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This study investigated surviving women's learning experiences from the 2004 tsunami in Aceh. Women were the majority of casualties and the most vulnerable after the tsunami. Almost a decade later, we used a conceptual framework of experiential learning, critical reflection, and transformative learning to understand the surviving women's ways of learning after the disaster. This paper highlights a qualitative study from a larger mixed methods study. Of the larger study's 450 survey respondents, we interviewed 103 participants using a semi-structured interview protocol for 1 to 1.5 hr. From those participants, this paper highlights 13 women who articulated significant learning during their experience. The findings indicate the women learnt through reflection, talking, and feelings. Furthermore, their learning and reflection on life's experiences enabled them to strike a balance and lead a better life. This study highlights that learning experiences in a critical life event can eventually result in a person's changed behavior, attitudes, knowledge, beliefs, or skills.

Aims: Ropeginterferon alfa‐2b is a novel, long‐acting pegylated interferon alfa‐2b. We aimed to evaluate its safety, pharmacokinetics (PK) and pharmacodynamics (PD). Methods: Thirty‐six subjects received single subcutaneous injection of ropeginterferon alfa‐2b at doses ranging from 24 to 270 μg, and 12 subjects received pegylated IFN alfa‐2a subcutaneously at 180 μg. Primary endpoints were safety/PK profiles of ropeginterferon alfa‐2b, while secondary endpoints were to compare PK/PD parameters with pegylated IFN alfa‐2a. Results: Adverse events in ropeginterferon alfa‐2b and pegylated IFN alfa‐2a groups were similar, and most of them were mild or moderate. Mean Cmax increased from 1.78 to 24.84 ng/mL along with the dose escalations in ropeginterferon alfa‐2b groups and was 12.95 ng/mL for pegylated IFN alfa‐2a. At 180 μg, ropeginterferon alfa‐2b showed statistically significant Cmax geometric mean ratio (1.76; P =.0275). Mean Tmax ranged from 74.52 to 115.69 h for ropeginterferon alfa‐2b groups, and was 84.25 h for pegylated IFN alfa‐2a. Mean AUC0‐t increased from 372.3 to 6258 ng•h/mL with the dose escalations in the ropeginterferon alfa‐2b groups, while for pegylated IFN alfa‐2a it was found to be 2706 ng•h/mL in pegylated IFN alfa‐2a. For neopterin and 2′,5′‐oligoadenylate synthase, mean Emax, Tmax and AUC0‐t of ropeginterferon alfa‐2b were similar to those of pegylated IFNα‐2a at 180 μg. Conclusion: Ropeginterferon alfa‐2b up to 270 μg was safe and well tolerated. The PK/PD parameters of ropeginterferon alfa‐2b showed increase in dose–response. Ropeginterferon alfa‐2b had higher drug exposures and showed similar safety profile when compared to pegylated IFN alfa‐2a at the same dose level. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Tirbanibulin is a novel tubulin polymerization and Src kinase signaling inhibitor. This study was designed to fully characterize tirbanibulin pharmacokinetics (PK) when applied topically under maximal use conditions. This was an open‐label, parallel‐group PK safety study of tirbanibulin ointment 1% applied to 25 cm2 of the face or balding scalp in adults with actinic keratosis (AK). Eligible subjects self‐applied tirbanibulin once‐daily for 5 days. PK sampling occurred on days 1, 3 and 4 at 0 hour (before dosing), and on day 5 at prespecified time points up to 24 hours after application. Safety assessments included adverse events and local skin reactions were evaluated up to day 29. Eighteen subjects (face or scalp, n = 9 each) completed the study. Subjects were White (100%), of mean [range] age 66.4 [43‐83] years, predominantly men (83.3%) with Fitzpatrick skin type I to III (94.4%); baseline AK lesion count, mean [range] 8.2 [6‒14]. All subjects had quantifiable but low plasma concentrations of tirbanibulin. On day 5, overall mean (standard deviation) maximum concentration (Cmax) was 0.26 (0.23) ng/mL (or 0.60 nM), median time to maximum concentration was 6.91 hours, and mean (standard deviation) area under the plasma concentration–time curve from time 0 to 24 hours was 4.09 (3.15) ng ∙ h/mL. Four subjects experienced a total of 5 treatment‐emergent adverse events that resolved. Mild to moderate erythema, flaking, or scaling in the treatment area peaked around day 8 before resolving or returning to baseline by day 29. In conclusion, under maximal use conditions, tirbanibulin ointment 1% for 5 days in the treatment of AK on the face or scalp was well tolerated and resulted in low systemic exposure with subnanomolar plasma concentrations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]