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Forty-three patients who were scheduled to undergo a percutaneous liver biopsy were evaluated with Doppler sonography to determine the hepatic arterial resistive index (RI). The histologic specimens were graded by a pathologist regarding cirrhosis and inflammation. The specimens demonstrated no cirrhosis in 12 of 43 (28%) patients, early cirrhosis in 10 of 43 (23%), and established cirrhosis in 21 of 43 (49%). Analysis also revealed that inflammation was absent in three of 43 (7%) patients, minimal in seven of 43 (16%), mild in 17 of 43 (40%), moderate in 13 of 43 (30%), and severe in three of 43 (7%). Hepatic artery RIs (without correction for heart rate) ranged from 0.64 +/- 0.06 in patients with early cirrhosis to 0.68 +/- 0.09 in patients with severe inflammation. There was no significant correlation between the degree of cirrhosis and/or inflammation and hepatic artery RI (with or without correction for heart rate). We conclude that Doppler determination of hepatic artery RIs is not a reliable method of predicting the severity of hepatic cirrhosis and/or inflammation.

With the large numbers of screening CT scans and ultrasounds performed in a busy radiologic practice, it is not uncommon to discover an unexpected focal or diffuse process in the liver. When there is no history of primary malignancy, many of these lesions are benign. We discuss the variety of benign focal and diffuse diseases that can be readily imaged within the liver using ultrasound, CT, and MR.

With today's imaging technology, relatively invasive procedures can be performed in the radiology department without significant complication. Biopsies, in particular, are frequently performed using computed tomography (CT) or ultrasound (US) guidance. In this article, both the indications and methods for imaging-guided percutaneous biopsy of the kidney and adrenal gland are reviewed. Citing the experience of several authors, the accuracy and complications of such procedures are also discussed.

A prospective multi-institutional study was performed to compare the sensitivity of computed tomography (CT) and high-field magnetic resonance (MR) imaging (1.5T) in the detection of hepatic metastases. T1-weighted and 72-weighted spin-echo (SE) MR images were compared with noncontrast, dynamic, and delayed CT. Sixty-nine oncology patients were studied. Noncontrast CT showed an overall sensitivity of 57%, dynamic CT 71%, delayed CT 72%, T1-weighted SE MR 47%, and T2-weighted SE MR 78%. Although there was no statistically significant (p less than 0.05) difference among dynamic CT, delayed CT, and T2-weighted SE MR, these three methods were significantly more sensitive (p less than 0.005) than noncontrast CT or T1-weighted SE MR. T2-weighted SE MR was significantly more sensitive (p less than 0.006) than CT or T1-weighted SE MR in the detection of small (less than 1 cm) lesions. CT was more sensitive in the detection of extrahepatic disease. These data confirm the superiority of T2-weighted SE over T1-weighted SE pulse sequences at 1.5T.

A recent outbreak of intestinal schistosomiasis (1989) has been reported in Richard-Toll (Delta of Senegal River) with a global prevalence of 43%. A malacological survey has been carried in order to study, the density of Biomphalaria pfeifferi the intermediate hosts, their distribution and rate of infection, and to identify the transmission sites. Ten districts have been selected. The snails have been collected in the different water points of these localities which are the river, the Taouey marigot, the Taouey channel and the irrigation channels and drains of the CSS (Senegal Sugar Company). A total of 1,210 Biomphalaria have been collected in 45 sites with a variable density of 2 to 150 snails. The overall rate of infestation of snails is 44% but varies according to the districts (9 to 64%). The transmission is acting in all the districts mainly in the Taouey channel (28% of infested snails) the Taouey marigot (38% of infested snails) and particularly in the channels of CSS (47% of infested snails). The situation is alarming and requires urgent action be undertaken to decrease the prevalence and reduce the transmission.

Le cycle d’une souche senegalaise de Fasciola gigantica a ete realise en France a partir d’adultes recueillis dans le foie de Bovins (Bos taurus ) naturellement parasites. Des Lymnaea natalensis experimentalement infestees ont emis de nombreuses cercaires. Les metacercaires ont permis d’infester avec succes des moutons.Chez le miracidium, des variations sont observees dans la disposition de la cellule medio-ventrale du deuxieme etage. La repartition des organites argyrophiles superficiels est identique a celle du miracidium de F. hepatica .La chetotaxie de la cercaire est tres proche de celle de la cercaire d’une souche malgache de F. gigantica emise par Lymnaea hovarum , mais differe nettement de celle de la cercaire de F. hepatica .L’enkystement d’un grand nombre de cercaires (25 %) a la surface de l’eau conduit a penser que ce phenomene favorise dans une large mesure l’extension des foyers de contamination et accroit grandement les risques d’infestation tant pour l’animal que pour l’homme. Il est possible que la distomatose humaine a F. gigantica constitue une parasitose dont l’importance est sous-estimee.

Les formations argyrophiles superficielles du miracidium et de la cercaire de P. phillerouxi Dinnik, 1961, sont decrites en detail. Celles du miracidium sont identiques par leur nombre et leur disposition aux formations observees chez quelques miracidiums d’autres especes du genre. Par contre la chetotaxie de la cercaire differe de celle de la cercaire de P. togolense (Albaret et coll., 1978) et parait donc constituer un bon critere pour la taxonomie de ce groupe.

Cercarial chaetotaxy of Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus (Paramphistomoidea), parasite of the Horse, is described. Cercariae were shed by experimentally infected Bulinus forskalii. This description is the first one of a Gastrodiscidae. The cercarial chaetotaxy of the Gastrodiscidae is quite different from those of Paramphistomoidea and Diplodiscidae.

Etude au M. E. B. des teguments dorsaux anterieurs des mâles de S. haematobium chez des Rongeurs.La morphologie normale n’est observee que chez les mâles in copula, apres au moins 100 jours d’infestation. La distinction avec les especes proches obtenues experimentalement chez les Rongeurs est facile :—bovis : pas d’epines sur les tubercules ;—haematobium : tubercules de 10-15 µm de diametre avec epines serrees ; —curassoni : tubercules de plus de 15 µm de diametre avec epines grosses et serrees ; —intercalatum : tubercules de moins de 10 µm de diametre avec epines espacees.Il est suggere que les trois genotypes d’haematobium A, B et D pourraient etre legerement differents :A : epines pointues, presence de petites epines entre les tubercules ;B : epines pointues, pas de petites epines entre les tubercules ;D : epines a pointe mousse.Par ailleurs, les durees de prepatence chez les Mollusques pourraient etre differentes : A 72-86 jours, B 38-46 jours, D 55-58 jours.La distinction entre A, B et D ne repose que sur un tres petit nombre de donnees et les conclusions a ce sujet sont donc tres hypothetiques.

Etude de nombreuses cercaires du Senegal, provenant soit de mollusques spontanement infestes, soit de mollusques infestes avec des oeufs preleves dans des urines humaines ou dans des foies de mouton et etude des oeufs des schistosomes correspondants. La position relative des sensilles dorsales des cercaires fournit un "indice AD" et le rapport longueur sur largeur des oeufs un "indice L/I". Dans le stade actuel du travail, les donnees epidemiologiques sont incompletes, certaines des donnees experimentales sont imparfaites et l'analyse iso-enzymologique des adultes correspondant aux souches etudiees n'est pas encore faite. Cependant, les donnees fournies par les indices AD et L/I sont concordantes et conduisent a admettre l'existence d'une espece differente de mattheei, de haematobium et de bovis, espece qu'a la suite de Brumpt et de Gretillat, nous nommons Schistosoma curassoni. Si l'on se fie a ces indices, l'enquete indique que : a) S. mattheei n'a pas ete trouve au Senegal, b) S. bovis y devient assez rare, c) S. haematobium semble exister a l'etat pur en Casamance et serait melange a S. curassoni chez l'Homme dans le Nord et dans l'Est, d) S. curassoni semble l'espece dominante chez les ruminants domestiques et chez l'Homme dans le Nord et dans l'Est, e) Bulinus umbilicatus serait le vecteur principal des 2 especes

Absolute inclusive cross sections for $$\bar pp$$ interactions at 7.3 GeV/c are given. The data cover prong cross sections,V 0, γ production and inclusive charged particle (p/π) production. Separation has been made into annihilation and non-annihilation components. Inclusive π+, π− production in the processes of $$\bar pp$$ annihilation and non-annihilation are compared with simple quark models.

Chez une cercaire de schistosome le rapport de la distance qui separe la papille anti-acetabulaire dorsale I de la II, sur la distance qui separe la papille II de la III, fournit un indice AD caracterisant assez bien l'espece de schistosome. En se fiant a cet indice et a l'indice longueur sur largeur des œufs une enquete faite au Senegal indique: a) S. mattheei est absent, b) S. bovis est present mais rare, c) l'homme en Casamanie est parasite par S. haematobium, d) le proton est parasite par S. Curassoni, e) l'homme dans le nord et dans l'est du pays est parasite par un melange de S. haematobium et S. curassoni

The life cycle of a Paramphistome from North Senegal is completed starting from cercariae shed by naturally infected Isidora guernei: a sheep and then uninfected Isidora guernei were successively infected experimentally. Adults obtained were identifiable as P. phillerouxi or as P. microbothrium. Species determination cannot be made on the basis of argentophilic structures in the miracidium. Morphology of sporocysts and rediae differs from that observed in P. phillerouxi but is undistinguishable from that described in P. microbothrium. Cercarial chaetotaxy differs from that of P. phillerouxi. Mollusc host: Isidora guernei belongs to the same genus as Isidora truncata and I. alluaudi, reported hosts to P. microbothrium. Therefore the material is provisionally identified as P. microbothrium. To confirm this, a strain of P. microbothrium from naturally infected Bos taurus in Egypt was studied. Miracidia were used to experimentally infect Isidora truncata; cercariae obtained were identical to those previously described for this species from I. truncata and I. alluaudi. Cercarial chaetotaxy was not significantly different from that of material from North Senegal. They represent therefore two strains of Paramphistomum microbothrium.

Study by SEM of the anterior dorsal teguments of male Schistosoma haematobium from infected rodents. Only paired males, at least hundred days post infection, display a typical morphology. Differentiation from other closely related species obtained experimentally from rodents is possible: bovis: no spines on the tubercles; haematobium: tubercles 10 to 15 microns wide with closely packed spines; curassoni: tubercles over 15 microns wide, with large, closely packed spines; intercalatum: tubercles under 10 microns wide, with scattered spines. It is suggested that the three haematobium genotypes A, B and D are slightly different: A: pointed spines, numerous small additional spines between the tubercles; B: pointed spines, no small additional spines between the tubercles; D: blunt spines. Moreover, the lengths of the prepatent periods in the molluscs of the three S. haematobium genotypes are possibly different: A 72-86 days, B 38-46 days, D 55-58 days. The differentiation of A, B and D is supported by limited data and conclusions on this particular aspect are presented only as a working hypothesis.

Study of Senegal cercariae emitted by naturally infected snails or by snails experimentally infected using eggs from human urine or from sheep liver, and study of the corresponding eggs. The relative position of the dorsal sensillae of cercariae is described by an "AD index" and the ratio length/width of eggs by an "L/l index." At the present time, we have not finished the epidemiological studies, certain experiments are imperfect and the isoenzyme analysis of the corresponding adults is incomplete. Nevertheless information given by the indices AD and L/l agree and lead us to admit the existence of a Schistosome different to mattheei, haematobium and bovis and which, following Brumpt and Gretillat we refer to as Schistosoma curassoni. If one relies on the indices, the study indicates that: a) S. mattheei has not been found in Senegal, b) S. bovis is quite rare, c) S. haematobium apparently exists in pure infections in Casamance and in mixed infections with S. curassoni in man in the north and in the east, d) S. curassoni is apparently the dominant species in domestic ruminants and in man in the north and in the east, e) Bulinus umbilicatus is the principal vector of S. curassoni and S. haematobium.

Cercarial chaetotaxy of Gastrodiscus aegyptiacus (Paramphistomoidea), parasite of the Horse, is described. Cercariae were shed by experimentally infected Bulinus forskalii. This description is the first one of a Gastrodiscidae. The cercarial chaetotaxy of the Gastrodiscidae is quite different from those of Paramphistomoidea and Diplodiscidae.

The life cycle of a senegalese strain of Fasciola gigantica was carried out in France from adults recovered in the liver of naturally infected cattle (Bos taurus). Laboratory-reared Lymnaea natalensis experimentally infected shed numerous cercariae. Metacercariae were used for successful infection of sheep. In the miracidium, variations are observed in the disposition of the medio-ventral epithelial cell of the second tier. The distribution of the superficial argentophilic structures is similar to that of the miracidium of F. hepatica. The chaetotaxy of the cercaria is very closely related to that of the cercaria of a strain of F. gigantica from Madagascar shed by Lymnaea hovarum but it differs clearly from that of the cercaria of F. hepatica. The encystment of a great number of cercariae (25 %) on the surface of water suggests that this is an important factor in the extension of the foci of contamination, and therefore increases greatly the risks of infection not only for animal but also for man. It is possible that human fascioliasis caused by F. gigantica is a disease, the importance of which is under-estimated.

Superficial argentophilic structures of the miracidium and cercaria of Paramphistomum phillerouxi Dinnik, 1961, are descrifed in detail. Concerning the miracidium they are similar to those of the miracidia of some species belonging to the genus. On the other hand the chaetotaxy of the cercaria is different from that of the cercaria of P. togolense (Alberet et coll., 1978) and therefore this appears to constitute a good criterium for the taxonomy of this group.