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1. Identification of baryon resonances in central heavy-ion collisions at energies between 1 and 2 AGeV

Author

M. Eskef, D. Pelte, G. Goebels, E. Häfele, N. Herrmann, M. Korolija, Y. Leifels, H. Merlitz, S. Mohren, M.R. Stockmeier, M. Trzaska, J.P. Alard, A. Andronic, R. Averbeck, Z. Basrak, N. Bastid, I. Belyaev, D. Best, A. Buta, R. Čaplar, N. Cindro, J.P. Coffin, P. Crochet, P. Dupieux, M. Dželalija, L. Fraysse, Z. Fodor, A. Genoux-Lubain, A. Gobbi, K.D. Hildenbrand, B. Hong, F. Jundt, J. Kecskemeti, M. Kirejczyk, R. Kotte, R. Kutsche, A. Lebedev, V. Manko, J. Mösner, D. Moisa, W. Neubert, M. Petrovici, C. Pinkenburg, C. Plettner, P. Pras, F. Rami, V. Ramillien, W. Reisdorf, J.L. Ritman, B. de Schauenburg, D. Schüll, Z. Seres, B. Sikora, V. Simion, K. Siwek-Wilczynska, V. Smolyankin, M.A. Vasiliev, P. Wagner, G.S. Wang, K. Wisniewski, D. Wohlfarth, and A. Zhilin

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Mass distribution, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Resonance, Kinetic energy, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Spectral line, Baryon, Nuclear physics, Pion, Isospin, 0103 physical sciences, Invariant (mathematics), Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics
Abstract

The mass distributions of baryon resonances populated in near-central collisions of Au on Au and Ni on Ni are deduced by defolding the $p_t$ spectra of charged pions by a method which does not depend on a specific resonance shape. In addition the mass distributions of resonances are obtained from the invariant masses of $(p, \pi^{\pm})$ pairs. With both methods the deduced mass distributions are shifted by an average value of -60 MeV/c$^2$ relative to the mass distribution of the free $\Delta(1232)$ resonance, the distributions descent almost exponentially towards mass values of 2000 MeV/c^2. The observed differences between $(p, \pi^-)$ and $(p, \pi^+)$ pairs indicate a contribution of isospin $I = 1/2$ resonances. The attempt to consistently describe the deduced mass distributions and the reconstructed kinetic energy spectra of the resonances leads to new insights about the freeze out conditions, i.e. to rather low temperatures and large expansion velocities.

Published
1998
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2. Stopping and radial flow in central58Ni+58Nicollisions between1Aand2AGeV

Author

C. Roy, J. Mösner, D. Wohlfarth, A. Genoux-Lubain, Vladislav Manko, C. Pinkenburg, A. Buta, Christian Claude Kuhn, G. Guillaume, Byung-Sik Hong, E. Häfele, James Ritman, B. Sikora, D. Best, W. Reisdorf, F. Jundt, V. Simion, P. Crochet, W. Neubert, S. Mohren, Mihai Petrovici, U. Sodan, Peter Wagner, J. Biegansky, B. de Schauenburg, A. Somov, Y. Leifels, A. Lebedev, T. Wienold, C. Maazouzi, V. Amouroux, Vasilev, A. Zhilin, R. Kotte, I. Belyaev, Fouad Rami, G.S. Wang, D. Pelte, L. Fraysse, Z. Seres, N. Herrmann, K. D. Hildenbrand, M. Eskef, J. P. Coffin, J. Kecskemeti, J. P. Alard, Pascal Dupieux, D. Schüll, P. Fintz, I. Legrand, M. Trzaska, M. Kirejczyk, L. Tizniti, G. Berek, K. Siwek-Wilczyńska, Nicole Bastid, G. Goebels, R. Dona, P. Pras, M. Korolija, Z. Fodor, and A. Gobbi

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Energy loss, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Nuclear Theory, chemistry.chemical_element, 7. Clean energy, 01 natural sciences, Quantum molecular dynamics, Nuclear physics, Nickel, chemistry, 0103 physical sciences, Physics::Accelerator Physics, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Radial flow, Nuclear Experiment, 010306 general physics
Published
1998
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3. Charged pion production in Au on Au collisions at 1 AGeV The FOPI Collaboration

Author

Y. Leifels, Christian Claude Kuhn, E. Häfele, D. Best, Mihai Petrovici, U. Sodan, G. Goebels, James Ritman, A. Gobbi, Peter Wagner, Z. Seres, R. Čaplar, J. Mösner, W. Reisdorf, Vladislav Manko, Y. Korchagin, V. T. Smolyankin, P. Pras, I. Belyaev, J. P. Coffin, A. Buta, D. Moisa, D. Wohlfarth, A. Genoux-Lubain, V. Ramillien, G. Guillaume, G.S. Wang, F. Jundt, P. Crochet, V. Simion, D. Lambrecht, A. Zhilin, C. Roy, M. Eskef, Z. Fodor, P. Koncz, V. Amouroux, R. Kotte, M. Kirejczyk, J. P. Alard, T. Wienold, D. Pelte, J. Biegansky, M. A. Vasiliev, Anton Andronic, D. Schüll, I. Legrand, J. Kecskemeti, Nicole Bastid, P. Fintz, Fouad Rami, N. Herrmann, C. Pinkenburg, M. Korolija, Byung-Sik Hong, Alexandre Lebedev, B. Sikora, W. Neubert, M. Trzaska, N. Cindro, Pascal Dupieux, H. Merlitz, S. Mohren, J. Erö, K. D. Hildenbrand, K. Siwek-Wilczyńska, Z. Basrak, and M. Dzelalija

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Particle physics, Equation of state, Nuclear Theory, Kinetic energy, Spectral line, Momentum, Nuclear physics, Pion, Nuclear fusion, Hermetic detector, High Energy Physics::Experiment, Rapidity, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Charged pions are measured with the 4π detector FOPI at GSI using the Au on Au reaction at 1.06 AGeV bombarding energy. The pion multiplicities ngp increase with the number of participants Apart. The average pion multiplicities per participant are #### and #### These values are only half as large as extrapolated from the low-mass systems studied by Harris et al. The ratio #### increases with Apart and decreases with the pion kinetic energies. The pion kinetic energy spectra have concave shapes, their parametrization in terms of thermal Boltzmann distributions yields a low (T l,π) and high (Th,π) temperature which change with the cm emission angle Θ of the pions. In the angular range 45dg is larger than , the high temperatures , are, within experimental uncertainties, the same. The inclusive polar angular distributions of pions are anisotropic, dσ/dΩ increases for forward and backward angles. The forward — backward enhancements are independent of the pion kinetic energies or the number of participants. In addition to the preferred forward — backward emission, also the enhanced emission into the transverse direction Θ = 90° is observed for pions with high energies or for pions from near-central collisions. These observations and the shape of the rapidity spectra suggest that pions, emitted from the central rapidity region, are partly rescattered by spectator matter. The strength of the rescattering process depends only weakly on the number of participants. The experimental data are compared to the results of IQMD/GEANT calculations using momentum dependent NN interactions and a hard equation of state. The calculated pion multiplicities are approximately 50% larger than experimentally determined; the existence of secondary pion sources is reproduced by the calculation, but their predicted strengths are larger than experimentally observed.

Published
1997
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4. Central collisions of Au on Au at 150, 250 and 400 A·MeV

Author

W. Reisdorf, D. Best, A. Gobbi, N. Herrmann, K.D. Hildenbrand, B. Hong, S.C. Jeong, Y. Leifels, C. Pinkenburg, J.L. Ritman, D. Schüll, U. Sodan, K. Teh, G.S. Wang, J.P. Wessels, T. Wienold, J.P. Alard, V. Amouroux, Z. Basrak, N. Bastid, I. Belyaev, L. Berger, J. Biegansky, M. Bini, S. Boussange, A. Buta, R. Čaplar, N. Cindro, J.P. Coffin, P. Crochet, R. Dona, P. Dupieux, M. Dželalija, J. Erö, M. Eskef, P. Fintz, Z. Fodor, L. Fraysse, A. Genoux-Lubain, G. Goebels, G. Guillaume, Y. Grigorian, E. Häfele, S. Hölbling, A. Houari, M. Ibnouzahir, M. Joriot, F. Jundt, J. Kecskemeti, M. Kirejczyk, P. Koncz, Y. Korchagin, M. Korolija, R. Kotte, C. Kuhn, D. Lambrecht, A. Lebedev, I. Legrand, C. Maazouzi, V. Manko, T. Matulewicz, P.R. Maurenzig, H. Merlitz, G. Mgebrishvili, J. Mösner, S. Mohren, D. Moisa, G. Montarou, I. Montbel, P. Morel, W. Neubert, A. Olmi, G. Pasquali, D. Pelte, M. Petrovici, G. Poggi, P. Pras, F. Rami, V. Ramillien, C. Roy, A. Sadchikov, Z. Seres, B. Sikora, V. Simion, K. Siwek-Wilczyńska, V. Smolyankin, N. Taccetti, R. Tezkratt, L. Tizniti, M. Trzaska, M.A. Vasiliev, P. Wagner, K. Wisniewski, D. Wohlfarth, and A. Zhilin

Subjects
Physics, selected central collisions, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Angular range, E=150 and 250 and 400 MeV/nucleon, Isotope, charges and yields, comparison to statistical multifragmentation models, FOS: Physical sciences, deduced radial flow, measured fragment velocity vectors, Effective nuclear charge, Charged particle, Azimuth, Nuclear physics, Transverse plane, Cross section (physics), NUCLEAR REACTIONS Au(Au,X), chemical composition, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment, Quantum, quantum molecular dynamics model
Abstract

Collisions of Au on Au at incident energies of 150, 250 and 400 A MeV were studied with the FOPI-facility at GSI Darmstadt. Nuclear charge (Z < 16) and velocity of the products were detected with full azimuthal acceptance at laboratory angles of 1-30 degrees. Isotope separated light charged particles were measured with movable multiple telescopes in an angular range of 6-90 degrees. Central collisions representing about 1 % of the reaction cross section were selected by requiring high total transverse energy, but vanishing sideflow. The velocity space distributions and yields of the emitted fragments are reported. The data are analysed in terms of a thermal model including radial flow. A comparison with predictions of the Quantum Molecular Model is presented., LateX text 62 pages, plus six Postscript files with a total of 34 figures, accepted by Nucl.Phys.A

Published
1997
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5. Central Au on Au collisions

Author

J. Erö, L. Berger, S. Mohren, J. Biegansky, D. Wohlfarth, Z. Basrak, James Ritman, D. Moisa, F. Jundt, W. Reisdorf, M. Dzelalija, Giacomo Poggi, Y. Korchagin, A. Zhilin, Fouad Rami, K.D. Hildenbrand, P. R. Maurenzig, I. Montbel, E. Häfele, Z. Fodor, V. Simion, R. Bock, D. Best, A. Gobbi, Gabriele Pasquali, Christian Claude Kuhn, M. Krämer, Adriano Gobbi, Mihai Petrovici, N. Herrmann, C. Cerruti, R. Kotte, U. Sodan, G. Goebels, S. Hölbling, W.Q. Shen, D. Pelte, M. A. Vasiliev, S. Boussange, V. Ramillien, C. Pinkenburg, J. P. Coffin, R. Dona, K. Siwek-Wilczyńska, J. Kecskemeti, P. Wagner, V. Amouroux, G. Mgebrishvili, Ch. Roy, B. Sikora, J. Mösner, A. Buta, M. Trzaska, D. Schüll, I. Legrand, Y. Leifels, G. Guillaume, Maurizio Bini, S. Smolyankin, I. M. Belayev, Nello Taccetti, G.S. Wang, P. Fintz, Alessandro Olmi, R. Čaplar, Y. Yatsounenko, A.L. Lebedev, Vladislav Manko, T. Wienold, J. P. Alard, Pascal Dupieux, L. Fraysse, M. Kowalczyk, N. Cindro, A. Houari, Nicole Bastid, W. Neubert, and M. Kirejczyk

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics
Published
1995
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6. Charged pions from Ni on Ni collisions between 1 and 2 AGeV

Author

J. P. Alard, M. Korolija, Pascal Dupieux, H. Merlitz, V. Ramillien, M. Trzaska, N. Cindro, T. Wienold, James Ritman, V. Amouroux, F. Jundt, C. Pinkenburg, Y. Korchagin, Byung-Sik Hong, D. Moisa, J. Erö, B. Sikora, I. Belyaev, E. Häfele, P. Crochet, Alexandre Lebedev, A. Zhilin, D. Best, Z. Seres, W. Neubert, G. Goebels, Anton Andronic, M. Kirejczyk, Z. Basrak, M. Dželalija, D. Schüll, I. Legrand, S. Mohren, J. Biegansky, P. Koncz, Y. Leifels, V. T. Smolyankin, P. Pras, J. P. Coffin, K. Siwek-Wilczyńska, N. Herrmann, K. D. Hildenbrand, Fouad Rami, R. Kotte, D. Pelte, Christian Claude Kuhn, M. A. Vasiliev, V. Simion, Nicole Bastid, J. Kecskemeti, W. Reisdorf, A. Gobbi, D. Lambrecht, J. Mösner, A. Buta, G. Guillaume, A. Genoux-Lubain, Vladislav Manko, R. Čaplar, M. Eskef, Z. Fodor, Peter Wagner, Mihai Petrovici, U. Sodan, G.S. Wang, P. Fintz, C. Roy, D. Wohlfarth, Laboratoire de Physique Corpusculaire - Clermont-Ferrand (LPC), Université Blaise Pascal - Clermont-Ferrand 2 (UBP)-Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), Institut de Recherches Subatomiques (IReS), Institut National de Physique Nucléaire et de Physique des Particules du CNRS (IN2P3)-Cancéropôle du Grand Est-Université Louis Pasteur - Strasbourg I-Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique (CNRS), and FOPI

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, Nuclear Theory, FOS: Physical sciences, 01 natural sciences, Nuclear physics, Pion, Heavy ion Physics, Central Collisions, Charged Pions Production, 0103 physical sciences, [PHYS.HEXP]Physics [physics]/High Energy Physics - Experiment [hep-ex], High Energy Physics::Experiment, Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), 010306 general physics, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Charged pions from Ni + Ni reactions at 1.05, 1.45 and 1.93 AGeV are measured with the FOPI detector. The mean $\pi^{\pm}$ multiplicities per mean number of participants increase with beam energy, in accordance with earlier studies of the Ar + KCl and La + La systems. The pion kinetic energy spectra have concave shape and are fitted by the superposition of two Boltzmann distributions with different temperatures. These apparent temperatures depend only weakly on bombarding energy. The pion angular distributions show a forward/backward enhancement at all energies, but not the $\Theta = 90^0$ enhancement which was observed in case of the Au + Au system. These features also determine the rapidity distributions which are therefore in disagreement with the hypothesis of one thermal source. The importance of the Coulomb interaction and of the pion rescattering by spectator matter in producing these phenomena is discussed., Comment: 22 pages, Latex using documentstyle[12pt,a4,epsfig], to appear in Z. Phys.A

Published
1997

7. K^+ production in the reaction $^{58}Ni+^{58}Ni$ at incident energies from 1 to 2 AGeV

Author

J. Biegansky, I. Legrand, Christian Claude Kuhn, U. Sodan, G. Goebels, F. Jundt, J. Mösner, Mihai Petrovici, Vladislav Manko, A. Zhilin, D. Schüll, Pascal Dupieux, K. Wisniewski, P. Crochet, E. Häfele, Peter Wagner, N. Herrmann, K. D. Hildenbrand, S. Mohren, J. P. Coffin, D. Best, B. Sikora, James Ritman, M. Trzaska, R. Kotte, Nicole Bastid, D. Moisa, G. Berek, G. S. Wang, C. Pinkenburg, L. Tizniti, Z. Seres, Y. Korchagin, Fouad Rami, R. Cherbatchev, K. Siwek-Wilczyńska, W. Reisdorf, C. Maazouzi, A. Somov, T. Wienold, I. Belyaev, M. A. Vasiliev, D. Wohlfarth, J. Kecskemeti, M. Kirejczyk, V. T. Smolyankin, P. Pras, V. Amouroux, Z. Fodor, A. Gobbi, V. Simion, J. P. Alard, G. Guillaume, B. Hong, Y. Leifels, C. Roy, I. E. Yushmanov, A. Genoux-Lubain, Alexandre Lebedev, W. Neubert, and D Pelte

Subjects
Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Meson, Nuclear Theory, FOS: Physical sciences, Nuclear matter, Spectral line, Nuclear physics, Dispersion relation, Phase space, Transverse mass, Rapidity, Atomic physics, Multiplicity (chemistry), Nuclear Experiment (nucl-ex), Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Semi-inclusive triple differential multiplicity distributions of positively charged kaons have been measured over a wide range in rapidity and transverse mass for central collisions of $^{58}$Ni with $^{58}$Ni nuclei. The transverse mass ($m_t$) spectra have been studied as a function of rapidity at a beam energy 1.93 AGeV. The $m_t$ distributions of K^+ mesons are well described by a single Boltzmann-type function. The spectral slopes are similar to that of the protons indicating that rescattering plays a significant role in the propagation of the kaon. Multiplicity densities have been obtained as a function of rapidity by extrapolating the Boltzmann-type fits to the measured distributions over the remaining phase space. The total K^+ meson yield has been determined at beam energies of 1.06, 1.45, and 1.93 AGeV, and is presented in comparison to existing data. The low total yield indicates that the K^+ meson can not be explained within a hadro-chemical equilibrium scenario, therefore indicating that the yield does remain sensitive to effects related to its production processes such as the equation of state of nuclear matter and/or modifications to the K^+ dispersion relation., Comment: 24 pages Latex (elsart) 7 PS figures to be submitted to Nucl. Phys A

Published
1997
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8. Proton-proton correlations in central collisions of Ni+Ni at 1.93 AGeV and the space-time extent of the emission source

Author

A. Lebedev, M. Korolija, Y. Leifels, E. Haefele, I. Belyaev, V. Amouroux, Mihai Petrovici, V. Simion, U. Sodan, D. Wohlfarth, I. Legrand, S. Hoelbling, James Ritman, C. Plettner, Z. Fodor, J. Kecskemeti, M. Kirejczyk, J. P. Coffin, Y. Yatsunenko, S. Mohren, A. Gobbi, Christian Claude Kuhn, F. Jundt, G. Berek, Z. Basrak, C. Roy, G. Goebels, J. Biegansky, Byung-Sik Hong, D. Best, K. Siwek-Wilczyńska, W. Neubert, R. Dona, A. Genoux-Lubain, Peter Wagner, Vladislav Manko, A. Somov, P. Pras, N. Herrmann, T. Wienold, M. Eskef, K. D. Hildenbrand, G.S. Wang, C. Maazouzi, A. Zhilin, M. Dzelalija, P. Crochet, Fouad Rami, J. P. Alard, R. Čaplar, P. Fintz, J. Moesner, R. Kotte, D. Pelte, L. Fraysse, A. Buta, Nicole Bastid, G. Guillaume, D. Schuell, Z. Seres, W. Reisdorf, Pascal Dupieux, H. Merlitz, M. Trzaska, N. Cindro, L. Tizniti, C. Pinkenburg, M.A. Vasilev, and B. Sikora

Subjects
Nuclear reaction, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, Proton, Hadron, Radius, Rest frame, Heavy ion Physics, Central Collisions, Proton-proton correlations, Nuclear physics, Baryon, Correlation function (statistical mechanics), Atomic physics, Nucleon, Nuclear Experiment
Abstract

Small-angle correlations of proton pairs produced in central Ni+Ni collisions at a beam energy of 1.93 A.GeV are investigated with the FOPI detector system at GSI Darmstadt. Simultaneous comparison of longitudinal and transverse correlation functions with the predictions of the Koonin model allows to unravel the space-time ambiguity of the source extension. The determination of the source rest frame is found essential for the identification of this effect. For the present system, the selection of central events comprising about 8 % of the total cross section allows for the isolation of a compact source in momentum space which is centered around the c.m. velocity of the colliding nuclei. Taking into account the strong collective expansion of the participant zone, which introduces a reduction of the extracted source radius of more than 30 %, r.m.s. radius and emission time parameters of R-rms = (4.2 +/- 1.2) fm and t(rms) = (11(-5)(+7)) fm/c are extracted, respectively. In contrast, the analysis of the angle-integrated correlation function mixes the spatial and temporal size of the source and gives an upper limit R-rms = (7.0 +/- 0.8) fm of the source radius.

Published
1997
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9. Tear secretion in dry eyes as assessed by objective fluorophotometry

Author

M, Göbbels, G, Goebels, R, Breitbach, and M, Spitznas

Subjects
Tears, Humans, Dry Eye Syndromes, Middle Aged, Fluorophotometry, Anesthesia, Local
Abstract

To date, little information has been available about the actual amount of tear secretion in dry eyes. In the present study tear secretion was studied in 20 consecutive dry eye patients [40 eyes; Schirmer test after topical anesthesia5.5 mm/5 min; at least moderate squamous metaplasia of the conjunctival epithelium; bengal rose staining (Bijsterveld score4); severe dry eye complaints]. Tear secretion was evaluated by automated, computerized objective fluorophotometry and compared with that in an age-matched healthy control group. Tear secretion of the dry eyes examined was found to have decreased drastically (0.2 +/- 0.2 microliters/min) compared with that in healthy control eyes (1.2 +/- 0.5 microliters/min; P0.001). None of the dry eyes had a tear secretion of0.4 microliters/min.

Published
1992

10. Erratum: Stopping and radial flow in central58Ni+58Nicollisions between1Aand2AGeV [Phys. Rev. C 57, 244 (1998)]

Author

E. Häfele, D. Best, A. Lebedev, Y. Leifels, N. Herrmann, J. Biegansky, K. D. Hildenbrand, W. Reisdorf, M. Eskef, P. Crochet, J. Kecskemeti, A. Genoux-Lubain, J. Mösner, Vladislav Manko, James Ritman, Nicole Bastid, Mihai Petrovici, C. Roy, U. Sodan, Z. Seres, Fouad Rami, T. Wienold, D. Wohlfarth, D. Schüll, M. A. Vasiliev, I. Legrand, A. Buta, A. Zhilin, I. Belyaev, B. de Schauenburg, G. Guillaume, J. P. Alard, C. Pinkenburg, G. Goebels, J. P. Coffin, M. Kirejczyk, Byung-Sik Hong, Christian Claude Kuhn, B. Sikora, A. Somov, R. Dona, A. Gobbi, Peter Wagner, P. Pras, F. Jundt, R. Kotte, D. Pelte, L. Fraysse, W. Neubert, V. Simion, G.S. Wang, G. Berek, K. Siwek-Wilczyńska, V. Amouroux, M. Trzaska, L. Tizniti, Z. Fodor, Pascal Dupieux, M. Korolija, C. Maazouzi, P. Fintz, and S. Mohren

Subjects
Nuclear physics, Physics, Nuclear and High Energy Physics, 010308 nuclear & particles physics, 0103 physical sciences, Radial flow, 010306 general physics, 01 natural sciences
Published
1998
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11. Tear secretion in dry eyes as assessed by objective fluorophotometry.

Author

Göbbels M, Goebels G, Breitbach R, and Spitznas M

Subjects
Anesthesia, Local, Humans, Middle Aged, Dry Eye Syndromes physiopathology, Fluorophotometry methods, Tears metabolism
Abstract

To date, little information has been available about the actual amount of tear secretion in dry eyes. In the present study tear secretion was studied in 20 consecutive dry eye patients [40 eyes; Schirmer test after topical anesthesia < 5.5 mm/5 min; at least moderate squamous metaplasia of the conjunctival epithelium; bengal rose staining (Bijsterveld score > 4); severe dry eye complaints]. Tear secretion was evaluated by automated, computerized objective fluorophotometry and compared with that in an age-matched healthy control group. Tear secretion of the dry eyes examined was found to have decreased drastically (0.2 +/- 0.2 microliters/min) compared with that in healthy control eyes (1.2 +/- 0.5 microliters/min; P < 0.001). None of the dry eyes had a tear secretion of > 0.4 microliters/min.

Published
1992

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