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Byline: Donna Marshall, MBA (Colorado Business Group on Health (CBGH), Denver, Colorado); Feride Frech-Tamas, MPH, RPh; Jenifer Wogen, MS (MedMentis Consulting, Towaco, New Jersey, jen@medmentis.com); Joseph J. Doyle, RPh, MBA [...]

The Global Vascular Risk Management (GVRM) Study is a 5-year prospective observational study of 87,863 patients (61% females) with hypertension and associated cardiovascular risk factors began January 1, 2010. Data are gathered electronically and cardiovascular risk is evaluated using the Consortium for Southeastern Hypertension Control™ (COSEHC™)-11 risk score. Here, we report the results obtained at the completion of 33 months since study initiation. De-identified electronic medical records of enrolled patients were used to compare clinical indicators, antihypertensive medication usage, and COSEHC™ risk scores across sex and diabetic status subgroups. The results from each subgroup, assessed at baseline and at regular follow-up periods, are reported since the project initiation. Inference testing was performed to look for statistically significant differences between goal attainments rates between sexes. At-goal rates for systolic blood pressure (SBP) were improved during the 33 months of the study, with females achieving higher goal rates when compared to males. On the other hand, at-goal control rates for total and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol (chol) were better in males compared to females. Diabetic patients had lower at-goal rates for SBP and triglycerides but higher rates for LDL-chol. The LDL-chol at-goal rates were higher for males, while high-density lipoprotein (HDL)-chol rates were higher for females. Utilization of antihypertensive medications was similar during and after the baseline period for both men and women. Patients taking two or more antihypertensive medications had higher mean COSEHC™-11 scores compared to those on monotherapy. With treatment, hypertensive patients can reach SBP and cholesterol goals; however, population-wide improvement in treatment goal adherence continues to be a challenge for physicians. The COSEHC™ GVRM Study shows, however, that continuous monitoring and feedback to physicians of accurate longitudinal data is an effective tool in achieving better control rates of cardiovascular risk factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Current guidelines for acute coronary syndrome recommend clopidogrel for an optimal period of 12 months in order to reduce the risk of reinfarction and mortality. Premature clopidogrel discontinuation has been associated with higher rates of rehospitalization, coronary stent thrombosis, and mortality. No data exist regarding the effect of the Medicare Part D coverage gap on medical costs and outcomes in Medicare beneficiaries who discontinue their clopidogrel upon entering the coverage gap. Methods: Beneficiaries with a Medicare Advantage plan in 2009 who had a diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome were taking clopidogrel 75 mg daily, and reached the gap in the same year representing the study sample. From this cohort, those who filled at least two prescriptions for clopidogrel (continued) versus those that did not (discontinued) while in the gap were compared with regard to outcomes related to acute coronary syndrome and expenditure 30 days after the last prescription was filled and during any time while in the gap. Descriptive and multivariate analyses were used to compare these differences. Results: A total of 1365 beneficiaries with acute coronary syndrome met the inclusion criteria, of which 705 beneficiaries entered into the coverage gap, wherein 103 (14.6%) and 602 (85.4%) of beneficiaries discontinued and continued clopidogrel, respectively. Compared with those who continued clopidogrel during the gap, beneficiaries who discontinued clopidogrel showed a higher trend in the number of hospitalizations related to acute coronary syndrome and emergency room visits, albeit not statistically significant. Those who discontinued clopidogrel showed a higher mean adjusted cost per member per month in hospitalizations ($3604) related to acute coronary syndrome and outpatient visits ($1144) related to acute coronary syndrome and total medical costs ($5614), albeit not statistically significant. Conclusion: Medicare beneficiaries who face large out-of-pocket costs for clopidogrel while in the coverage gap and discontinue therapy may experience adverse events related to acute coronary syndrome. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To examine the impact of the coverage gap on pharmacy use, expenditures, and out-of-pocket costs for Medicare managed care beneficiaries before and after reaching the gap., Study Design: A longitudinal comparison of behaviors for beneficiaries with non-gap coverage before and after reaching the gap., Methods: Prescription drug use and expenditures were assessed for Medicare beneficiaries who reached the gap, including subsets with one of four chronic disorders (congestive heart failure (CHF), diabetes, dyslipidemia, or hypertension). Differences in pre- and post-prescription use were calculated using generalized estimating equations. Time until the end and start of the gap was estimated using a Cox proportional hazards model. Expenditure data were estimated using bootstrap methods., Results: Roughly a quarter (27.1 percent) of patients reached the gap in 2006, of whom 3.6 percent passed through the gap. The most prevalent disease state was hypertension (58.5 percent). Beneficiaries took an average of 8.1 months to reach the gap. Patients <65 years (HR = 1.42, 95% CI = 1.29 - 1.56) and those with diabetes (HR = 1.19, 95% CI = 1.12 - 1.27) were more likely to reach the gap sooner as compared to older beneficiaries (aged 65 to 74) and those without diabetes. These individuals were more likely to pass through the gap as well. Beneficiaries faced a 60.7 percent increase in out-of-pocket expenditures in the gap phase. Brand-name medication use decreased by 9.3 percent, while generic medication use increased by 7.4 percent. For chronic conditions, however, over 90 percent of individuals continued brand-name medication use in the gap., Conclusions: Our findings suggest that, in general, beneficiaries take lower-cost generics while in the gap. However, taking brand-name medications is the predominant behavior for beneficiaries with chronic diseases. Health care reform provisions that close the gap over the next ten years may facilitate continuity of medication use while in the gap.

Objective: To measure the impact of medication copayment level and other predictors on compliance with antihypertensive medications, as measured by the medication possession ratio., Study Design: Retrospective observational analysis., Methods: We used claims data from a large managed care organization. The identification of subjects was based on a diagnosis of hypertension and a filled prescription for antihypertensive medication between January 1999 and June 2004. Multivariate logistic regression models were used to evaluate copayment level and patient characteristics as predictors of medication compliance., Results: Analysis of data for 114,232 patients filling prescriptions for antihypertensive medications revealed that compliance was lower for drugs in less preferred tiers. Relative to medications with a 5 dollars copayment, the odds ratio (95% confidence interval) for compliance with drugs having a 20 dollars copayment was 0.76 (0.75, 0.78); for drugs requiring a 20 dollars to 165 dollars copayment, the odds ratio for compliance was 0.48 (0.47, 0.49). Medication compliance also differed by patient age, morbidity level, and ethnicity, as well as by medication therapeutic class--with the best compliance observed for angiotensin receptor blockers, followed by calcium channel blockers, beta-adrenergic receptor antagonists (beta-blockers), angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors, and last, thiazide diuretics., Conclusions: Copayment level, independent of other determinants, was found to be a strong predictor of compliance with antihypertensive medications, with greater compliance seen among patients filing pharmacy claims for drugs that required lower copayments. This finding suggests that patient use is sensitive to price. The potential impact on compliance should be considered when making pricing and policy decisions.