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Fundamento: en un contexto de creciente preocupación por la salud cardiovascular de la población adulta mayor, resulta relevante, explorar la posible asociación entre el consumo de tabaco y las enfermedades cardiovasculares. Objetivo: determinar la relación entre el consumo de tabaco y la presencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares en adultos mayores de un hospital de la provincia de Tungurahua en Ecuador. Método: se realizó un estudio descriptivo, transversal en adultos mayores atendidos en un hospital de la provincia de Tungurahua, Ecuador, entre julio y diciembre de 2022. Se tomó el criterio de selección basado en que los sujetos fueran adultos mayores de ambos géneros, con edades iguales o superiores a 65 años, con residencia en la provincia de Tungurahua durante al menos los últimos cinco años. La población de estudio estuvo compuesta por 352 adultos mayores y la muestra se obtuvo mediante muestreo probabilístico aleatorio simple y quedó constituida por 184 individuos. Las variables de estudio fueron: presencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares, consumo de tabaco, edad y estado civil. La técnica empleada para la recolección de los datos fue la encuesta. El análisis de los datos se realizó mediante la estadística descriptiva y la correlación (coeficiente Phi) entre las variables. Resultados: de los 184 pacientes, el 58,2 % fueron fumadores y el 57,6 % presentó enfermedades cardiovasculares. La edad media fue de 80,9. El 46,2 % de los participantes estaban casados y el 35,3 %, viudos. Se encontró una asociación significativa moderada entre el tabaquismo y la presencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares en adultos mayores (coeficiente Phi = 0,342; p < 0,01). Conclusiones: se encontró asociación significativa moderada entre el tabaquismo y la presencia de enfermedades cardiovasculares en adultos mayores de Tungurahua.

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Introduction: there has been an increase in lung cancer mortality in the world in recent years as a consequence of the increase in the pre-valence of smoking. Objective: to propose orienting activities on lung cancer protective factors in the smoking population. Methods: a cross-sectional descriptive observational study was carried out in 38 smokers belonging to a population at risk in the Municipality of Quemado de Güines out of a total of 58, which constituted the study population. Quantitative nonprobabilistic intentional sampling was used to select the sample. Results: the research revealed a predominance of the 66 to 75 years old age group (39.47%), male sex (55.26%) and workers (47.36%) and it was corroborated that 55.26% consumed more than 10 cigarettes a day and that 97.36% were uninformed about the elements that reduce the risk or prevent this disease from causing harm. Conclusions: the smoking population was oriented to minimize or eliminate the habit after the prevailing misinformation about lung cancer, the protective factors of the disease in the sample studied and the actions to be taken to prevent it. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: atherosclerosis, its risk factors and associated diseases have been reviewed for decades. So, its multifactorial origin becomes it a continuing interest of study. Objective: characterization of the risk factors for atherosclerosis in the older smokers from the Hogar de Ancianos Pedro Vázquez Hidalgo, Holguín, in 2019. Method: a cross-sectional descriptive study was carried out, in which a total of 104 older smokers of 60 years old or older and both sex were involved. All variables studied were obtained from the medical records: age, sex, toxic habits associated with smoking (alcohol and/or coffee), nutritional evaluation, laboratory tests (blood glucose, uric acid, triglycerides, total cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol) and cardiovascular diseases associated to the atherosclerosis (arterial hypertension, diabetes mellitus, obesity, ischemic heart disease, chronic kidney disease, peripheral vascular disease, cerebrovascular disease). Results: male sex predominated in the age group of 75 years old or older (56.6%), while the consumption of coffee and alcohol linked with smoking predominated in the female sex (61.9%). There was adequate nutrition in both sexes (29%). The HDL-cholesterol tests were elevated in 80.9% of the female sex and 94% of the male sex, in addition to an increasing triglycerides in 37.3% of the latter. Both hypertension (90.5%) and ischemic heart disease (66.6%) were most common risk factors observed in women. Conclusions: the study of risk factors for atherosclerosis in older smokers such as toxic habits, nutritional evaluation, among others, are very important for preventing related disease complications in in this population group.

A longitudinal, prospective study of educational intervention was carried out in the family medical office No. 60 belonging to the University Polyclinic "Luis A. Turcios Lima" of the Pinar del Río municipality of this province, in the period from January 2020 to December 2020, with the purpose of raising the level of knowledge about smoking among patients with this habit. The universe of the research was formed by the totality (102) of smoking patients older than 15 years old and the sample after applying the exclusion criteria was formed by 87 patients. A survey and knowledge test were applied and the "Smoke-free" educational program was designed to meet the patients' learning needs, after which it was applied using educational and affective-participative techniques to achieve active participation. At the end of the intervention, a knowledge test was applied to compare the results. The data were processed in tables, the Chi-square test (X2), MacNemar test and distribution in absolute and relative frequencies were used and statistical significance and relationship of these variables was determined with a significance level of 95 % certainty. The level of knowledge about the risks and harms of smoking was increased in the population studied and the application of the educational work was significant in a qualitative way due to the changes in their reflections, thus achieving the results of the study.

Diferentes investigaciones han evidenciado que el tratamiento con vareniclina es efectivo para dejar de fumar cuando se combina con un tratamiento psicológico. Sin embargo, existe una carencia de estudios respecto a cuánta efectividad aporta la vareniclina al tratamiento psicológico. El objetivo del presente estudio piloto fue evaluar si la efectividad de una intervención psicológica cognitivo-conductual incrementa con la inclusión de la vareniclina. La muestra de este estudio la conformaron 22 fumadores (M edad = 30.5; de = 15.4 años), con un consumo diario promedio de 12.29 (de = 5.7) cigarrillos. Cada participante eligió una de dos intervenciones: 11 fumadores recibieron la Intervención Breve Motivacional para Dejar de Fumar (ibmdf) y 11 la misma intervención más vareniclina. Los resultados indican que no hay diferencias significativas entre las intervenciones. Así, la inclusión de la vareniclina no incrementó la efectividad de la intervención psicológica. Las conclusiones de este estudio deben ser tomadas con cautela debido al tamaño de la muestra, por lo tanto, es necesario aumentar las investigaciones al respecto.

Copyright of Medicina (Buenos Aires) is the property of Medicina (Buenos Aires) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Introducción: la estomatitis nicotínica es un trastorno benigno de la mucosa oral del paladar duro, que puede extenderse al paladar blando y que comúnmente está presente en individuos fumadores de tabaco y cigarrillo. Esta lesión se manifiesta por la presencia de pápulas blanquecinas, aplanadas y generalmente asintomáticas. Objetivo: evaluar las lesiones en paladar causadas por el hábito de fumar cigarrillo de manera invertida y los beneficios de la supresión de esta práctica. Caso: paciente de 69 años, de sexo femenino, habituada a fumar cigarro de manera invertida desde la adolescencia. Examen clínico extraoral normal. En la exploración intraoral se observó edentulismo parcial y placas blanquecinas en paladar, con un tiempo de evolución desconocido. Se realizó diagnóstico clínico e histológico de estomatitis nicotínica. Conclusiones: la paciente fue diagnosticada con estomatitis nicotínica causada por la costumbre de fumar de manera invertida, lo que convierte a este en el primer caso reportado en Ecuador. La supresión de la práctica de tabaquismo invertido permitió una recuperación de la mucosa sin secuelas.

Objective. To evaluate the physical and psychological dependence of Mexican smokers and its association with physical, psychological and social factors. Materials and methods. The 2016 National Alcohol and Tobacco Drug Consumption Survey (n=7 331) was analyzed using the Fagerström nicotine physical dependence scale (FTND) and the short scale of psychological dependence on tobacco (TAPDSc). Bivariate analyzes and generalized ordinal logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the associated factors. Results. 82.3% of daily smokers and 98.8% of occasional smokers reported mild physical dependence, while 47.9 and 37.9% respectively reported moderate psychological dependence. The age of initiation of tobacco use, drug use, high alcohol consumption, and high emotional distress was associated with high levels of psychological dependence in all smokers. Conclusion. The exclusive use of FTND does not allow to adequately evaluate Mexican smokers. The physical and psychological dependence on tobacco should be assessed with independent and validated scales in this population.

Introduction: Gingival recession is one of the most common esthetic-functional defects of the oral cavity. It is characterized by exposure of the root surface due to displacement of the apical gingival margin to the cementoenamel junction. The literature about the topic reports a percentage of favorable root coverage of Miller class I and II gingival recessions. However, several studies do not report complete coverage, which has been associated to a number of factors. Objective: Identify the factors associated to complete coverage of Miller class I and II gingival recessions in teeth treated with coronally repositioned flap. Methods: A search was conducted in the databases PubMed, SciELO, Redalyc, Lilacs and Scopus. Of a total 105 studies retrieved, seven met the inclusion criteria. Data analysis and integration: The meta-analysis did not achieve conclusive results, due to the high heterogeneity of the studies. However, the following factors were identified: use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid (p < 0.0001), presence of adjacent keratinized tissue ≥ 2 mm (p = 0.019), initial gingival recession depth > 3 mm (p = 0.020) and patients who smoked more than 10 cigarettes a day (p < 0.05). Conclusions: Use of ethylenediaminetetraacetic acid, presence of keratinized tissue, recession depth and smoker patients were identified as possible factors involved in the complete coverage Miller class I and II gingival recessions in teeth treated with coronally repositioned flap.

Introduction: There are many studies on the effectiveness of tooth whitening, however, there are very few who speak of color regression (a phenomenon that occurs after tooth whitening), the same occurs in relation to smoking patients. Objective: to determine the regression of color after home teeth whitening in smoking and non-smoking patients. Materials and Methods: Descriptive, cross-sectional study in 43 patients from a group of 60 previously treated at home with 10% carbamide peroxide for 3 weeks, meeting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, divided into experimental group (GE smoking patients ) and control group (non-smokers GC). Color variation was measured with the Vita Easyshade® spectrophotometer per month, 6 months and 9 months post-bleaching. The data obtained by measuring with the spectrophotometer were analyzed by the Shapiro Wilk and Kolmogorov-Smirnov test to assess normal distribution, and subsequently submitted to the Mann-Whitney U and Wilcoxon W Test (α = 0.05). Results: Delta L * was: 2.3 (GE) and 3.66 (GC). Deltas calculated with data from 9 months versus post-bleaching week. There were no statistically significant differences between both groups. Conclusions: There are no statistically significant differences in color regression after home bleaching with 10% Carbamide Peroxide in smoking versus non-smoking patients.

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Introduction: Smoking increases morbidity and mortality. Helping smokers to quit can save lives and reduce health care costs. The objective of this study was to analyze the results of the implementation of a program for smoking cessation in hospitalized patients for surgery. Material and Methods: analytical cohort study at the Hospital Privado Universitario de Córdoba. The program consisted of counseling, post-discharge follow-up, and nicotine replacement therapy (NRT). Results: Forty-three active smokers aged 58.2 ± 13.6 years were included, with an average consumption of 34.9 ± 23.9 packets of cigarettes per year. Of those who agreed to start the protocol, 61.1% had an indication for NRT. 52.6% quit smoking at 6 months. No relationship was found between smoking cessation with a history of COPD (p = 0.8), necessary dose of NRT (p = 0.613), quantity of daily cigarettes consumed (p = 0.749), nor with time elapsed until the first morning cigarette (p = 0.523). Patients who underwent cardiovascular surgery presented a better response (85.7%) compared to the rest of patients (p = 0.04). Conclusion: Although adherence to the NRT at 3 months was very low, more than half of the total number of patients included in the program stop quit smoking. The program present a higher success In those patients undergoing cardiovascular surgery. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introducción. Ciertas conductas de las personas son un factor determinante en el desarrollo de numerosas enfermedades. Muchas de estas conductas son modificables, y disponemos de una serie de intervenciones de salud pública que favorecen que su prevalencia en la población decrezca. Un ejemplo es el consumo de tabaco; una de las mayores amenazas para la salud pública en nuestro país. Los profesionales de Atención Primaria tenemos una posición privilegiada para abordar esta adicción. Este proyecto nace por la necesidad de ubicar al paciente fumador según la fase del Modelo del Cambio de Prochaska, siendo el objetivo principal del mismo identificar el porcentaje de pacientes fumadores del Centro de Salud Fontenla Maristany que se encuentran en la fase de preparación según el Modelo del Cambio de Prochaska. Metodología. Para dar respuestas a los objetivos, se realizó un estudio observacional de prevalencia en dicho Centro, con una muestra total de 100 pacientes. Resultados. Tras analizar datos obtenidos en los cuestionarios, se obtuvieron numerosos resultados. El porcentaje de fumadores que se encontraban en fase de preparación, sobre los cuáles sería pertinente realizar una intervención avanzada para la deshabituación tabáquica ascendió a un 28%. Discusión. Un dato concluyente es que al 66% de fumadores les gustaría recibir ayuda de su enfermera para cesar su hábito. Este dato nos debería de hacer reflexionar a cerca de la importancia del papel de enfermería en la deshabituación tabáquica de los pacientes en Atención Primaria. Abstract Introduction. People set certain behaviors that are a key factor for developing numerous diseases. Most of these behaviors are modifiable and there are several public health care interventions to promote their decrease. Tobacco consumption is an example; one of the greatest threats for public healthcare that represents the first avoidable cause of morbimortality in our environment. Primary Care professionals hold a privileged position to approach this addiction. The current analysis was risen by the necessity of locating the patients along the phases of Prochaska’s Change Model, which would help improving our intervention for detoxification. The main target of the analysis was to identify the percentage of smokers patients in Fontenla Maristany HealthCare Center undergoing the preparation phase according to Prochaska’s Model. Methodology. An observational analysis of prevalence was accomplished at the HealthCare Center, under a sample of 100 patients. Results. After analyzing the data from the questionnaires, numerous results were obtained. The rate of patients on the preparation phase, to whom an advanced intervention for detox would be applicable, was 28%. Discussion. Furthermore, the 66% of smokers would like to receive help from their nurse to stop their habit. This fact should make us reflect on the importance of the role of nursing in the smoking cessation in Primary Care.

In the sealed shaft tombs discovered at the El Piñon site of the Bolaños culture, figurines representing smokers and warriors were discovered. These figurines suggest that the people of El Piñon were familiar with tobacco and war. Tobacco was used as a hallucinogen in order to establish contact with supernatural beings, and war is an inherent action of human being. However, in the Bolaños culture there are no elements that demonstrate the existence of warfare. This work proposes some hypotheses about the presence of these smoker and warrior figurines within the mortuary ritual of the shaft tombs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Objective. To evaluate the physical and psychological dependence to tobacco of Mexican smokers and its association with physical, psychological and social factors. Materials and methods. The 2016 National Alcohol and Tobacco Drug Consumption Survey (n=7 331) was analyzed using the Fagerström nicotine physical dependence scale (FTND) and the short scale of psychological dependence on tobacco (TAPDSc). Bivariate analyzes and generalized ordinal logistic regressions were performed to evaluate the associated factors. Results. 82.3% of daily smokers and 98.8% of occasional smokers reported mild physical dependence, while 47.9 and 37.9% respectively reported moderate psychological dependence. The age of initiation of tobacco use, drug use, high alcohol consumption and high emotional distress were associated with high levels of psychological dependence in all smokers. Conclusion. The exclusive use of FTND does not allow to adequately evaluate Mexican smokers. The physical and psychological dependence on tobacco should be assessed with independent and validated scales in this population. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Copyright of Revista ADM is the property of Asociacion Dental Mexicana and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: many endocrine-metabolic changes are involved in smoking.Objectives: to evaluate serum concentrations of inflammatory adipokines in smokers at baseline and after four months of treatment for smoking cessation.Methods: the serum concentrations of inflammatory cytokines were evaluated in smokers and abstinent. Nutritional assessment was based on measurements of body weight, height, and waist circumference (WC), to calculate body mass index (BMI), body adiposity index (BAI) and waist-to-height ratio (WHtR). Biochemical parameters were analyzed: total cholesterol, LDL-c, HDL-c, triglycerides, glucose, cortisol and insulin. The serum levels of leptin, adiponectin and ghrelin were determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The leptin/adiponectin ratio (L/A) was calculated.Results: a total of 29 subjects were included in this study (22 women and seven men). The mean age of participants was 50.7 ± 10.47 years. The medium values of WHtR and BAI were above of the proposed cutoff point, indicating abdominal obesity. The biochemical parameters did not present statistically significant differences when comparing the initial and final values. At the end of treatment, the abstinent had higher levels of adiponectin when compared to those who remained smoker (p = 0.024). There was an increase in leptin levels and L/A, and a reduction in adiponectin levels after the treatment in abstinent and smokers (p < 0.05).Conclusion: this study has demonstrated that smoking cessation improves adiponectin levels when compared with smokers. Leptin and L/A levels increased throughout the treatment in both groups. The increased values of leptin and L/A in abstinent participants may indicate risk of metabolic events associated with smoking history that should be investigated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: University nursing students are considered a risk group and vulnerable to tobacco and alcohol consumption. The study of the prevalence and type of tobacco and alcohol consumption will allow describing and better understanding the situation of this population. Objective: To determine the prevalence and type of tobacco and alcohol consumption in university nursing students of a public institution in the state of Puebla, Mexico. Methodology: A cross-sectional, descriptive study in a population of 86 students was done. Personal characteristics, tobacco and alcohol consumption were investigated through a personal data card, a questionnaire on tobacco consumption and the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT). Results: The period prevalence of tobacco consumption was 50%. Among tobacco users, 93.02% reported a slight consumption. The period prevalence of alcohol consumption was 77.9%. Among consumers of alcohol, 31.3% reported sensible consumption, 24.4% dependent and 22.0% harmful. Conclusion: Nursing university students evidenced an alarming prevalence of tobacco and alcohol consumption; however, the type of consumption is low risk. Therefore, there is a need to implement preventive interventions and health control in the university context. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this work is to analyze the attentional and mnesic processing of words related to smoking and health using the emotional stroop paradigm and a bigram completing task. A modified stroop task consisting of three types of words: neutral, smoking related words and health related words extracted from health warnings messages presented in smoking publicity, was given to a sample integrated by smokers, non-smokers and former-smokers. The individuals performed then an implicit memory task. The results obtained indicated that the health related words are not preferentially attended by the smokers. However, they complete more bigrams with tobacco words than the other groups. The relevance of this memory bias in the context of smoking counterpublicity and of stop-smoking therapy is discussed.

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Copyright of Síndrome Cardiometabólico is the property of Sindrome Cardiometabolico and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Las respuestas emocionales y motivacionales son fundamentales para explicar el inicio y mantenimiento del consumo de tabaco, sin embargo, los resultados con respecto a las diferencias en fumadores y no fumadores de las respuestas psicofisiológicas que sirven como marcadores neurofisiológicos de procesos emocionales y motivacionales presentan resultados contradictorios. El objetivo de esta investigación fue identificar las diferencias en las respuestas psicofisiológicas ante estímulos asociados al tabaco en fumadores y no fumadores, para esto se registró el reflejo de sobresalto y la respuesta galvánica de la piel mientras observaban imágenes apetitivas, neutrales, aversivas y asociadas al tabaco. Los resultados muestran que los fumadores inhiben el reflejo de sobresalto ante las imágenes asociadas al tabaco de forma similar que ante las imágenes apetitivas, adicionalmente, se encontró en los fumadores una mayor inhibición del reflejo de sobresalto ante las imágenes de tabaco. No se encontraron diferencias en la respuesta galvánica de la piel. Estos resultados sugieren que los fumadores activan el sistema motivacional apetitivo ante los estímulos asociados al tabaco.

Introdução: O tabaco é actualmente um dos maiores problemas de saúde pública. Desta forma, o conhecimento do perfil do fumador é essencial para poder adequar estratégias de intervenção, sendo fundamental avaliar a sua motivação. Objectivos: Calcular a prevalência de fumadores de quatro ficheiros de três centros de saúde do distrito de Coimbra e caracterizá-los em termos demográficos, padrão de consumo, motivação para a cessação tabágica e comorbilidades. Determinar a relação entre motivação para deixar de fumar e idade, sexo, idade de início e quantidade do consumo, co morbilidades cardiovasculares, respiratórias e psiquiátricas associadas. Metodologia: Estudo descritivo com componente analítico. População acessível: utentes entre 15 e 65 anos, utilizadores da consulta de quatro ficheiros de três centros de saúde do distrito de Coimbra entre Junho e Agosto de 2007. Tratamento de dados: SPSS17. Resultados: Duzentos e vinte e quatro entrevistados aleatoriamente, 64,3% mulheres, com idade média de 44,9 anos. A prevalência de fumadores foi de 17% (52,63% mulheres). A idade média dos fumadores foi de 39,4 anos. A idade média de início de consumo tabágico foi de 17,2 anos. A quantidade média de cigarros consumidos foi de 17,5/dia. Dos fumadores, 50% eram portadores de comorbilidades. Não foi encontrada associação estatisticamente significativa de nenhum destes factores com a motivação para deixar de fumar. Discussão/conclusão: Os resultados obtidos são sobreponíveis a outros estudos nacionais. Entre os jovens, há mais mulheres fumadoras, e as mulheres fumam menos cigarros/dia. Das co morbilidades estudadas, as mais frequentes foram as cardiovasculares e as psiquiátricas. Apenas metade dos fumadores estavam motivados para a cessação tabágica.Background: Smoking is currently a leading public health priority. Profiling smokers allows for adequate intervention strategies and it is important to assess smokers’ motivation. Aims: To calculate the rate of smokers in 4 files from 3 Health Centres in Coimbra and characterise smokers in terms of demographics, consumption pattern, motivation for smoking cessation and co-morbidities. Investigate the relationship between motivation to stop smoking and age, gender, consumption and age at starting smoking and cardiovascular, respiratory and psychiatric co-morbidities. Methods: Descriptive study with analytical component. Accessible population: 15-65 year old patients from 4 files from 3 Health Centres in Coimbra seen July - August 2007. Data treatment: SPSS 17. Results: 224 randomly interviewed patients, 64.3% women; mean age 44.9 years old. Rate of smokers was 17% (52.63% female). Smokers’ mean age was 39.4 years old. The mean age at starting smoking was 17.2 years old (16.4 in men). Mean cigarette consumption was 17.5/day (13.3 in women). 47.4% was poorly motivated, 52.6% moderate/highly motivated. 50% of the smokers had co-morbidities. There was no association between any of these factors and smoking cessation motivation. Discussion/conclusions: The results are similar to other national studies. There were more younger female smokers than male, but females smoked fewer cigarettes/day. In this study the most frequent co-morbidities were cardiovascular and psychiatric. Only half of the smokers were motivated to stop smoking.

Foram estudados 194 casos de fumadores e ex-fumadores (. 1 UMA), de ambos os sexos e idades compreendidas entre os 20 e os 82 anos, tendo sido excluídos doentes detentores de patologias ou antecedentes profissionais de risco. Apresentavam grau variado de sintomatologia e exame pletismográfico normal, mas com valores anormais do factor de transferência alvéolo-capilar, determinados pelo método de single breath com CO (TLCO SB e TLCO/VA). Dos 194 casos avaliados, 136 (70,1%) tinham valores anormais de um ou dos dois parâmetros referidos. No tratamento estatístico da amostra (teste do qui-quadrado), a diferença da sensibilidade entre ambos os parâmetros foi significativa (p=0,0001). As eventuais limitações do método de avaliação usado (single breath) foram, no presente estudo, minimizadas (restrição ventilatória com capacidade vital < 1,5 litros), pela normalidade referida do exame pletismográfico. De igual modo, a presença de alterações da distribuição ventilatória foi, em princípio, excluída pela ausência de valores da relação CPT-sb/CPTplet inferiores a 0,85. Conclusões: A normalidade do exame pletismográfico em grandes fumadores ou ex-fumadores não é suficiente para afirmar uma normalidade da função respiratória, visto que grande percentagem de casos apresenta anormalidades do factor de transferência alvéolo-capilar pelo CO. A limitação alveolar considerada foi, não só a anatómica, mas, igualmente, a de carácter funcional.This study comprised 194 male and female heavy smokers or ex-smokers (. 1 pack-year) aged between 20 and 82, whose symptoms varied. Cases were only selected from patients with normal whole-body plethysmography. Subjects with any significant pathology and occupational risk factors were excluded from the study. Varying degrees of symptoms were found and a range of results from normal plethysmography examination, with abnormal levels of alveolar-capillary transfer, determined by the single-breath method to analyse CO (TLCO and TLCO-VA) coefficients. Using the chi-square test for statistical analysis of the sample revealed a significant variation in sensitivity between both parameters (p=0.0001). Possible limitations of using the single-breath method, of were reduced in this study (ventilatory restriction withVital Capacity

Se evaluaron las concentraciones de metales Fe, Zn, Cu, Cr, Cd y Ni y su relación con marcadores de estrés oxidativo en 50 fumadores crónicos de ambos géneros (30 y 84 años). Los fumadores se dividieron en dos grupos: 25 fumadores de 1-5 cigarrillos/día (cig/día) y 25 fumadores de más de 6 cig/día. Los niveles de metales en sangre total y en orina fueron determinados por espectrofotometría de emisión atómica con plasma inductivamente acoplado (ICPOES). Se realizaron determinaciones hematológicas y bioquímicas de proteínas totales, fraccionadas y de tioles totales. Los fumadores presentaron mayores concentraciones de Fe en sangre independientemente del número de cigarrillos fumados y menores concentraciones de Zn, Cr y Ni. No se observaron diferencias en las concentraciones de Cu en sangre. El Cd en fumadores estuvo entre 5,0-10,0 μg/L y en no-fumadores entre 0,0-5,0 μg/L. No se observaron diferencias signi cativas en las concentraciones de hemoglobina, hematocrito y la hemoglobina corpuscular media en los grupos, ni entre las concentraciones de albúmina ni globulinas; se observó un incremento en los leucocitos y en los grupos tioles totales de fumadores. Las concentraciones de Fe en sangre se correlacionaron con los glóbulos blancos y con el Cd; igualmente se encontró correlación entre la albúmina y los grupos tioles. Las concentraciones de Zn y el Cu se incrementaron en la orina de fumadores, no así las concentraciones de Fe. De acuerdo a estos resultados, en los fumadores crónicos, la distribución de Fe en el organismo juega un papel central en la posible progresión y desarrollo de las enfermedades relacionadas con este hábito.

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Objetivo: Determinar la prevalencia de conductores fumadores en vehículos privados en la ciudad de Lleida. Métodos: Se seleccionó una muestra aleatoria de 1600 vehículos privados en seis cruces regulados por semáforos. Las variables estudiadas fueron edad y sexo, conductor fumador, acompañante >18 años, tipo de cruce (urbano/interurbano), día (laborable/festivo), hora (mañana/tarde) y fumadores simultáneos. Se calculó la prevalencia de conductores fumadores y las odds ratio ajustadas (ORa), con su intervalo de confianza del 95% (IC95%). Resultados: La prevalencia fue del 6,0% (IC95%: 4,9-7,3), mayor en los hombres (6,4%), en el grupo de 41 a 60 años (6,9%) y sin acompañante (6,5%). La probabilidad de que el conductor fumara aumentó con acompañante fumador (ORa=10,8; IC95%: 3,6-32,5). La frecuencia de conductores fumadores fue mayor en los días laborables (ORa=1,7; IC95%: 1,0-2,8) y por la mañana (ORa=1,6; IC95%: 1,0-2,4). Conclusiones: La prevalencia de conductores fumadores se considera elevada y perjudicial. Se recomienda evitar fumar en los vehículos.Objective: To determine the prevalence of smoking among drivers of private vehicles in the city of Lleida (Spain). Methods: A random sample of 1600 cars passing through six intersections regulated by traffic lights were selected. The variables were age, sex, smoking driver, adult passengers, intersection (urban/interurban), day (working day/weekend), hour (morning/evening) and simultaneous smokers. We calculated the prevalence of smoking drivers and the corresponding odds ratios (ORs), adjusted for the potential confounding variables, as well as their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI). Results: The prevalence was 6.0% (95% CI: 4.9-7.3) and was higher in men (6.4%), in the group aged 41 to 60 years (6.9%), and in unaccompanied drivers (6.5%). The probability of the driver smoking increased if there was a smoking passenger (aOR=10.8; 95% CI: 3.6-32.5). The frequency of smoking drivers was higher on working days (aOR=1.7; 95% CI: 1.0-2.8) and in the morning (aOR=1.6; 95% CI: 1.0-2.4). Conclusions: The prevalence of smoking drivers can be considered dangerously high. We recommend avoiding smoking while driving.

Estudo observacional, descritivo, que objetivou identificar as crenças segundo a centralidade/perifericidade, e verificou como elas interferem no comportamento de pacientes portadores de coronariopatias, para aderirem ou não ao tabagismo. Utilizamos um dos referenciais de crenças mencionados na literatura, que evidenciou, na análise das entrevistas realizadas com 56 pacientes portadores de doença coronariana, internados em uma instituição hospitalar do Estado de São Paulo, um predomínio de crenças primitivas de consenso zero e uma tendência à centralidade, o que permitiu identificar fatores que dificultam a adesão às recomendações terapêuticas feitas pelos profissionais da saúde e inferir sobre a resistência para mudança de comportamento que tal população possui.Estudio observacional, descriptivo que buscó identificar las creencias según la centralidad/perifericidad y verificó como ellas interfieren en el comportamiento de pacientes portadores de coronariopatías para convertirse o no en fumadores. Utilizamos unos de los referenciales de creencias, que evidenció, en el análisis de las entrevistas realizadas con 56 pacientes portadores de la enfermedad coronariana internados en una institución hospitalaria del Estado de São Paulo, un predominio de creencias primitivas de consenso cero y una tendencia a la centralidad que permitió identificar factores obstaculizadores para la aceptación de las recomendaciones terapéuticas realizadas por los profesionales de salud e inferir sobre la resistencia para el cambio de comportamiento que dicha población posee.This is a descriptive observational study that aimed at identifying beliefs according to centrality/periphery by verifying how they interfere in the behavior of patients with coronary diseases regarding their adherence or non-adherence to smoking. The belief-related frameworks mentioned in the literature were used and findings, pointed out from the analysis of the interviews with 56 people with coronary diseases who were inpatients in a hospital in the interior of São Paulo State, showed a prevalence of primitive beliefs with zero consensus and a tendency to centrality that enabled the identification of hiding factors to the adherence to therapeutic recommendations by health professionals as well as inferences concerning the reluctance to behavioral changes presented by the population.

El ácido ascórbico es uno de las antioxidantes más importantes a nivel extracelular, sin embargo su papel preventivo de enfermedades degenerativas se puede comprometer al disminuir sus niveles séricos. Bajos valores de ácido ascórbico sérico se han reportado en hombres fumadores. En el presente estudio se estimó la ingestión de ácido ascórbico en 25 hombres adultos sanos de Hermosillo, Sonora, México, divididos en dos grupos: fumadores y no fumadores; se compararon los niveles séricos de ácido ascórbico de los dos grupos y se midió el efecto de fumar sobre dichos niveles. El consumo de ácido ascórbico se estimó utilizando un recordatorio de 24 h y la base de datos Nutritionist IV, mientras que el ácido ascórbico sérico se cuantificó con el método de la 2,4-dinitrofenilhidrazina. El consumo de ácido ascórbico en los fumadores fue de 64 ± 11 mg/d, mientras que en los no fumadores fue de 70 ± 12 mg/d. Los fumadores no alcanzaron la recomendación de 100 mg diarios. Los niveles séricos fueron de 24.2 ± 6.9 µmol/L y de 30.9 ± 3.7 µmol/L para fumadores y no fumadores, respectivamente, sin diferencia estadística significativa. A pesar de que los valores medios de los grupos estudiados se sitúan dentro del rango normal se observó que fueron inferiores a los valores normales reportados en otros estudios, y que el 50% de los sujetos fumadores clasificaron como sujetos en riesgo de deficiencia. La correlación entre el consumo de ácido ascórbico y sus niveles séricos solo se observó en los fumadores (r=0.71; p=0.03). Los resultados obtenidos indican que el bajo consumo y los bajos niveles séricos de ácido ascórbico en los fumadores podrían colocar a este grupo de sujetos en riesgo de desarrollar enfermedades crónicas.Serum and dietary ascorbic acid levels in smokers and non-smokers in Hermosillo, Sonora, México. Ascorbic acid is one of the important antioxidant nutrients that can aid in the prevention of oxidative cellular damage. Adequate dietary intake is essential as humans can not synthesize this vitamin. It has been reported that smokers require higher dietary intakes to maintain their serum levels. The objective of this study was to determine serum levels of ascorbic acid in young male smokers and non smokers in the city of Hermosillo, Sonora, Mexico. In addition, their dietary intake of ascorbic acid was determined by a 24 h dietary recall. The dietary intake of ascorbic acid in 12 smokers was 64 ± 11 mg/d and in 13 non smokers it was 70 ± 12 mg/d. The smokers in this study did not meet the dietary recommendation of 100 mg/d. Serum ascorbic acid values in smokers and non smokers were 24.2 ± 6.9 µmol/L and 30.9 ± 3.7 µmol/L respectively. No significant difference was found among the 2 groups. Although the average serum ascorbic acid values fell within the range considered normal, 50% of the smokers had individual values that were below 23 µmol/L, indicating that these subjects have hipovitaminosis. A positive correlation between intake and serum levels was obtained for smokers (r=0.71; p=0.03). The results of this study suggest smokers may be at increased risk for chronic diseases due to their low intake and low serum levels of ascorbic acid.

Se midieron las fluctuaciones de radón en casas del Estado de México y del Distrito Federal con la finalidad de evaluar fluctuaciones de corta duración. Para ello, se utilizaron detectores Honeywell A9000 A que registran el decaimiento alfa del radón y sus descendientes. Asimismo, se midieron los cambios en la concentración de partículas suspendidas utilizando un equipo Personal Data-Logging Real-time Aerosol Monitor. Los resultados indican un valor promedio de radón intramuros de 22 Bq/m3 con incrementos esencialmente en la madrugada, que alcanzaron valores hasta un orden de magnitud mayor que el promedio. Las partículas suspendidas intramuros mostraron un valor promedio de 0.08 mg/m3. Experimentos en habitaciones cerradas con fuma- dores mostraron una concentración de partículas suspendidas dependiente de la ventilación y del número de fumadores en el recinto. doi: https://doi.org/10.22201/igeof.00167169p.2002.41.3.339