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Η παρούσα ερευνητική εργασία επιχειρεί να διερευνήσει τις συνθήκες που επικρατούν στους προσφυγικούς καταυλισμούς, διακρίνοντας τα βασικά προβλήματα που αντιμετωπίζουν οι πρόσφυγες υπό το πρίσμα της οικειότητας. Μέσω αυτής της έρευνας ταυτοποιείται η έννοια της οικειότητας στους καταυλισμούς, εξετάζεται η αποτελεσματικότητα του σχεδιασμού τους και προτείνεται τελικά ένας οδηγός-μοντέλο οικειότητας για έναν φιλικότερο, προς τον πρόσφυγα, σχεδιασμό. Αφού εισαχθούν αρχικά κάποιες βασικές έννοιες όπως οι καταστροφές, ο κύκλος της τραγωδίας, η μετανάστευση και οι βασικές ανάγκες, ερευνώνται στη συνέχεια οι προσφυγικοί καταυλισμοί και ο τρόπος σχεδιασμού τους στη σημερινή εποχή. Έπειτα, προσεγγίζεται η έννοια της οικειότητας και ταυτοποιούνται κάποιοι βασικοί παράγοντες από τους οποίους αυτή εξαρτάται. Επιπλέον, ορίζονται τα επίπεδα διαβίωσης με γνώμονα τις ανάγκες των προσφύγων από την επιβίωση - στην βιωσιμότητα - στην κατοικησιμότητα – και στην ευημερία. Μέρος της εργασίας αποτελεί η μελέτη τριών από τους μεγαλύτερους καταυλισμούς στον κόσμο, σε συνάρτηση με τους παράγοντες οικειότητας. Τέλος παρατίθενται τα βασικά πρότυπα για έκτακτες ανάγκες από την Ύπατη Αρμοστεία. Η έρευνα καταλήγει στην πρόταση του οδηγού «οικειότητας» για σχεδιασμό καταυλισμών., This research paper attempts to investigate the prevailing conditions in refugee camps, by identifying the main problems the refugees are facing under the scope of familiarity. Through this research, the concept of familiarity in the refugee camps is identified, the effectiveness of their design is examined and finally a guide-model of familiarity is proposed, focused on a "refugee-friendly" design. After initially introducing some basic concepts such as, types of disasters, the cycle of tragedy, migration and basic needs, then, the refugee camps and the way they are designed today are researched. Subsequently, the concept of familiarity is approached and some key factors on which it depends, are identified. In addition, living standards are defined in terms of the needs of the refugees from survivability - to livability - to habitability – and to well-being. Part of the thesis is the study of three of the largest camps in the world, based on familiarity factors. Finally, the basic standards for emergencies from the UNHCR are listed. This research concludes with a proposal, "familiarity guide”, on how to design a refugee camp with familiarity as a priority.

This paper investigates the use of early warning tools as part of Ethiopia's Disaster Risk Management framework. Analyzing, in particular, the Livelihoods, Early Assessment and Protection tool, Livelihood Integrated Assessment and Hotspots Assessments, the paper delineates the scope and objectives of existing early warning tools, their commonalities and limitations. From a disaster risk financing and insurance perspective, the paper investigates possible enhancements in the existing early warning framework and its use that could facilitate greater timeliness of drought response. The paper argues that based on the existing early warning instruments and continued improvements to the early warning systems, it is possible to enable early action during the onset of a drought.

Social protection can help build people’s social and economic resilience against disasters in Myanmar. Regular cash transfers, including public works programs, can help smooth consumption,build and maintain assets, and develop human capital to better cope with natural hazards. Disaster risk management (DRM) systems can be linked to social protection programs to trigger a safetynet response in times of emergencies. Community-driven development (CDD) programs could provide a useful platform for social protection programming to respond to disasters and build long termresilience in Myanmar.

The report titled ‘contingent liabilities: the Colombian experience,’ is the first publication on the management of contingent liabilities in Colombia. Published by the Ministry of Finance and Public Credit (MHCP), the report highlights technical and normative efforts and policy reforms on the management of contingent liabilities implemented by the Colombian Government. Policy reforms disclosed in the report pertain to the management of contingent liabilities borne by the Government from four different sources, namely public credit operations, contractual public-private partnerships on infrastructure development, legal actions against the Colombian Government, and contingencies resulting from natural disasters. Importantly, although natural disasters are the second most important source of contingent liabilities faced by the Colombian Government, most formal policy reforms have been directed to the institutionalization of managing the first three sources of contingencies, while legal reforms for the explicit accounting of natural disasters is an ongoing effort in Colombia.

This study presents options for a national disaster risk financing strategy in Indonesia, drawing heavily on international experience. The study discusses a series of complementary options for a national disaster risk financing strategy, based on a preliminary fiscal risk analysis and a review of the current budget management of natural disasters in Indonesia. It benefits from the international experience of the World Bank, which has assisted several countries in the design and implementation of sovereign catastrophe risk financing strategies. The rehabilitation and reconstruction fund is the main budget instrument for the Government of Indonesia (GoI) to finance public post-disaster expenditures, but it is under-capitalized. This study presents an optimal combination of risk-retention and risk transfer instruments that could help the GoI increase its immediate financial response capacity against natural disasters and better protect its fiscal balance. Building on the three-tier risk layering approach promoted by the World Bank and the preliminary fiscal risk assessment analysis, the following financial strategy could be considered by the GoI. This strategy would provide the GoI with access to immediate liquidity in the aftermath of a disaster at a competitive cost. The strategy would allow the GoI to access up to US$1.8 billion liquidity in the aftermath of a disaster in order to finance immediate post-disaster expenditures, such as grants for livelihood and low income housing reconstruction. Preliminary disaster fiscal risk assessment analysis shows that this would protect the GoI against disasters occurring every 100 years. The implementation of a national disaster risk financing strategy would require significant institutional capacity building.

This paper makes the case for why safety nets are an important tool for managing the risk of natural hazards. The use of safety nets is advocated both ex ante, to prevent and mitigate the impact of natural disaster and ex post, to cope with the impacts of natural shocks. Firstly, the paper explores the implications of contextual factors to be taken into account in the design of an effective safety net system to respond to the needs generated by natural disasters. Learning from the responses to a number of recent natural disasters, a typology of the different types of natural hazards which require different approaches to reduce their risk is introduced. Secondly, the paper considers some 'guidelines' for improving the design and implementation of safety nets either to prevent and/or to recover from natural disasters. Finally, some conclusions and recommendations for more effective safety net and suggestions for addressing key issues are outlined.