic effects, sedation, and adverse effects. Settings and Design: This was a prospective, randomized, double-blinded, comparative study. Methods: A total number of 80 patients undergoing elective LAVH surgery under general anesthesia were randomly assigned to one of the two equal groups to receive either of the following: Group LC75 – 29 ml of 0.25% levobupivacaine plus 75 μg of clonidine diluted in 1 ml of normal saline (total 30 ml) and Group LC150 – 29 ml of 0.25% levobupivacaine plus 150 μg of clonidine diluted in 1 ml of normal saline (total 30 ml). Duration of analgesia was the primary outcome. Hemodynamic variables, sedation score, and adverse effects were secondary outcomes. Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed with Student's t -test and Chi-square test. Results: The duration of analgesia was significantly prolonged in Group LC150 (609.18 ± 6.59 vs. 410.52 ± 7.18 min; P = 0.001). The visual analog scale score in patients who received clonidine 150 μg Group LC150 as an adjunct was significantly lower than who received 75 μg Group LC75. Significantly higher sedation score was observed in Group LC150. The incidence of bradycardia was also significant between two groups. Significantly fewer patients in Group LC150 required rescue analgesia. Conclusion: The 150 μg dose of clonidine in TAP block prolongs the duration of analgesia but with higher incidence of sedation.

The prevalence of hypertension in chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients exceeds that of the general population. Uncontrolled hypertension plays a significant role in progression to end stage renal disease and results in increased cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. A complex interplay between various pathophysiologic mechanisms is responsible for the development of hypertension in this patient population. The major factors being extracellular volume overload, increased endothelin-1 release and excess renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system and sympathetic nervous system activity. Dietary and lifestyle modifications have synergistic effects to drug therapy in the control of hypertension. There is no single blood pressure target that is optimal for all CKD patients. It is important to individualize the treatment depending on age, the severity of albuminuria, and comorbidities. Drugs blocking the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system are the recommended first-line antihypertensive agents for most CKD patients. Intradialytic hypertension may be prevented by individualizing the dialysis prescription and using nondialyzable antihypertensives. New onset of hypertension in the elderly or new onset of difficult to control hypertension in a previously well controlled hypertensive patient should prompt the work up for atherosclerotic renal vascular disease.

Background: In spite of the availability of several antiemetic drugs, postoperative nausea and vomiting (PONV) is very common following laparoscopic surgery. Selective 5-hydroxytryptamine type 3 receptor antagonists are considered first-line agents for prophylaxis for PONV. Aims: In this study, we investigated and compared the efficacy of ramosetron and palonosetron in preventing PONV following laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed with Student's t-test and Chi-square test. Settings and Design: This was a randomized, prospective, double-blinded, observational clinical study. Methods: A total number of 80 patients, undergoing elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy surgeries under general anesthesia, were randomly assigned to one of the two equal groups to receive either of the following: Group R – received injection ramosetron 0.3 mg and Group P – received injection palonosetron 0.075 mg intravenous bolus immediately before the induction of anesthesia. The incidence of PONV, adverse effects of the study drugs, and need for rescue antiemetics were recorded over the next 48 h. Primary outcome was the incidence of PONV. Secondary outcomes were adverse effects of the study drugs and need for rescue. Statistical Analysis: The data were analyzed with Student's t-test and Chi-square test. Results: The incidence of a complete response (no PONV and no rescue medication) during 0–3 h in the postoperative period was 82.5% with ramosetron and 90% with palonosetron; the incidence during 3–24 h postoperatively was 80% with ramosetron and 87.5% with palonosetron. During 24–48 h, the incidence was 65% and 90%, respectively (P < 0.05). The incidences of adverse effects were statistically insignificant between the groups. Conclusion: Prophylactic therapy with palonosetron is more effective than ramosetron for long-term prevention of PONV following laparoscopic cholecystectomy.

Many antidiabetic drugs including sulfonyl ureas, Rosiglitazone and even Insulin have been suspected to have adverse cardiovascular effects. Lactic acidosis is the feared adverse effect of the biguanide drugs with high doses. We suggest that the mean plasma concentrations of Metformin over a dosage interval be maintained below 2.5 mg/L in order to minimize the development of this adverse effect. The present research work was an attempt to design a novel formulation to improve the oral therapeutic efficacy with optimal control of plasma drug level which contains two antidiabetic drugs Metformin HCl and Repaglinide. Bilayer tablet formulation has been developed consisting of two drug containing layers which comprises Metformin sustained mucoadhesive release layer and an immediate release layer of Repaglinide was optimised separately and constituted in bilayer tablet, a common analytical method for quantitative combined drug estimation was employed and evaluated by HPLC.

Exposure of groundnut seeds and seedlings to 25, 100, and 250 μM concentrations of jasmonic acid resulted in a reduction of germination percentage, growth, fresh mass, dry mass, chlorophyll content, chlorophyll stability index, proteins and an increase in free proline content and cell membrane injury. The results suggest the inhibitory effect of jasmonic acid on growth of the groundnut seedlings.

Net photosynthetic rate (PN), stomatal conductance (gS), transpiration rate (E), intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), leaf water potential (Ψw), leaf area, chlorophyll (Chl) content, and the activities of photosynthetic carbon reduction cycle (PCR) enzymes in two mulberry (Morus alba L.) cultivars (drought tolerant Anantha and drought sensitive M-5) were studied during water stress and recovery. During water stress, PN, gS, and E declined whereas Ci increased. PN, gS, and E were less affected in Anantha than in M-5, which indicates tolerance nature of Anantha over M-5. Activities of ribulose-5-phosphate kinase, NAD- and NADP-glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenases, and 3-phosphoglycerate kinase decreased with increasing stress in both the cultivars. The enzyme activities less affected in tolerant (Anantha) than in sensitive cultivar (M-5) were restored after re-watering to almost initial values in both the cultivars. Re-watering of the plants led to an almost complete recovery of PN, E, and gS, indicating that a short-term stress brings about reversible effect in these two cultivars of mulberry.