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4. An Evaluation of Progressive Neural Networks for Transfer Learning in Natural Language Processing

Author

Gerhard Johann Hagerer, Moeed, A., Dugar, S., Gupta, S., Ghosh, M., Danner, H., Mitevski, O., Nawroth, A., and Groh, G.

Abstract

A major challenge in modern neural networks is the utilization of previous knowledge for new tasks in an effective manner, otherwise known as transfer learning. Fine-tuning, the most widely used method for achieving this, suffers from catastrophic forgetting. The problem is often exacerbated in natural language processing (NLP). In this work, we assess progressive neural networks (PNNs) as an alternative to fine-tuning. The evaluation is based on common NLP tasks such as sequence labeling and text classification. By gauging PNNs across a range of architectures, datasets, and tasks, we observe improvements over the baselines throughout all experiments.

Published
2020

5. An Evaluation of Progressive Neural Networks for Transfer Learning in Natural Language Processing

Author

Hagerer, G., Moeed, A., Dugar, S., Gupta, S., Mitevski, O., Gosh, M., Danner, H., Nawroth, A., and Groh, G.

Abstract

A major challenge in modern neural networks is the utilization of previous knowledge for new tasks in an effective manner, otherwise known as transfer learning. Fine-tuning, the most widely used method for achieving this, suffers from catastrophic forgetting. The problem is often exacerbated in natural language processing (NLP). In this work, we assess progressive neural networks (PNNs) as an alternative to fine-tuning. The evaluation is based on common NLP tasks such as sequence labeling and text classification. By gauging PNNs across a range of architectures, datasets, and tasks, we observe improvements over the baselines throughout all experiments.

Published
2020

6. Inhibition of p38α MAPK enhances proteasome inhibitor-induced apoptosis of myeloma cells by modulating Hsp27, Bcl-XL, Mcl-1 and p53 levels in vitro and inhibits tumor growth in vivo

Author

Navas, T A, Nguyen, A N, Hideshima, T, Reddy, M, Ma, J Y, Haghnazari, E, Henson, M, Stebbins, E G, Kerr, I, O'Young, G, Kapoun, A M, Chakravarty, S, Mavunkel, B, Perumattam, J, Luedtke, G, Dugar, S, Medicherla, S, Protter, A A, Schreiner, G F, Anderson, K C, and Higgins, L S

Published
2006
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14. Integrated Participatory and Collaborative Risk Mapping for Enhancing Disaster Resilience

Author

Liu, W., Dugar, S., McCallum, I., Thapa, G., See, L., Khadka, P., Budhathoki, N., Brown, S., Mechler, R., Fritz, S., Shakya, P., Liu, W., Dugar, S., McCallum, I., Thapa, G., See, L., Khadka, P., Budhathoki, N., Brown, S., Mechler, R., Fritz, S., and Shakya, P.

Abstract

Critical knowledge gaps seriously hinder efforts for building disaster resilience at all levels, especially in disaster-prone least developed countries. Information deficiency is most serious at local levels, especially in terms of spatial information on risk, resources, and capacities of communities. To tackle this challenge, we develop a general methodological approach that integrates community-based participatory mapping processes, one that has been widely used by governments and non-government organizations in the fields of natural resources management, disaster risk reduction and rural development, with emerging collaborative digital mapping techniques. We demonstrate the value and potential of this integrated participatory and collaborative mapping approach by conducting a pilot study in the flood-prone lower Karnali river basin in Western Nepal. The process engaged a wide range of stakeholders and non-stakeholder citizens to co-produce locally relevant geographic information on resources, capacities, and flood risks of selected communities. The new digital community maps are richer in content, more accurate, and easier to update and share than those produced by conventional Vulnerability and Capacity Assessments (VCAs), a variant of Participatory Rural Appraisal (PRA), that is widely used by various government and non-government organizations. We discuss how this integrated mapping approach may provide an effective link between coordinating and implementing local disaster risk reduction and resilience building interventions to designing and informing regional development plans, as well as its limitations in terms of technological barrier, map ownership, and empowerment potential.

Published
2018

15. Citizen science for hydrological risk reduction and resilience building

Author

Paul, J.D., Buytaert, W., Allen, S., Ballesteros-Cánovas, J.A., Bhusal, J., Cieslik, K., Clark, J., Dugar, S., Hannah, D.M., Stoffel, M., Dewulf, A., Dhital, M.R., Liu, W., Nayaval, J.L., Neupane, B., Schiller, A., Smith, P.J., Supper, R., Paul, J.D., Buytaert, W., Allen, S., Ballesteros-Cánovas, J.A., Bhusal, J., Cieslik, K., Clark, J., Dugar, S., Hannah, D.M., Stoffel, M., Dewulf, A., Dhital, M.R., Liu, W., Nayaval, J.L., Neupane, B., Schiller, A., Smith, P.J., and Supper, R.

Abstract

In disaster risk management (DRM), an emerging shift has been noted from broad-scale, top-down assessments toward more participatory, community-based, bottom-up approaches. Arguably, nonscientist local stakeholders have always played an important role in knowledge risk management and resilience building within a hydrological context, such as flood response and drought alleviation. However, rapidly developing information and communication technologies such as the Internet, smartphones, and social media have already demonstrated their sizeable potential to make knowledge creation more multidirectional, decentralized, diverse, and inclusive. Combined with technologies for robust and low-cost sensor networks, a ‘citizen science’ approach has recently emerged as a promising direction in the provision of extensive, real-time information for risk management. Such projects work best when there is community buy-in, when their purpose(s) are clearly defined at the outset, and when the motivations and skillsets of all participants and stakeholders are well understood. They have great potential to enhance knowledge creation, not only for data collection, but also for analysis or interpretation. In addition, they can serve as a means of educating and empowering communities and stakeholders that are bypassed by more traditional knowledge generation processes. Here, we review the state-of-the-art of citizen science within the context of hydrological risk reduction and resilience building. Particularly when embedded within a polycentric approach toward risk governance, we argue that citizen science could complement more traditional knowledge generation practices, and also enhance innovation, adaptation, multidirectional information provision, risk management, and local resilience building.

Published
2018

17. DMD CLINICAL THERAPIES I

Author

McDonald, C., primary, Henricson, E., additional, Dayan, Y., additional, Nicorici, A., additional, Goude, E., additional, Villareal, F., additional, and Dugar, S., additional

Published
2018
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20. Digital technologies in support of flood resilience: A case study for Nepal

Author

Liu, W., McCallum, I., See, L., Dugar, S., and Laso-Bayas, J.C.

Abstract

This paper presents ongoing efforts to support flood resilience in the Karnali basin in Nepal through the provision of different forms of digital technology. Flood Risk Geo-Wiki is an online visualization and crowdsourcing tool, which has been adapted to display flood risk maps at the global scale as well as information of relevance to planners and the community at the local level. Community-based flood risk maps, which have traditionally been drawn on paper, are being digitized and integrated with OpenStreetMap to provide better access to this collective knowledge base. Mobile phones, using the GeoODK (Geographical Open Data Kit) questionnaire builder, are being deployed to collect georeferenced information on flood risks and vulnerability, which can be used to validate flood models and design action plans and strategies for coping with future flood events. These types of digital technologies are simple to implement yet together can help support flood prone communities.

Published
2016

21. The potential of crowdsourcing and mobile technology to support flood disaster risk reduction

Author

See, L., McCallum, I., Liu, W., Keating, A., Hochrainer-Stigler, S., Mochizuki, J., Fritz, S., Dugar, S., Arestegui, M., Szoenyi, M., Laso-Bayas, J.C., Burek, P., French, A., and Moorthy, I.

Abstract

The last decade has seen a rise in citizen science and crowdsourcing for carrying out a variety of tasks across a number of different fields, most notably the collection of data such as the identification of species (e.g. eBird and iNaturalist) and the classification of images (e.g. Galaxy Zoo and Geo-Wiki). Combining human computing with the proliferation of mobile technology has resulted in vast amounts of geo-located data that have considerable value across multiple domains including flood disaster risk reduction. Crowdsourcing technologies, in the form of online mapping, are now being utilized to great effect in post-disaster mapping and relief efforts, e.g. the activities of Humanitarian OpenStreetMap, complementing official channels of relief (e.g. Haiti, Nepal and New York). Disaster event monitoring efforts have been further complemented with the use of social media (e.g. twitter for earthquakes, flood monitoring, and fire detection). Much of the activity in this area has focused on ex-post emergency management while there is considerable potential for utilizing crowdsourcing and mobile technology for vulnerability assessment, early warning and to bolster resilience to flood events. This paper examines the use of crowdsourcing and mobile technology for measuring and monitoring flood hazards, exposure to floods, and vulnerability, drawing upon examples from the literature and ongoing projects on flooding and food security at IIASA.

Published
2016

22. Technologies to Support Community Flood Disaster Risk Reduction

Author

McCallum, I., Liu, W., See, L., Mechler, R., Keating, A., Hochrainer-Stigler, S., Mochizuki, J., Fritz, S., Dugar, S., Arestegui, M., Szoenyi, M., Laso Bayas, J.C., Burek, P., French, A., Moorthy, I., McCallum, I., Liu, W., See, L., Mechler, R., Keating, A., Hochrainer-Stigler, S., Mochizuki, J., Fritz, S., Dugar, S., Arestegui, M., Szoenyi, M., Laso Bayas, J.C., Burek, P., French, A., and Moorthy, I.

Abstract

Floods affect more people globally than any other type of natural hazard. Great potential exists for new technologies to support flood disaster risk reduction. In addition to existing expert-based data collection and analysis, direct input from communities and citizens across the globe may also be used to monitor, validate, and reduce flood risk. New technologies have already been proven to effectively aid in humanitarian response and recovery. However, while ex-ante technologies are increasingly utilized to collect information on exposure, efforts directed towards assessing and monitoring hazards and vulnerability remain limited. Hazard model validation and social vulnerability assessment deserve particular attention. New technologies offer great potential for engaging people and facilitating the coproduction of knowledge.

Published
2016

23. Epicatechin enhances mitochondrial biogenesis, increases dystrophin and utrophin, increases follistatin while decreasing myostatin, and improves skeletal muscle exercise response in adults with Becker muscular dystrophy (BMD)

Author

McDonald, C., primary, Henricson, E., additional, Oskarsson, B., additional, Aguilar, C., additional, Nicorici, A., additional, Joyce, N., additional, Reddy, D., additional, Wagner, A., additional, deBie, E., additional, Goude, E., additional, Abresch, R., additional, Villareal, F., additional, Perkins, G., additional, Hathout, Y., additional, Dugar, S., additional, and Schreiner, G., additional

Published
2015
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25. ChemInform Abstract: Trans Diastereoselective Synthesis of 3-Alkyl Substituted β- Lactams via the Acid Chloride-Imine Reaction of Nonactivated Acid Chlorides.

Author

BROWNE, M., primary, BURNETT, D. A., additional, CAPLEN, M. A., additional, CHEN, L.-Y., additional, CLADER, J. W., additional, DOMALSKI, M., additional, DUGAR, S., additional, PUSHPAVANAM, P., additional, SHER, R., additional, VACCARO, W., additional, VIZIANO, M., additional, and ZHAO, H., additional

Published
2010
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27. ChemInform Abstract: (-)-SCH 57939: Synthesis and Pharmacological Properties of a Potent, Metabolically Stable Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitor.

Author

KIRKUP, M. P., primary, RIZVI, R., additional, SHANKAR, B. B., additional, DUGAR, S., additional, CLADER, J. W., additional, MCCOMBIE, S. W., additional, LIN, S.-I., additional, YUMIBE, N., additional, HUIE, K., additional, VAN HEEK, M., additional, COMPTON, D. S., additional, DAVIS, H. R. JUN., additional, and MCPHAIL, A. T., additional

Published
2010
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31. Arylcyclopropanecarboxyl Guanidines as Novel, Potent, and Selective Inhibitors of the Sodium Hydrogen Exchanger Isoform-1

Author

Ahmad, S., Doweyko, L. M., Dugar, S., Grazier, N., Ngu, K., Wu, S. C., Yost, K. J., Chen, B.-C., Gougoutas, J. Z., DiMarco, J. D., Lan, S.-J., Gavin, B. J., Chen, A. Y., Dorso, C. R., Serafino, R., Kirby, M., and Atwal, K. S.

Abstract

A novel series of arylcyclopropanecarboxyl guanidines was synthesized and evaluated for activity against the sodium hydrogen exchanger isoform-1 (NHE-1). In biological assays conducted in an AP1 cell line expressing the human NHE-1 isoform, the starting cyclopropane 3a (IC50 = 3.5 μM) shows inhibitory activity comparable to cariporide (IC50 = 3.4 μM). Structure−activity relationships are used to optimize the affinity of various acyl guanidines for NHE-1 by screening the effect of substituents at both aryl and cyclopropyl rings. It is demonstrated that introduction of appropriate hydrophobic groups at the phenyl ring and a gem-dimethyl group at the cyclopropane ring enhances the NHE-1 inhibitory activity by up to 3 orders of magnitude (compound 7f, IC50 = 0.003 μM). In addition, the gem-dimethyl series of analogues seem to display improved oral bioavailability and longer plasma half-life in rats. Furthermore, the lead benzodihydrofuranyl analogue 1 (BMS-284640) shows over 380-fold increased NHE-1 inhibitory activity as well as improved selectivity for NHE-1 over NHE-2 compared to cariporide.

Published
2001

36. 2-Azetidinone Cholesterol Absorption Inhibitors:  Structure−Activity Relationships on the Heterocyclic Nucleus

Author

Clader, J. W., Burnett, D. A., Caplen, M. A., Domalski, M. S., Dugar, S., Vaccaro, W., Sher, R., Browne, M. E., Zhao, H., Burrier, R. E., Salisbury, B., and Davis, H. R., Jr.

Abstract

A series of azetidinone cholesterol absorption inhibitors related to SCH 48461 ((−)-6) has been prepared, and compounds were evaluated for their ability to inhibit hepatic cholesteryl ester formation in a cholesterol-fed hamster model. Although originally designed as acyl CoA:cholesterol acyltransferase (ACAT) inhibitors, comparison of in vivo potency with in vitro activity in a microsomal ACAT assay indicates no correlation between activity in these two models. The molecular mechanism by which these compounds inhibit cholesterol absorption is unknown. Despite this limitation, examination of the in vivo activity of a range of compounds has revealed clear structure−activity relationships consistent with a well-defined molecular target. The details of these structure−activity relationships and their implications on the nature of the putative pharmacophore are discussed.

Published
1996

47. The Discover In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (Discover IHCA) Study: An Investigation of Hospital Practices After In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest.

Author

Andrea L, Herman NS, Vine J, Berg KM, Choudhury S, Vaena M, Nogle JE, Halablab SM, Kaviyarasu A, Elmer J, Wardi G, Pearce AK, Crowley C, Long MT, Herbert JT, Shipley K, Bissell Turpin BD, Lanspa MJ, Green A, Ghamande SA, Khan A, Dugar S, Joffe AM, Baram M, March C, Johnson NJ, Reyes A, Denchev K, Loewe M, and Moskowitz A

Subjects
Humans, Prospective Studies, Male, Female, United States epidemiology, Aged, Middle Aged, Cohort Studies, Hospitals, Hospitalization statistics & numerical data, Return of Spontaneous Circulation, Heart Arrest therapy, Heart Arrest mortality, Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation
Abstract

Importance: In-hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) is a significant public health burden. Rates of return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) have been improving, but the best way to care for patients after the initial resuscitation remains poorly understood, and improvements in survival to discharge are stagnant. Existing North American cardiac arrest databases lack comprehensive data on the post-resuscitation period, and we do not know current post-IHCA practice patterns. To address this gap, we developed the Discover In-Hospital Cardiac Arrest (Discover IHCA) study, which will thoroughly evaluate current post-IHCA care practices across a diverse cohort., Objectives: Our study collects granular data on post-IHCA treatment practices, focusing on temperature control and prognostication, with the objective of describing variation in current post-IHCA practice., Design, Setting, and Participants: This is a multicenter, prospectively collected, observational cohort study of patients who have suffered IHCA and have been successfully resuscitated (achieved ROSC). There are 24 enrolling hospital systems (23 in the United States) with 69 individual enrolling hospitals (39 in the United States). We developed a standardized data dictionary, and data collection began in October 2023, with a projected 1000 total enrollments. Discover IHCA is endorsed by the Society of Critical Care Medicine., Interventions, Outcomes, and Analysis: The study collects data on patient characteristics including pre-arrest frailty, arrest characteristics, and detailed information on post-arrest practices and outcomes. Data collection on post-IHCA practice was structured around current American Heart Association and European Resuscitation Council guidelines. Among other data elements, the study captures post-arrest temperature control interventions and post-arrest prognostication methods. Analysis will evaluate variations in practice and their association with mortality and neurologic function., Conclusions: We expect this study, Discover IHCA, to identify variability in practice and outcomes following IHCA, and be a vital resource for future investigations into best-practice for managing patients after IHCA., Competing Interests: The authors have disclosed that they do not have any potential conflicts of interest., (Copyright © 2024 The Authors. Published by Wolters Kluwer Health, Inc. on behalf of the Society of Critical Care Medicine.)

Published
2024
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48. Definition and management of right ventricular injury in adult patients receiving extracorporeal membrane oxygenation for respiratory support using the Delphi method: a PRORVnet study. Expert position statements.

Author

Zochios V, Nasa P, Yusuff H, Schultz MJ, Antonini MV, Duggal A, Dugar S, Ramanathan K, Shekar K, and Schmidt M

Subjects
Humans, Adult, Respiratory Insufficiency therapy, Respiratory Insufficiency etiology, Ventricular Dysfunction, Right etiology, Ventricular Dysfunction, Right therapy, Ventricular Dysfunction, Right physiopathology, Consensus, Heart Ventricles physiopathology, Heart Ventricles injuries, Heart Ventricles diagnostic imaging, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation methods, Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation standards, Delphi Technique
Abstract

Purpose: Veno-venous extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (VV-ECMO) is an integral part of the management algorithm of patients with severe respiratory failure refractory to evidence-based conventional treatments. Right ventricular injury (RVI) pertaining to abnormalities in the dimensions and/or function of the right ventricle (RV) in the context of VV-ECMO significantly influences mortality. However, in the absence of a universally accepted RVI definition and evidence-based guidance for the management of RVI in this very high-risk patient cohort, variations in clinical practice continue to exist., Methods: Following a systematic search of the literature, an international Steering Committee consisting of eight healthcare professionals involved in the management of patients receiving ECMO identified domains and knowledge gaps pertaining to RVI definition and management where the evidence is limited or ambiguous. Using a Delphi process, an international panel of 52 Experts developed Expert position statements in those areas. The process also conferred RV-centric overarching open questions for future research. Consensus was defined as achieved when 70% or more of the Experts agreed or disagreed on a Likert-scale statement or when 80% or more of the Experts agreed on a particular option in multiple-choice questions., Results: The Delphi process was conducted through four rounds and consensus was achieved on 31 (89%) of 35 statements from which 24 Expert position statements were derived. Expert position statements provided recommendations for RVI nomenclature in the setting of VV-ECMO, a multi-modal diagnostic approach to RVI, the timing and parameters of diagnostic echocardiography, and VV-ECMO settings during RVI assessment and management. Consensus was not reached on RV-protective driving pressure thresholds or the effect of prone positioning on patient-centric outcomes., Conclusion: The proposed definition of RVI in the context of VV-ECMO needs to be validated through a systematic aggregation of data across studies. Until further evidence emerges, the Expert position statements can guide informed decision-making in the management of these patients., (© 2024. Crown.)

Published
2024
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49. Mortality in Patients With Sepsis Treated With Esmolol or Landiolol: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials With Trial Sequential Analysis.

Author

Sato R, Messina S, Hasegawa D, Santonocito C, Scimonello G, Sanfilippo G, Morelli A, Dugar S, and Sanfilippo F

Abstract

Background: The latest meta-analysis indicated potential survival benefits from ultra-short-acting β-blockers in patients with sepsis with persistent tachycardia. However, subsequent multicenter randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported conflicting findings, prompting the need for an updated meta-analysis to incorporate these newly published RCTs., Research Question: Does the use of ultra-short-acting β-blockers (esmolol or landiolol) in patients with sepsis with persistent tachycardia improve mortality?, Study Design and Methods: We conducted an updated systematic search through April 2, 2024, exploring the MEDLINE, Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials, and Embase databases for RCTs reporting mortality in adult patients with sepsis treated with esmolol or landiolol as compared with those treated with neither of these or receiving placebo and published in English. Meta-analyses were conducted with the random effects model. The primary outcome was mortality at the longest follow-up, with subgroup analysis separating single-center RCTS from large multicenter RCTs., Results: Eight RCTs (885 patients) were included in the primary analysis. Ultra-short-acting β-blockers did not improve mortality significantly at the longest follow-up (risk ratio [RR], 0.84; 95% CI, 0.68-1.02; P = .08; I 2  = 51%; very low certainty of the evidence) and 28-day mortality (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.59-1.00; P = .05; I 2  = 62%). Subgroup analyses of mortality outcomes pointed toward different results between single-center and multicenter RCTs. Trial sequence analyses showed that both mortality outcomes were not robust. The sensitivity analyses suggested a significant reduction in mortality by adding RCTs published in non-English languages., Interpretation: In this updated meta-analysis, the use of esmolol or landiolol did not reduce mortality in patients with sepsis with persistent tachycardia. However, results were not robust and outcomes differed between single-center and multicenter RCTs. Moreover, sensitivity analyses showed the fragility of the primary outcome. Further studies regarding ultra-short-acting β-blockers with advanced cardiac monitoring or serial echocardiography are warranted., Trial Registry: International Prospective Register of Systematic Reviews; No.: CRD42024503570; URL: https://www.crd.york.ac.uk/prospero/., Competing Interests: Financial/Nonfinancial Disclosures None declared., (Copyright © 2024 American College of Chest Physicians. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Published
2024
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50. Response.

Author

Yerke JR, Mireles-Cabodevila E, Chen AY, Bass SN, Reddy AJ, Bauer SR, Kokoczka L, Dugar S, and Moghekar A

Abstract

Competing Interests: Financial/Nonfinancial Disclosures See earlier cited article for author conflicts of interest.

Published
2024
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