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Biodegradable edible films for sour cream packaging were developed based on chitosan (CS), hydroxyethyl cellulose (HEC), Olive leaf extract (OE), and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 -NPs). The prepared CS/HEC/TiO 2 -OE bionanocomposite films were evaluated for their antimicrobial and antioxidant activities as well as using FT-IR, mechanical, permeability, and contact angle. The effect of developed films on the lipid oxidation, microbiological load, and chemical properties of sour cream was investigated. The fabricated films had an antimicrobial impact against all tested strains. The film containing 8 % OE showed effective protection against fat oxidation, with a peroxide value of 3.21 meq O 2 /kg, a para-anisidine value 5.40, and free fatty acids of 0.82 mg KOH/kg. The films with OE 4 % and 8 % have a good effect on the microbiological load of sour cream for 90 days. These films did not influence the chemical composition of sour cream and therefore can be used in this sort of dairy product., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Delayed growth period and nature of woody stems are challenges for the urgent economic needs of rosemary plant culturing in the winter season. Different concentrations of biofertilizer initiated from Spirulina maxima, marine Lactobacillus plantarum, molasses and industrial organic waste (IOW) were subjected to freshly cut cuttings of the Rosmarinus officinalis L. (rosemary) plant to study the impact of this biofertilizer on the growth performance of the plant. The present work explored the potential of this biofertilizer in concentrations of 0.5%-1% and achieved a significant impact on the growth parameters and biochemical constituents of R. officinalis, a 27-day-old plant. The development of adventitious roots was earlier within one week, particularly at 0.5% and 1%. It can be concluded that the application of this biofertilizer at the lower concentrations enhanced the production of bioactive substances such as phytohormones (auxin, cytokinin, and gibberellins), carbohydrates, and vitamins; moreover, through controlling a range of physiological and biochemical processes, it can promote the intake of nutrients. Thus, this biofertilizer (Spirulina maxima, marine Lactobacillus plantarum, molasses and IOW) at a concentration of 1% is the recommended dose for application to agriculture sustainability., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2024 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)

The cytokine storm induced by duck hepatitis A virus type 1 (DHAV-1) infection significantly contributes to severe, rapid deaths and economic losses in the duck industry in Egypt. This study aimed to investigate the potential inhibitory effect of a nanoemulsion containing turmeric and black pepper oil on the immune response and pathogenesis of DHAV-1 in ducklings. A total of 105 ducklings from nonvaccinated breeders were divided into 5 experimental groups, each comprising 21 birds. The negative control group (G1) remained noninfected with DHAV-1 and nontreated with nanoemulsion, while the positive control group (G2) was infected with DHAV-1 but not treated with nanoemulsion. The other 2 groups (G3, the supplemented group which was noninfected with DHAV-1), and group 4 (the prophylactic group G4) which was infected with DHAV-1, both received nanoemulsion throughout the experiment. Group 5 (G5, the therapeutic group), on the other hand, which was infected with DHAV-1 received nanoemulsion only from the onset of clinical signs. At 5 days old, the ducklings in the positive control (G2), the prophylactic (G4), and the therapeutic group (G5) were infected with DHAV-1. All the ducklings in the infected groups exhibited depression, anorexia, and opisthotonos, and their livers displayed various degrees of ecchymotic hemorrhage, liver enlargement, and microscopic pathological lesions. Notably, the positive control group (G2) experienced the most severe and pronounced effects compared to the other infected groups treated with the nanoemulsion. Meanwhile, the viral RNA loads were lower in the liver tissues of the infected ducklings treated with the nanoemulsion (G4, and G5) compared to the positive control group G2. Additionally, the nanoemulsion effectively modulated proinflammatory cytokine expression, antioxidant enzymes, liver enzymes, and lipid profile of treated ducklings. In conclusion, the turmeric and black pepper oil nanoemulsion has the potential to be a therapeutic agent for regulating and modulating the immune response, decreasing DHAV-1-induced cytokine storms, and minimizing mortality and economic losses in the duck business. More research is needed to understand how turmeric and black pepper oil nanoemulsion alleviates DHVA-1-induced cytokine storms and lowers duckling mortality., (Copyright © 2023 The Authors. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Microalgae-based biodiesel synthesis is currently not commercially viable due to the high costs of culture realizations and low lipid yields. The main objective of the current study was to determine the possibility of growing Nannochloropsis oceanica on Saccharomyces cerevisiae yeast wastewater for biodiesel generation at an economical rate. N. oceanica was grown in Guillard F/2 synthetic medium and three dilutions of yeast wastewater (1, 1.25, and 1.5%). Biodiesel properties, in addition to carbohydrate, protein, lipid, dry weight, biomass, lipid productivity, amino acids, and fatty acid methyl ester (FAMEs) content, were analyzed and the quality of the produced biodiesel is assessed. The data revealed the response of N. oceanica to nitrogen-deficiency in the three dilutions of yeast wastewater. N. oceanica in Y2 (1.25%) yeast wastewater dilution exhibited the highest total carbohydrate and lipid percentages (21.19% and 41.97%, respectively), and the highest lipid productivity (52.46 mg L -1 day -1 ) under nitrogen deficiency in yeast wastewater. The fatty acids profile shows that N. oceanica cultivated in Y2 (1.25%) wastewater dilution provides a significant level of TSFA (47.42%) and can be used as a feedstock for biodiesel synthesis. In addition, N. oceanica responded to nitrogen shortage in wastewater dilutions by upregulating the gene encoding delta-9 fatty acid desaturase (Δ9FAD). As a result, the oleic and palmitoleic acid levels increased in the fatty acid profile of Y2 yeast wastewater dilution, highlighting the increased activity of Δ9FAD enzyme in transforming stearic acid and palmitic acid into oleic acid and palmitoleic acid. This study proved that the Y2 (1.25%) yeast wastewater dilution can be utilized as a growth medium for improving the quantity of specific fatty acids and lipid productivity in N. oceanica that affect biodiesel quality to satisfy global biodiesel requirements.

We evaluated the anti-cariogenic effect of an experimental synbiotic compound containing probiotic Lacticaseibacillus rhamnosus (NRRL B-442)-based jelly candy supplemented with natural prebiotic grape seed extract (GSE) in a nanoemulsion formula on the colonization and establishment of Streptococcus mutans (ATCC 25175) and Actinomyces viscosus (ATTCC 19246) biofilms through counting colony forming units, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM). We were then analysing the remineralizing effect of synbiotic jelly candy on human enamel surface lesions using Vickers microhardness testers, atomic force microscopy (AFM), SEM, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDAX), and confocal laser scanning microscopy (CLSM) at three stages (sound, after demineralization, and after pH cycling). We found after 21 days of treatment of the pH-cycled enamel discs with jelly candy for 10 min twice daily, a 68% decrease in S. mutans colony formation, reducing biofilm development, trapping S. mutans visualized in jelly candy under SEM examination, and significantly altering the morphological structure of these bacteria under TEM analysis. For remineralization measurements, statistically significant differences in microhardness integrated mineral loss, and lesion depth through CLSM between demineralization and treatment stages. These findings provide an effective anti-cariogenic synbiotic compound of grape seed extract and probiotic jelly candy with potential remineralizing activity., (© 2023. The Author(s).)

As a replacement for saturated fats, bigel butter spread (BgBs) based on sesame oleogel and alginate hydrogel was developed. Morphology, oxidative stability, microbiological, chemical, and sensory analysis were assessed. The results demonstrated that unsaturated fatty acids were higher in cinnamon (73.87 %) than in plain (71.57 %) BgBs. The peroxide value was higher in plain (5.25 meqO 2 /kg) than in cinnamon BgBs (4.29 meqO 2 /kg). Cinnamon BgBs had 44.44 % more antioxidant activity compared to plain BgBs (40.20 %). Moreover, BgBs products kept their probiotic counts at >7 log cycles. The cinnamon BgBs had a lower microbial load than plain BgBs. The chemical composition of the BgBs products did not change significantly. But the pH values slightly dropped with the storage time. The sensory evaluation of plain and cinnamon BgBs did not significantly differ from one another. However, the period of storage and the addition of the cinnamon oil significantly affected the flavor ratings., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest Non-financial competing interests., (Copyright © 2023 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Female Pattern Hair Loss (FPHL) is considered the most common type of hair loss in females. Women with FPHL may suffer from psychological distress and defective social functioning. Patients with psychiatric and neurodegenerative disorders almost have a deficient brain and blood brain-derived neurotrophic factor levels (BDNF). This serum BDNF level may act as a diagnostic marker for negative psychological impact in FPHL patients., Objectives: Evaluate the levels of serum BDNF in patients with FPHL and correlate its level to the severity of alopecia and the degree of psychological impact., Methods: Forty-six female patients with FPHL and 41 healthy age-matched female volunteers as a control were included in the study. Patients filled out a Dermatology Life Quality Index questionnaire. Both patients and controls filled Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and Perceived Stress Scale (PSS) questionnaires. Serum levels of BDNF were measured for all the participants using the ELISA technique., Results: Patients with FPHL had significantly lower levels of BDNF and significantly higher Beck depression inventory score and PSS questionnaire scores. There is a significant negative correlation between serum levels of BDNF and Beck Depression Inventory, Beck Anxiety Inventory, and PSS questionnaire scores., Conclusions: Patients with FPHL are at a high risk to develop chronic stress and depression. The serum level of BDNF is a good predictor for the assessment of chronic stress and depression in FPHL patients.

Background and Aim: Biosecurity implementation is fundamental to combating diseases and antibiotic resistance. Therefore, this study aimed to examine the correlation between the implementation of biosecurity measures in small-scale duck farms and the incidence of infectious diseases that threaten the duck industry., Materials and Methods: Twenty small-scale duck farms of different breeds and production stages were collected as representative samples, focused on two districts in the Qalyoubia governorate, which possesses high-density small-scale farms. A 30-point structured questionnaire was designed to assess the level of biosecurity measures implemented in the sampled farms. These farms were examined for bacterial infection by cultivation, typing, and antibiotic sensitivity tests, in addition to molecular techniques for detecting suspected viral diseases., Results: The results showed that the farms had high or low levels of biosecurity; only 25% possessed high-level biosecurity. Bacteria, including Salmonella , Escherichia coli , Staphylococcus , and Pasteurella , were isolated from all sampled farms. High rates of antimicrobial resistance-reaching up to 100% were observed against some drugs. However, viral causative agents, including HPAI-H5N8, duck viral hepatitis, and goose parvovirus, were isolated from only five farms., Conclusion: The lack of commitment to biosecurity implementation, particularly personal hygiene, was observed in most sampled farms. Increasing the level of biosecurity reduced the incidence of mixed infections., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright: © Adel, et al.)

Low-density polyethylene (LDPE) is broadly utilized worldwide, increasing more dramatically during the COVID-19 pandemic, and the majority ends up in the aquatic environment as microplastics. The influence of polyethylene microplastics (LDPE-MPs) on aquatic ecosystems still needs further investigation, especially on microalgae as typical organisms represented in all aquatic systems and at the base of the trophic chain. Thereby, the biological and toxicity impacts of LDPE-MPs on Chaetoceros calcitrans were examined in this work. The results revealed that LDPE-MPs had a concentration-dependent adverse effect on the growth and performance of C. calcitrans. LDPE-MPs contributed the maximum inhibition rates of 85%, 51.3%, 21.49% and 16.13% on algal growth chlorophyll content, φPSII and F v /F m , respectively. The total protein content, superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT) and peroxidase (POD) activities were significantly increased at 25 mg L -1 LDPE-MPs by 1.37, 3.52, 2.75 and 1.84 folds higher than those of the controls to sustain the adverse effects of LDPE-MPs. Extracellular polymeric substance (EPS) and monosaccharides contents of C. calcitrans were improved under low concentration of LDPE-MPs, which could facilitate the adsorption of MPs particles on the microalgae cell wall. This adsorption caused significant physical damage to the algal cell structure, as observed by SEM. These results suggest that the ecological footprint of MPs may require more attention, particularly due to the continuing breakdown of plastics in the ecosystem., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2022 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

In computer vision segmentation field, super pixel identity has become an important index in the recently segmentation algorithms especially in medical images. Simple Linear Iterative Clustering (SLIC) algorithm is one of the most popular super pixel methods as it has a great robustness, less sensitive to the image type and benefit to the boundary recall in different kinds of image processing. Recently, COVID-19 severity increased with the lack of an effective treatment or vaccine. As the Corona virus spreads in an unknown manner, th-ere is a strong need for segmenting the lungs infected regions for fast tracking and early detection, no matter how small. This may consider difficult to be achieved with traditional segmentation techniques. From this perspective, this paper presents an efficient modified central force optimization (MCFO)-based SLIC segmentation algorithm to discuss chest CT images for detecting the positive COVID-19 cases. The proposed MCFO-based SLIC segmentation algorithm performance is evaluated and compared with the thresholding segmentation algorithm using different evaluation metrics such as accuracy, boundary recall, F-measure, similarity index, MCC, Dice, and Jaccard. The outcomes demonstrated that the proposed MCFO-based SLIC segmentation algorithm has achieved better detection for the small infected regions in CT lung scans than the thresholding segmentation., (© The Author(s), under exclusive licence to Springer-Verlag GmbH Germany, part of Springer Nature 2022. Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.)

Background: Searching for a non-antibiotic therapeutic option such as probiotics is gaining momentum nowadays. We aimed to evaluate the in vitro antibacterial ability of cell-free supernatant (CFS) of selected Lactobacillus strains (with probiotic properties) against clinical isolates of OXA-48-producing multidrug-resistant (MDR) Klebsiella pneumoniae separately and in combination with cefoperazone antibiotic., Methods: Over a period of 8 months, a cross-sectional experimental study involving 590 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates was done. Our study took place at The Specialized Pediatric Teaching Hospital of Cairo University. Of the 590 Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates collected from blood cultures, pus, endotracheal aspirates, and pleural fluid, only 50 unrepeated clinical isolates of MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae-producing OXA-48-like detected by CHROMID® OXA-48 (bioMérieux, France) were selected for our study. After determining the minimal inhibitory concentration of CFS of ten Lactobacillus strains and cefoperazone each, the synergistic effect of both was tested., Results: Among ten tested Lactobacillus spp., a significant increase in the mean value of inhibition zone diameter with CFS of L. helveticus (14.32 mm) and L. rhamnosus (13.3 mm) was detected separately. On the contrary, an antagonistic activity against all tested isolates was detected upon combination of Lactobacilli with cefoperazone (512 μg/ml). The mean value of inhibition zone diameter of L. helveticus CFS+ cefoperazone was (11.0 mm) and for L. rhamnosus CFS+ cefoperazone was (10.88 mm) (p value <0.001)., Conclusion: The antimicrobial efficiency of using CFS of Lactobacillus species separately indicates that these therapies may be a substitute treatment strategy against MDR Klebsiella pneumoniae., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Green synthesis selenium nanorods (Se-NRs) were produced based on Aloe vera leaf extract. The size, morphology, antimicrobial, and activation of Se-NRs for probiotics were analyzed. The Se-NRS was stable with a diameter of 12 and 40 nm, had an antimicrobial effect, and improved probiotics counts. The microcapsules loaded with Green Se-NRS (0, 0.05 or 0.1 mg/100 ml) and probiotics (Bifidobacterium lactis and Lactobacillus rhamnosus) were designated with efficiency between 95.25 and 97.27% and irregular shapes. Microcapsules were saved probiotics against gastrointestinal juices. The microcapsules were showed a minor inhibition effect against the cell line. Also, microcapsules integrated into stirred yogurt and exanimated for microbiology, chemically, and sensory for 30 days. The probiotics counts, acidity, total solids, and ash values of samples were increased during storage periods without affecting fat and protein contents. The overall acceptability of yogurt with microcapsules containing probiotics and Se-NRs was high without change in body, odor, color, and appearance., (© 2022. The Author(s).)

Nowadays, dairy products are considered a good matrix to deliver many functional substances either vital oils or probiotic cells. Two models of microcapsules were produced from co-encapsulation of extra virgin olive oil (EVOO) nanoemulsion or nanocomposite and synbiotic bacteria (maltodextrin with Lactobacillus acidophilus and Bifidobacterium bifidum ) using the freeze-drying technique. These models of microcapsules were added to stirred yogurt, and then its storage effect on microbiology, chemically, and sensory properties were evaluated for 21 days. The average droplet size and zeta potential distribution of EVOO nanoemulsion and nanocomposite were investigated. Also, oxidative stability, microencapsulation efficiency, release profile, and antioxidant activity were studied. The results showed that the average particle size of EVOO nanoemulsion and nanocomposite ranged between 416 and 475 nm, while zeta potential was -39.6 and -33.6 mV, respectively. The induction period of EVOO extracted from nanoemulsion and nanocomposite microcapsules models was 11.30 and 8 h. The microencapsulation efficiency of probiotic and EVOO was determined at 88.84 and 65.61% for the nanoemulsion microcapsules model, while the nanocomposite microcapsules model showed 98.49 and 72%. The two models of microcapsules have boosted the viability of probiotic bacteria inside stirred yogurt than free cells. Also, the presence of microcapsules did not affect the viability of stirred yogurt starter cultures, and high values for the total solid and protein were detected. Therefore, the results recommended that stirred yogurt is a good delivery carrier for highly antioxidant and healthy microcapsules of synbiotic EVOO nanoemulsion and nanocomposite., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest., (Copyright © 2022 El-Sayed, Youssef and Hashim.)

Background: Neonatal sepsis is a serious condition. Recent clinical studies have indicated that microRNAs (miRNAs) are key players in the pathogenesis of sepsis, which could be used as biomarkers for this condition., Patients and Methods: A total of 90 neonates with sepsis and 90 healthy neonates were enrolled in this study. qRT-PCR was performed to measure the expression levels of serum miR-34a-5p and miR-199a-3p., Results: miR-34a-5p and miR-199a-3p serum levels were significantly reduced in neonates with sepsis compared with those in healthy neonates (P = 0.006 and P = 0.001, respectively). Significant correlations of miR-34a-5p and miR-199a-3p with each of TLC, RDW, RBS, and C-reactive protein (CRP) as well as SNAPII were observed, indicating their associations with the severity of neonatal sepsis., Conclusion: miR-34a-5p and miR-199a-3p may be useful as novel biomarkers in neonatal sepsis and may provide a new direction for its treatment., Competing Interests: The authors have declared that no competing interests exist.

This research aimed to biosynthesizing zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) using lactobacilli strains. All tested lactobacilli able to biosynthesis ZnO-NPs indicated by white precipitates. The characteristics of the biosynthesis ZnO-NPs from Lactobacillus gasseri were studied using UV-visible spectroscopy, TEM, SEM, DLS, FT-IR, XRD, and antimicrobial activity. The characteristic examination depicted cubic structures, pure and spherical ZnO-NPs with a diameter size of 22 nm. Antimicrobial study of ZnO-NPs displayed better higher antimicrobial activity on food pathogens in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, integrated biosynthesis ZnO-NPs in yogurt positively affected the shelf life of yogurt during storage for four weeks without changes in the sensory evaluation. The microbiological population of fortified yogurt significantly reduced during storage than control. But chemically evaluation of fortified yogurt indicated an increase in dry matter, protein, and ash content than control. The achieved results suggested that the low amount of biosynthesized ZnO-NPs lead to the development of properties of integrated yogurt. Furthermore, the biosynthesized ZnO-NPs additive to yogurt could be a good food source for groups suffering from zinc deficiency such as the elderly groups or vegetarians who do not eat meat and at risk of zinc inadequacy., (Copyright © 2021 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

The aim of the present study was to detect the serum levels of long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) growth arrest-specific 5 (GAS5) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis (RA) and healthy controls, and determine the association between the rs2067079, rs6790, and rs17359906 single-nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) of lncRNA GAS5 gene with RA risk in the Egyptian population. Reverse transcription-quantitative PCR and real-time PCR were used to measure the serum levels of lncRNA GAS5 and genotype the two distinct alleles at the SNP sites of lncRNA GAS5 gene in 200 patients with RA and 150 controls. The mean serum levels of lncRNA GAS5 were significantly lower in the patients with RA compared with the controls (P<0.0001), and the serum levels of lncRNA GAS5 were significantly negatively associated with erythrocyte sedimentation rate, C-reactive protein levels and anti-cyclic citrullinated peptide levels in the patients with RA. The TT genotype of rs2067079 SNP was significantly associated with a decreased risk of RA [TT vs. CC: Odds ratio (OR)=2.358; 95% confidence interval (CI), 1.114-5.131; P=0.045) and the risk of rs2067079 SNP reduced with a recessive pattern (TT vs. TC + CC: OR=2.374; 95% CI, 1.091-5.123; P=0.037). rs6790 SNP was associated with RA risk in the recessive model (AA vs. GA + GG: OR=2.55; 95% CI=1.39-5.32; P=0.02). No significant associations were noted between the rs17359906 SNP and RA risk (P>0.05) or between the lncRNA GAS5 levels and their respective genotypes at the three SNPs in patients with RA (all P>0.05). Based on the results of the present study, lncRNA GAS5 may serve as a biomarker for the early detection of RA. The TT genotype of rs2067079 SNP was significantly associated with a decreased risk of RA, and a reduced risk of rs2067079 SNP was observed with a recessive pattern. rs6790 SNP was associated with RA risk in the recessive model., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no competing interests., (Copyright © 2020, Spandidos Publications.)

Background: Type-2 diabetes is the most prevalent metabolic disease, which calls for researchers to find many natural products that are effective in fighting diabetes and its complications., Methods: Stirred yoghurt samples were prepared, enriched with probiotics, and fortified with either 1% or 2% of the fine powder of beetroots. The chemical, physical, sensorial, and microbial properties of the yoghurt samples were studied over a 15-day storage period. The total phenolic compounds, flavonoids, antioxidant activity as well as the reducing power of the dried beetroot and the yoghurt samples were assessed.The prepared yoghurt samples were evaluated in type 2 diabetic rats., Results: Fortification with beetroot led to an increase of the total phenolic compounds, antioxidant activity, and the probiotic counts in the prepared yoghurt. The intervention with the prepared yoghurt samples resulted in an increase in the number of beneficial bacteria in diabetic rats&rsquo; feces, hypoglycemic effect, and suppression in the elevation of C-reactive protein (CRP) and thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH)., Conclusions: This study suggests that stirred yoghurt enriched with probiotics and fortified with beetroot have therapeutic potential for type 2 diabetes.

In marine ecosystems, fluctuations in surface-seawater carbon dioxide (CO 2 ), significantly influence the whole metabolism of marine algae, especially during the early stages of macroalgal development. In this study, the response of the green alga Ulva fasciata for elevating ocean acidification was investigated using four levels of p CO 2  ~ 280, 550, 750 and 1050 µatm. Maximum growth rate (6.6% day -1 ), protein (32.43 %DW) and pigment (2.9 mg/g) accumulation were observed at p CO 2 -550 with an increase of ~2-fold compared to control. On the other hand, lipid and carbohydrate contents recorded their maximum production (4.23 and 46.96 %DW, respectively) at p CO 2 -750 while control showed 3.70 and 42.37 %DW, respectively. SDS-PAGE showed the presence of unique bands in response to p CO 2, especially at 550 µatm. Dominant associated bacteria was shifted from Halomonas hydrothermalis of control to Vibrio toranzoniae at p CO 2 -1050. These findings suggest that ocean acidification at 550 µatm might impose noticeable effects on growth, protein, pigments, and protein profile of U. fasciata, which could be a good source for fish farming. While, p CO 2 -750 was recommended for energetic purpose, due to its high lipid and carbohydrate contents., Competing Interests: The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (© 2021 The Authors.)

In this paper we describe the preparation of a new bionanocomposite based on carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), Arabic gum (AG) and gelatin (GL), incorporating garlic extract (GE) and TiO 2 nanoparticles (TiO 2 -NPs). The prepared bionanocomposites were evaluated using X-ray diffraction (XRD), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), Energy Dispersive X-ray Analysis (EDX), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and were evaluated for their antimicrobial effect. The permeability and thermal and mechanical properties of the films were assessed. The water vapor transmission rate (WVTR), oxygen transmission rate (OTR), and mechanical, thermal and antimicrobial properties of the prepared bionanocomposite films were enhanced by the addition of GE and TiO 2 -NPs. The effects of GE and TiO 2 -NPs in combination incorporated into a CMC/AG/GL blend as an edible coating on the quality of fresh Nile tilapia fish fillets during refrigerated storage were evaluated. The microbiological status and weight loss of fresh Nile tilapia fish fillets were periodically tested for 21 days during storage at 4 °C. The results indicated that GE combined with TiO 2 -NPs has a synergistic influence on the enhancement of the preservation properties of CMC/AG/GL/GE-TiO 2 bionanocomposites for refrigerated tilapia fish fillets, which could control microbial growth, and decrease weight loss during the storage of tilapia fish fillets., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Background and Aim: The Marek's disease virus (MDV) is a neoplastic disease causing serious economic losses in poultry production. This study aimed to investigate MDV occurrence in poultry flocks in the Lower Egypt during the 2020 breakout and genetically characterized Meq , gL , and ICP4 genes in field strains of MDV., Materials and Methods: Forty samples were collected from different breeds from eight Egyptian governorates in 2020. All flocks had received a bivalent vaccine (herpesvirus of turkey FC-126 + Rispens CVI988). However, weight loss, emaciation, reduced egg production, paralysis, and rough/raised feather follicles occurred. Samples were collected from feather follicles, liver, spleen, and nerve tissue for diagnosis by polymerase chain reaction. MDV genetic characterization was then performed by sequencing the Meq , gL, and ICP4 genes of five positive samples representing different governorates and breeds., Results: A total of 28 samples were positive for MDV field strains, while two were related to MDV vaccinal strains. All samples tested negative for ALV (A, B, C, D, and J) and REV. Phylogenetic analysis of the Meq gene of sequenced samples revealed that all MDVs were related to the highly virulent European viruses (Gallid herpesvirus 2 ATE and PC12/30) with high amino acid (A.A.) identity 99.2-100%. Alternatively, there was low A.A. identity with the vaccine strains CVI988 and 3004 (up to 82.5%). These results indicate that further investigation of the efficacy of current Egyptian vaccines is required. The Egyptian strains also harbor a specific mutation, allowing clustering into two subgroups (A and B). By mutation analysis of the Meq gene, the Egyptian viruses in our study had R101K, P217A, and E263D mutations present in all Egyptian viruses. Furthermore, R176A and T180A mutations specific to our strains contributed to the high virulence of highly virulent strains. There were no mutations of the gL or ICP4 genes., Conclusion: Further studies should evaluate the protection contributed by current vaccines used in Egypt., (Copyright: © Yehia, et al.)

In the present study, we formulated and characterized CMC/PVA/CuO bionanocomposites to evaluate their use in coating processed cheese. Copper oxide nanoparticles (CuO-NPs) were prepared and added to a mixed solution of carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC)/polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) using compositions of 0.3, 0.6 and 0.9% (w/v). The CMC/PVA/CuO bionanocomposites were prepared by a solution casting method and used for coating processed cheese. The fabricated bionanocomposite films and CuO-NPs were characterized by TEM, SEM, EDEX, XRD, DLS, and FT-IR analysis. Inclusion of CuO-NPs decreased the gas transmission rate (GTR) and water vapor transmission rate (WVTR) of the prepared film. Also, the bionanocomposite suspensions exhibited high but variable inhibitory effects against several pathogenic bacteria and fungi. The impact of coating of processed cheese surfaces with the prepared bionanocomposite films on microbiological, physicochemical, textural and sensory properties of the processed cheese were assessed during 6 months of cold storage. Coating cheese with film containing CuO-NPs eliminated mould growth on the cheese surface and decreased significantly ( P < 0.05) the total bacterial count of the cheese. Furthermore, coating of cheese decreased the moisture losses and retarded the increase in the cheese hardness during storage. The highest acceptability at the end of the storage period was given for processed cheese coated with the bionanocomposite containing 0.9% CuO-NPs. Thus, the obtained CMC/PVA/CuO bionanocomposite films could be a promising candidate for cheese packaging applications., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts to declare., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)

Roselle calyx extract (RE) was used to prepare zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs) as a green technique. In the current work, chitosan/guar gum/zinc oxide bionanocomposites based on Roselle calyx extract, namely (CS/GG/RE-ZnO) bionanocomposite were prepared. The synthetic ZnO-NPs and the prepared bionanocomposites were characterized by Fourier transforms infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and scanning electron microscopy (SEM). Moreover, the addition of RE-ZnO nanocomposites was improved mechanical, permeability, antimicrobial and antioxidant properties of bionanocomposite films. The influence of coating Ras cheese with the fabricated CS/GG/RE-ZnO bionanocomposites on chemical, microbiological, and sensorial properties of Ras cheese was evaluated during ripening in comparing with uncoated cheese. Ras cheese coating with bionanocomposite film containing 3% RE-ZnO nanocomposites protects their surface for around three months from yeasts, molds and other bacteria growth. The prepared CS/GG/RE-ZnO bionanocomposite films can be used as a promising candidate for food packaging applications., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Aim: This study aimed to determine the prevalence of layer flock tumor disease in Lower Egypt during the period of 2018-2019 and to undertake molecular characterization and determine the genetic diversity of all identified viruses., Materials and Methods: Forty samples were collected from layer chicken located in six governorates of Lower Egypt during the period of 2018-2019. Samples were taken from tumors in different organs. Tumor tissues were identified by histopathological sectioning and then further confirmed by a reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Finally, genetic evolution of Avian leukosis virus (ALV-J) gp85 gene was studied., Results: All the study samples were negative for Marek's disease virus, reticuloendotheliosis virus, ALV (A,B,C and D) and 20 samples were positive for ALV-J in backyard in six governrates. Sequencing of ALV-J gp85 gene was performed for six representative samples (one from each governorate), and they were found to be genetically related to prototype virus HPRS-1003 (identity percentage: 91.2-91.8%), but they were from a different group that was similar to the AF88-USA strain (first detected in 2000) with specific mutations, and they differed from a strain that was previously isolated in Egypt in 2005, forming two different subgroups (I and II) that had mutations in the hr1domain (V128F, R136A) and hr2 domain (S197G, E202K)., Conclusion: The ALV-J virus was the main cause of neoplastic disease in layer chickens from Lower Egypt in the period of 2018-2019. We found that the genetic evolution of ALV-J gp85 gene was related to prototype virus HPRS-1003 but in a different group with a specific mutation. Further studies are needed to evaluate the antigenicity and pathogenicity of recently detected ALV-J strains., (Copyright: © Yehia, et al.)

Production and potential application of chitooligosaccharide is reported in this study. Chitooligosaccharide was produced by enzymatic hydrolysis of chitosan using Bacillus cereus chitosanase. The chitooligosaccharide was characterized, and its prebiotic activity together with the antioxidant activity were evaluated and compared to marketed standard and chitosan. Additionally, its stability in yoghurt was monitored. The produced chitooligosaccharide was water soluble with molecular weight of 2.005 kDa and higher degree of acetylation. Bioactivity results cleared the chitooligosaccharide has potent prebiotic plus antioxidant activity with poor stability in yoghurt. Subsequently, encapsulation of chitooligosaccharide into nanoparticles and microparticle were assessed to enhance its stability. Our results indicated that nanoparticles with size 100 nm maintained 96.83 + 1.2 % of chitooligosaccharide in yoghurt during shelf life compared to 45.09 ± 2.5 % for microparticle (850 μm). Finally, the sensory evaluation favored the yoghurt containing chitooligosaccharide nanoparticles over free chitooligosaccharide or chitooligosaccharide microparticle, which suggest nanoparticles as potential formula to boost the chitooligosaccharide stability in yoghurt., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A comparison between the most investigated alginate-based encapsulating agents was performed in the current study. Here, the survivability of Lactobacillus plantarum microencapsulated with alginate (Alg) combined with skim milk (Sm), dextrin (Dex), denatured whey protein (DWP) or coated with chitosan (Ch) was evaluated after exposure to different heat treatments and in presence of some food additives, during storage and under simulated gastrointestinal condition. In addition, the encapsulated cells were evaluated for production of different bioactive compounds such as exopolysacchar. ides and antimicrobial substances compared with the unencapsulated cells. The results showed that only Alg-Sm maintained the viability of the cells >10 6 cfu/g at the pasteurization temperature (65 °C for 30 min). Interestingly, storage under refrigeration conditions increased the viability of L. plantarum entrapped within all the tested encapsulating agents for 4 weeks. However, under freezing condition, only Alg-DWP and Alg-Sm enhanced the survival of the entrapped cells for 3 months. All the microencapsulated cells were capable of growing at the different NaCl concentrations (1%-5%) except for cells encapsulated with Alg-Dex, showed viability loss at 3% and 5% NaCl concentrations. Tolerance of the microencapsulated cells toward organic acids was varied depending on the type of organic acid. Alg-Ch and Alg-Sm provide better survival for the cells under simulated gastric juice; however, all offer a good survival for the cells under simulated intestinal condition. Our findings indicated that Alg-Sm proved to be the most promising encapsulating combination that maintains the survivability of L. plantarum to the recommended dose level under almost all the stress conditions adopted in the current study. Interestingly, the results also revealed that microencapsulation does not affect the metabolic activity of the entrapped cells and there was no significant difference in production of bioactive compounds between the encapsulated and the unencapsulated cells., (© 2020 Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

Aim: This study aimed to identify the pathogenic bacteria responsible for the septicemic disease affecting white sea bream brooders and determining the sensitivity of the recovered isolates to different antibiotics followed by estimation of long-acting oxytetracycline (OTC) efficacy in controlling this disease, and finally, determining the proper dose regimen., Materials and Methods: Biolog microbial identification system was used for determination of the pathogens which are responsible for this disease. Agar disk diffusion test and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) were used to determine the antibiotic susceptibility of recovered isolates. Oxytetracycline (OTC) was used at a dose level of 100 mg/kg body weight for the treatment of diseased fish, and the OTC concentration in the serum samples was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography., Results: Fifteen Staphylococcus epidermidis and 11 Bacillus cereus isolates were recovered from the lesion of muscle, tail, eye, and heart blood. S. epidermidis isolates were sensitive to OTC, ciprofloxacin, enrofloxacin, spiramycin, erythromycin (E), and florfenicol. B. cereus isolates were sensitive to all mentioned antibiotics except E. Based on the MIC test, all B. cereus isolates were sensitive to OTC with MIC ranging between <0.125 and 4 µg/ml and 11 S. epidermidis isolates were sensitive with MIC ranging between <0.125 and 8 µg/ml, while four isolates were resistant. Different degrees of degenerative changes were present in the hepatopancreas, posterior kidney, eye, and skin tissues of diseased fish., Conclusion: Single intraperitoneal injection of long-acting OTC at a dose of 100 mg/kg body weight was effective in termination of S. epidermidis and B. cereus infection in white sea bream ( D. sargus ) broodstock.

A novel synbiotic multiparticulate microparticle was produced in the current study to expand the synbiotic industrial applications. Initially, the inulin was fabricated into PLGA nanoparticles. After the inulin entrapment efficiency was boosted to reach 92.9 ± 8.4% by adjusting the formulation parameters, the developed particles were characterized by different techniques such as particle size analyzer, TEM, and TLC. The obtained data showed that the particle size was 115.8 ± 82.7 nm, the particles had smooth surface and round shape, and the fabrication procedure did not affect the integrity of the inulin. Later, the inulin loaded nanoparticles together with selected Bifidobacterium species were double coated with gum arabic and alginate. The maximum survivability of the encapsulated Bifidobacterium in the simulated gastric solution reached 88.29% of the initial population, which was significantly higher than the survivability of the free bacteria. Finally, the inulin release from the multiparticulate microparticles was studied and found to be sustained over three days., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Bionanocomposites have attracted a tremendous level of consideration as alternatives for a broad group of commercial materials based on petroleum-derived compounds and used for coating cheese. Sustainable, economical and environmentally compatible materials based on chitosan (CS), poly vinyl alcohol (PVA), glycerol (Gy) and titanium dioxide nanoparticles (TiO 2 -NPs) were prepared. Moreover, the prepared bionanocomposites (CS/PVA/Gy/TiO 2 -NPs) were characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM, WVTR and mechanical strength. The developed CS/PVA/Gy/TiO 2 -NPs bionanocomposites exhibited homogeneous, compact morphological features and enhanced mechanical and barrier properties. Also, the prepared bionanocomposite exhibited variable inhibitory effects against several pathogenic bacteria and fungi. Karish was made and coated with the prepared bionanocomposite containing 1, 2 and 3% TiO 2 -NPs, and cold stored. Changes in the weight losses, cheese composition, microbiological quality, textural parameters, and sensory properties were followed during storage for 25 days. Coated Karish cheese retained acceptable quality until the end of the storage period, while uncoated developed surface fungi growth and deteriorated quality after 15 days. Karish cheese coated with the bionanocomposite containing 3% TiO 2 -NPs ranked the highest acceptability at the end of storage period., (Copyright © 2018 Elsevier B.V. All rights reserved.)

Introduction: Bacteria residing in the oral cavity penetrate freely through the resultant fissures under the fillings, which might lead to the development of secondary caries. Nowadays dentistry, different nanotechnological materials with antibacterial activity are being developed for oral cavity disinfection., Aim: This study aims to investigate the antibacterial activity of a new cavity disinfectant NanoCare Plus Silver Gold ® (NanoCare) in comparison to (0.2%) chlorhexidine (CHX) gluconate disinfectant against Streptococcus mutans growth and colony count using Agar well diffusion method and contact test, respectively, and also, to assess the nanoparticles (NPs) size distribution and Zeta potential of a NanoCare disinfectant., Materials and Methods: A total of 36 samples of cavity disinfectants were divided into two main groups (G) ( n = 18); G1: NanoCare, and G2: CHX. Each group was subdivided into two subgroups (C) ( n = 9) according to the antimicrobial test that the samples were subjected to., Results: A chlorohexidine group demonstrated the higher mean inhibition zone values than NanoCare group where P ≤ 0.05, as well both groups had a significant decrease in bacterial colony count where P ≤ 0.001. The particles size distribution in NanoCare sample was found that 99% of particles number with an average size of 29.07 nm and 1% was 136.7 nm, while the Zeta potential value was -6.5 mV., Conclusions: NanoCare cavity disinfectant displayed good antibacterial property against S. mutans . The innovative incorporation of NPs into this cavity disinfectant could be used to improve the antimicrobial capacity of the material and help to decrease secondary caries risk., Competing Interests: There are no conflicts of interest.

Background: Our study was conducted in two stages; the first stage was to examine the fructose fermentation profile by Lactobacillus (Lb.) casei FEGY9973. The second stage was to investigate the viability properties of Lb. casei either during cold storage of labneh or under simulated gastrointestinal tract (GIT) conditions., Methods: Labneh as a carrier medium was classified into four treatments; the first one con- tained 2% free cells of Lb. casei as a control. The second, third and fourth treatments used 2% of encapsulated cells of Lb. casei with different capsule materials, including alginate-milk, sodium alginate and &kappa;-carrageenan served as T1, T2 and T3 respectively. The physiochemical, microbiological and sensory properties of labneh during 15 days of cold storage were shown. Moreover, the viability of free and encapsulated Lb. casei sub- jected to some manufacturing and simulated GIT conditions was tested., Results: It was revealed that lactate was the major metabolite in the medium for colonic fermentation, where- as no amounts of ethanol could be detected. Moreover, labneh samples including free cells of Lb. casei had lower pH values than treatments containing microcapsules of Lb. casei. The levels of moisture, acetaldehyde and diacetyle in treatments with different encapsulated materials were increased during the cold storage period. Accordingly, labneh samples with encapsulated Lb. casei had higher sensory scores than the control. In addition, labneh samples with Lb. casei in milk-alginate microcapsules showed a high viability during cold storage and under simulated GIT conditions. A significant decrease in the viability of free or encapsulated Lb. casei was observed at 15 days of cold storage., Conclusions: Encapsulated Lb. casei by alginate-milk was more resistant during the cold storage period and under simulated gastric conditions than the other two treatments.

Background and Objective: Moringa oleifera oil is composed of highly unsaturated fatty acids containing 80.4% polyunsaturated, mainly oleic acids 67.9% and had a low acid value and low free fatty acids composition, so it is acceptable for edible application. The objective of study was the feasibility of using Moringa oleifera oil in manufacture of cheese compared with other oils (olive, sun flower) and the effect of using Moringa oleifera oil in chemically; organoleptically and microbial content in cheese., Materials and Methods: Fat was mechanically separated from buffalo's milk to reach 3% fat. Then the resultant milk divided into four portions. First let as control, then, the rest milk divided into three portions and fat substituted with 1, 1.5 and 3% of olive, moringa and sunflower oils. The resultant milk manufactured to soft white cheese and the resultant cheese was analyzed chemically, microbiologically and organoleptically., Results: Findings showed that 1.5% of different oils are best ratio and had gained highest scores for appearance, body and texture and flavor. The soft white cheese manufactured by Moringa oleifera oil was a best treatment than control and other treatments and has antimicrobial properties. Acidity, fat, total nitrogen, soluble nitrogen, total volatile fatty acids (TVFA) and thiobarbituric acid (TBA) increased during cold storage at 5°C+1 for 3 weeks cheese with Moringa oleifera oil had lower (PV) peroxide value than other treatments and pH took an opposite trend., Conclusion: It was concluded that Moringa oleifera oil in soft cheese improved body and texture, flavor, than olive and sunflower oils and also increased the shelf life of cheese.

The chemical composition of garlic essential oils (GEOs) extracted from two different cultivars has been characterized using GC-MS analysis. GEO that was extracted from the white-skin cultivar (WGO) had a lower percentage of the major constituents diallyl trisulfide and diallyl disulfide (45.76 and 15.63%) than purple-skin cultivar (PGO) which contained higher percentages (58.53 and 22.38%) of the same components, respectively. Evaluation of the antimicrobial activity of WGO and PGO delivered in organic solvent (isopropanol) showed dose-dependent antimicrobial activity against the tested pathogenic bacteria and fungi, especially with WGO. On the other hand, formulation of both GEOs in water-based emulsions totally suppressed the antimicrobial activity of GEO. Re-formulation of GEOs in water-based microemulsion (particle size 10.1nm) showed better antimicrobial activity than emulsions at the same concentration of GEOs. This study can assist in designing the proper water-based delivery system of GEO for application in food preservation., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

A novel bionanocomposites packaging material prepared using chitosan (CH), carboxymethyl cellulose (CMC), and zinc oxide nanoparticles (ZnO-NPs), namely CH/CMC/ZnO bionanocomposites, was prepared by casting method. The CH/CMC/ZnO bionanocomposites were investigated using FT-IR, TEM, SEM, XRD, and TGA. The acquired bionanocomposites exhibited improved mechanical and thermal properties compare with the biocomposites (CH/CMC) blend. The soft white cheese were manufactured, packaged within the prepared bionanocomposites films and stored at 7°C for 30days. The influence of packaging material on packaged cheese (rheological properties, colour measurements, moisture, pH and titratable acidity) were assessed. Furthermore, the effect of packaging material on the total bacterial counts, mold & yeast and coliform in cheese was evaluated. The prepared bionanocomposites displayed good antibacterial activity against gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus), gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) bacteria and fungi (Candidia albicans). Moreover, the packaging films assisted in increasing the shelf life of white soft cheese. Therefore, it can be used in food packaging applications., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)

Novel bionanocomposites based on chitosan/poly(vinyl alcohol)/titanium nanoparticles (CS/PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite) were prepared and used as packaging materials for soft white cheese. The prepared bionanocomposites were characterized using XRD, SEM, TEM and FT-IR. The CS/PVA/TiO2 bionanocomposites exhibited good mechanical properties. Furthermore, the obtained bionanocomposites exhibited superior antibacterial activity against gram positive (Staphylococcus aureus), gram negative (Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Escherichia coli) bacteria and fungi (Candidia albicans). The soft white cheese was manufactured and packaged within the CS/PVA/TiO2 nanocomposite films and stored at 7 °C for 30 days. The color, rheological and chemical properties of cheese were evaluated, also the influence of CS/PVA/TiO2 bionanocomposites on microbiological analysis of soft white cheese was assessed, the results indicated that the total bacterial counts, mold & yeast and coliform decreased with the increasing storage period and disappeared at the end of storage period compared with control. Consequently, CS/PVA/TiO2 bionanocomposite can be used in food packaging applications., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)