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Soybean powdery mildew (Erysiphe diffusa) was considered a minor disease in Brazil in the decades immediately after its identification. However, since the outbreak in 1996/97 in all cultivated areas the disease has become a constant threat to farmers and losses of up to 25% have been reported. The report of a new species, E. glycines, infecting soybean in Japan, and the occurrence of the disease in other plant species (Phaseolus vulgaris, Helianthus annuus,Sonchus oleraceus,Hypochaeris brasiliensis, and Bidens pilosa) commonly found growing nearby soybean fields, raised questions in relation to the taxonomy of the powdery mildew strains found in or around soybean fields in Brazil. Analysis of the internal transcribed sequence (ITS) of the rDNA was undertaken to ascertain the pathogen species associated to each of the hosts. Powdery mildew strains isolated from Glycine max were identified as E. diffusa. Strains from P. vulgaris were very similar to E. diffusa, with 4 nt differences, and differed from Erysiphe poligony by 11 nt. Strains from H. annuus and S. oleraceus grouped with the species Golovinomyces cichoracearum, while strains from H. brasiliensis and B. pilosa were similar to Podosphaera fusca and Neoerysiphe cumminsiana, respectively. To our knowledge this is the first molecular identification of powdery mildew in Brazil based on rDNA sequence comparison. In addition, this study presented evidence for the occurrence of N. cumminsiana in America. O oídio da soja, causado por Erysiphe diffusa, foi considerado uma doença de menor importância, desde a sua identificação no Brasil. Entretanto, após o surto na safra de 1996/97, em todas as áreas cultivadas, a doença tornou-se uma ameaça constante para os agricultores, com perdas relatadas de até 25%. A identificação de uma nova espécie (E. glycines) no Japão e a ocorrência em outras espécies de plantas comumente encontradas próximas a campos de soja (Phaseolus vulgaris,Helianthus annuus,Sonchus oleraceus,Hypochaeris brasiliensis e Bidens pilosa) levantou questões em relação à taxonomia dos oídios encontrados nas lavouras. Análises moleculares da região espaçadora interna transcrita (ITS) do rDNA foi utilizada para a identificação molecular das espécies presentes em cada planta hospedeira. Oídios isolados de soja (Glycine max) foram identificados como E. diffusa. Isolados de feijão (P. vulgaris) foram similares a E. diffusa, com 4 nt diferentes, e diferiram de E. poligony em 11 nt. Isolados de H. annuus e S. oleraceus agruparam-se com a espécie Golovinomyces cichoracearum, enquanto isolados de H. brasiliensis e B. pilosa foram similares a Podosphaera fusca e Neoerysiphe cumminsiana, respectivamente. Ao nosso conhecimento esta é a primeira identificação molecular de oídios no Brasil, através da comparação de seqüências de rDNA. Esta também é uma evidência da ocorrência de N. cumminsiana na América.

Cercospora kikuchii, involved with the defoliation of soybean (Glycine max) plants, is normally associated with Septoria glycines in late season. Seventy-two isolates from different regions in Brazil, obtained mainly from purple stained seeds, showed phenotypic variation. Cercosporin content and rate of colony growth was higly variable among isolates. A strong correlation between cercosporin content and virulence was identified. Genetic variation among and within populations was evaluated based on 86 RAPD loci. The RAPD analysis clustered all isolates into seven groups. No relationship was observed between RAPD groups and geographic origin or cercosporin content. The sequence of the internal spacer regions (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) from 13 isolates chosen according to the previous RAPD and clustering analysis showed high similarity (97%-100%) to the GenBank sequences of C. kikuchii (AY266160, AY266161, AY152577 and AF291708). It is clear from this work that Brazilian isolates of C. kikuchii from different geographic regions, are variable in relation to virulence, RAPD profiles and cercosporin content. Cercosporin content could be a good parameter for choosing an adequate isolate for screening resistant or tolerant cultivars. Considering that this pathogen is easily seed-borne, findings are expected to show the same haplotypes in different regions. Migration could be favoured by infected seeds as demonstrated by RAPD analysis.

Submitted by Guilherme Lemeszenski (guilherme@nead.unesp.br) on 2013-08-22T18:49:02Z No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-41582005000200016.pdf: 289121 bytes, checksum: d919823275993a29f0dba82a8629b1a6 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2013-08-22T18:49:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 S0100-41582005000200016.pdf: 289121 bytes, checksum: d919823275993a29f0dba82a8629b1a6 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-01 Made available in DSpace on 2013-09-30T19:39:12Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-41582005000200016.pdf: 289121 bytes, checksum: d919823275993a29f0dba82a8629b1a6 (MD5) S0100-41582005000200016.pdf.txt: 18796 bytes, checksum: 488e9f856695a5fe025ea16403249056 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-01 Submitted by Vitor Silverio Rodrigues (vitorsrodrigues@reitoria.unesp.br) on 2014-05-20T14:03:52Z No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-41582005000200016.pdf: 289121 bytes, checksum: d919823275993a29f0dba82a8629b1a6 (MD5) S0100-41582005000200016.pdf.txt: 18796 bytes, checksum: 488e9f856695a5fe025ea16403249056 (MD5) Made available in DSpace on 2014-05-20T14:03:52Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 S0100-41582005000200016.pdf: 289121 bytes, checksum: d919823275993a29f0dba82a8629b1a6 (MD5) S0100-41582005000200016.pdf.txt: 18796 bytes, checksum: 488e9f856695a5fe025ea16403249056 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2005-04-01 No ano agrícola de 2000/2001, ocorreu um surto de nanismo e necrose da haste em soja (Glycine max) plantada em duas áreas do Brasil Central e na safra seguinte, esta anomalia foi constatada em outras regiões produtoras, mesmo distantes mais de 2.000 km de onde fora inicialmente constatada. Estudos envolvendo ensaios de transmissão (enxertia, mecânica e insetos vetores), microscopia eletrônica, purificação, sorologia e ensaios moleculares indicaram que a enfermidade foi causada por um carlavirus transmitido por mosca branca, possivelmente relacionado ao Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV). Stunting and stem necrosis were noticed in soybeans (Glycine max) grown in 2000/2001 in West Central Brazil the same condition was also observed in the following year in plantations as far as 2,000 km from the initial area. Based on transmission (mechanical, graft, insect vector), purification and serology, electron microscopy and molecular studies the causal agent was determined to be a whitefly-borne carlavirus which is possibly related to Cowpea mild mottle virus (CpMMV). Empresa Brasileira de Pesquisa Agropecuária (EMBRAPA) Soja Universidade do Norte do Paraná Escola Superior de Agricultura Luiz de Queiroz Setor de Fitopatologia Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas UNIFIL Universidade Estadual Paulista Instituto de Biociências, Letras e Ciências Exatas

Soybean powdery mildew (Erysiphe diffusa) was considered a minor disease in Brazil in the decades immediately after its identification. However, since the outbreak in 1996/97 in all cultivated areas the disease has become a constant threat to farmers and losses of up to 25% have been reported. The report of a new species, E. glycines, infecting soybean in Japan, and the occurrence of the disease in other plant species (Phaseolus vulgaris, Helianthus annuus,Sonchus oleraceus,Hypochaeris brasiliensis, and Bidens pilosa) commonly found growing nearby soybean fields, raised questions in relation to the taxonomy of the powdery mildew strains found in or around soybean fields in Brazil. Analysis of the internal transcribed sequence (ITS) of the rDNA was undertaken to ascertain the pathogen species associated to each of the hosts. Powdery mildew strains isolated from Glycine max were identified as E. diffusa. Strains from P. vulgaris were very similar to E. diffusa, with 4 nt differences, and differed from Erysiphe poligony by 11 nt. Strains from H. annuus and S. oleraceus grouped with the species Golovinomyces cichoracearum, while strains from H. brasiliensis and B. pilosa were similar to Podosphaera fusca and Neoerysiphe cumminsiana, respectively. To our knowledge this is the first molecular identification of powdery mildew in Brazil based on rDNA sequence comparison. In addition, this study presented evidence for the occurrence of N. cumminsiana in America. Made available in DSpace on 2011-10-08T01:02:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 28865.pdf: 190972 bytes, checksum: a695c2f5cde507fd4978926dbdb1979e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-02-17