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This study aims to explore the mechanism of psychological capital's influence on relapse tendency of drug addicts under the COVID-19, and construct a moderated mediation model. 977 individuals with drug addiction who come from a mandatory drug rehabilitation center in China completed the Chinese versions of Psychological capital Questionnaire, the Relapse Tendency Questionnaire,the Coping Style Questionnarie and the Life History Strategy Scale.The results showed that(1) there was a significant negative correlation between psychological capital and relapse tendency;(2)positive coping style mediated the relationship between psychological capital and relapse tendency;(3) life history strategy is an important moderator between psychological capital and positive coping style.These findings help us to better understand the impact of psychological capital and positive coping style on relapse tendency., Author(s): Xiaoqing Zeng [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] , Bin Wei [sup.1] [sup.2] [sup.3] Author Affiliations: (1) grid.411862.8, 0000 0000 8732 9757, School of Psychology, Jiangxi Normal University, , Nanchang, China (2) [...]

Drug addiction is a chronic, relapsing health problem that is associated with the degree to which individuals choose small, immediate monetary outcomes over larger, delayed outcomes. This study was a secondary analysis exploring the relation between financial choices and drug use in opioid-dependent adults in a therapeutic workplace intervention. Sixty-seven participants were randomly assigned to a condition in which access to paid job training was contingent upon naltrexone adherence (N = 35) or independent of naltrexone adherence (N = 32). Participants could earn approximately $10 per hour for 4 hours every weekday and could exchange earnings for gift cards or bill payments each weekday. Urine was collected and tested for opiates and cocaine thrice weekly. Participants' earning, spending, and drug use were not related to measures of delay discounting obtained prior to the intervention. When financial choices were categorized based on drug use during the intervention, however, those with less frequent drug use or frequent use of one drug spent a smaller proportion of their daily earnings and maintained a higher daily balance than those who frequently tested positive for both drugs (i.e., opiates and cocaine). Several patterns described the relation between cumulative earning and spending including no saving, periods of saving, and sustained saving. One destructive effect of drug use may be that it creates a perpetual zero-balance situation in the lives of users, which in turn prevents them from gaining materials that could help to break the cycle of addiction. Keywords Delay discounting * Impulsivity ? Money management * Drug dependence, Drug addiction is a chronic health condition characterized by persistent drug use in the face of undesirable physical, social, or economic consequences. This impaired decision making is reflected in other [...]

During contingency management interventions, reinforcement of cocaine abstinence is arranged by delivering an incentive when a urine sample tests cocaine-negative. The use of qualitative versus quantitative urinalysis testing may have important implications for effects on cocaine abstinence. Qualitative testing (i.e., testing that solely identifies whether a particular substance is present or absent) may not detect short-term cocaine abstinence because a single instance of cocaine use can result in cocaine-positive urine over many days. Quantitative testing (i.e., testing that identifies how much of a substance is present) may be more sensitive to short-term cocaine abstinence; however, the selection of a criterion for distinguishing new use versus carryover from previous use is an important consideration. The present study examined benzoylecgonine concentrations, the primary metabolite of cocaine, in urine samples collected three times per week for 30 weeks from 28 cocaine users who were exposed to a cocaine abstinence contingency. Of the positive urine samples (benzoylecgonine concentration >300 ng/ml), 29%, 21%, 14%, and 5% of the samples decreased in benzoylecgonine concentration by more than 20%, 40%, 60%, and 80% per day, respectively. As the size of the decrease increased, the likelihood of that sample occurring during a period leading to a cocaine-negative urine sample (benzoylecgonine concentration Keywords Benzoylecgonine * Cocaine * Contingency management * Incentives, Cocaine use is a disorder of choice that has serious negative health and social consequences for both the individual user and society. Currently, there are no FDA-approved medications for treatment [...]

Food insecurity and drug use are closely connected in the context of poverty, and both have been suggested to interfere with HIV medication adherence among people living with HIV/AIDS (PLWH). Yet the potential interaction between the two factors on adherence has not been examined. For this study we collected longitudinal data on HIV medication adherence among PLWH in Atlanta, GA, to assess a possible synergistic effect between the two factors on HIV medication adherence. People informed about the study came to the research site and completed an audio computer-assisted self-interview and instructions for pill counting. Over the next 5 weeks participants received three unscheduled follow-up phone assessments conducted 2 weeks apart to collect pill counts of their HIV medication. The prevalence of food insecurity was 60 % (488) and that of drug use was 33 % (274) in the sample of 809 participants. Among 770 participants who completed follow-up phone assessments, both food insecurity and drug use were associated with HIV medication adherence after adjusting for socio-demographic characteristics. The negative association between drug use and adherence persisted after further adjusting for health-related characteristics. Moreover, drug use appeared to moderate the effect of food insufficiency on adherence, with drug users who were food insufficient being the least likely to achieve 85 % adherence. Results from the current study demonstrate a synergism between food insecurity and drug use that may impede adherence among PLWH. The findings imply that the disruptive effects of food insecurity and drug use on adherence are likely to be intensified with the presence of each other, and encourage interventions to address the problem of HIV medication adherence from a multi-faceted perspective that takes into account detrimental combination of problem factors., Author(s): Yiyun Chen[sup.1] , Seth C. Kalichman[sup.1] Author Affiliations: (1) Department of Psychology, University of Connecticut, 406 Babbidge Road, Unit 1020, 06269, Storrs, CT, USA Introduction Food insecurity, defined as [...]

Objective: This article examines the relationship between the consumption of alcohol and illicit drugs and the experience of road-rage victimization and perpetration among drivers and nondrivers in the general population. Method: A cross-sectional survey was designed with 2,500 subjects, ages 14-70 years, living in Castile and Leon, Spain, of which 1,276 (51%) were males and 1,224 (49%) females. The Alcohol-Use And Drug-Use Survey of Castile and Leon, Spain 2008 focused on patterns of alcohol, tobacco, and illicit drug consumption. Potential risk factors for road-rage experience for the previous 12 months was assessed, including sociodemographics (7 variables), patterns of alcohol consumption (7 variables), and patterns of drug consumption (10 variables). Results: Among drivers, driving under the influence of alcohol and/or cannabis during the previous year was associated with being a perpetrator of road rage (odds ratio [OR] = 3.72, 95% CI [1.71, 8.10] and 6.77 [1.55, 29.48], respectively), being both a victim and perpetrator of road rage (OR = 1.80 [1.05, 3.07] for alcohol, 5.34 [1.64, 17.41] for cannabis, and 4.81 [1.09, 21.16] for alcohol and cannabis), and with serious road-rage perpetration (OR = 4.97 [2.40, 10.30] for alcohol and 17.75 [5.88, 53.56] for cannabis). Problem drinking (CAGE scores [greater than or equal to] 2) was associated with being both a victim and perpetrator of road rage (OR = 2.74 [1.67, 4.50]) and with low (OR = 1.77 [1.09, 2.85]) and serious (OR = 3.47 [1.65, 7.30]) road-rage perpetration. Conclusions: Driving under the influence of alcohol or cannabis and being a problem drinker are associated with the perpetration of serious road-rage behavior, as well as experiencing road-rage victimization and perpetration. (J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs, 72, 185-193, 2011), ALTHOUGH THERE IS NO ESTABLISHED definition of road rage at a scientific level (Smart and Mann, 2002; Smart et al., 2005), it can be understood as 'an attempt to intimidate, [...]

Imbalances between early emerging 'bottom-up' systems that express exaggerated reactivity to motivational stimuli and later maturing 'top-down' cognitive control regions during adolescence are investigated. Cognitive control processes are then shown to be more vulnerable to incentive-based modulation and higher susceptibility to the motivational properties of alcohol and drugs.

Harm reduction psychotherapy is an exciting and emerging treatment for a broad spectrum of substance use problems. This article introduces an issue of the Journal of Clinical Psychology: In Session devoted to the state of the art of harm reduction psychotherapy. We describe the harm reduction paradigm, the context for and history of the development of harm reduction psychotherapy, and its clinical principles. We then outline and frame the contributions to the issue. Our goal is that this issue will encourage psychotherapists to employ more harm reduction principles in practice and will provide many evidence-based methods to do so. [c] 2010 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Clin Psychol: In Session 66:117-122, 2010. Keywords: harm reduction; substance abuse; psychotherapy; alcohol; drugs DOI: 10.1002/jclp.20672

Bipolar disorders and substance use disorders (SUDs) show high co-occurrence. One explanation for this co-occurrence may be common personality vulnerabilities involved in both. The authors tested whether high behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity and impulsiveness are shared personality vulnerabilities in bipolar spectrum disorders and substance use problems and their co-occurrence in a longitudinal study of 132 individuals on the bipolar spectrum and 153 control participants. At Time 1, participants completed the Behavioral Inhibition System/BAS Scales and the Impulsive Nonconformity Scale. Substance use problems were assessed via the Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test and the Drug Abuse Screening Test at 4-month intervals for 1 year. Participants with bipolar disorder had higher rates of lifetime SUDs and substance use problems during the follow-up, relative to control participants. In line with hypotheses, higher BAS sensitivity and impulsiveness predicted bipolar status and increased substance use problems prospectively. BAS total, BAS Fun Seeking, and impulsiveness mediated the association between bipolar spectrum status and prospective substance use problems, with impulsiveness as the most important mediator. High BAS sensitivity and impulsiveness may represent shared personality vulnerabilities for both disorders and may partially account for their co-occurrence. Keywords: bipolar spectrum, substance use, behavioral approach system (BAS) sensitivity, impulsiveness

Despite evidence showing that readiness to change substance use predicts reductions in substance use among treated adolescents, there is little research on changes in thoughts about abstinence and marijuana use during and after treatment. The current study tested whether time-varying changes in adolescents' motivation to abstain and perceived difficulty to abstain from marijuana use hinder the return of regular marijuana use during and after treatment. Monthly data on thoughts about abstinence, marijuana use, and treatment utilization were collected over 6 months from 142 adolescents recruited from intensive outpatient substance use treatment. Results indicated that higher motivation to abstain (but not perceived difficulty) predicted fewer days of marijuana use, over and above the individual's average trajectory of marijuana use, the initial severity of marijuana involvement, and the effects of treatment utilization. Moreover, past-month marijuana use influenced both motivation to abstain and perceived difficulty to abstain. Findings highlight the importance of abstinence-related cognitions as a target of intervention during and after treatment and underscore the importance of considering recovery from substance use disorders as a dynamic process of change over time. Keywords: adolescent, treatment outcome, substance use, motivation to abstain

Abstract Knowledge concerning the relation of the addicted subject to time is deepened through a phenomenological analysis. The theoretical understanding of lived-time, or temporality, is explored with particular reference to [...]

Faith-based beliefs are associated with and considered to be a vital component in enhancing the efficacy of substance abuse treatment and recovery. However, relatively little empirical information has been accumulated on the temporal stability of individuals' use of faith and its importance before and following initiation of the therapeutic process. The current study examined persistence in turning to faith across time as a predictor of substance use, criminal behavior, and perceived addiction severity in a sample of 500 Kentucky Drug Court participants. Results suggest that when modeling variance in faith, which persists across the two-year span of Drug Court involvement as a latent construct, greater persistence in one's faith predicts decreases in substance use frequency measured at the final 24-month interview. The latent faith construct was marginally related to differences in 24-month criminal behavior and was not associated with perceptions of addiction severity. Results are discussed for substance abuse treatment needs and recovery.

BACKGROUND: Anger, a component of negative affect, has previously been associated with increased drug use primarily among white high school-aged students. However, Few studies have examined these associations over time, and Fewer have examined them among younger adolescents and students of color. Affective factors may play a greater role in drug use For girls relative to boys; yet, little is known regarding differences in associations between affect and drug use by gender. METHODS: The current study used data From the control condition (N = 2025) of a drug and violence preventive intervention trial to examine the association between self-reported anger levels among multiethnic urban adolescents in the sixth grade and their use of cigarettes, alcohol, and marijuana use 1 year later. Potential gender differences were examined as well. RESULTS: Multivariate generalized estimating equations models Found anger to be significantly associated with increases in smoking, drinking, and marijuana use. There were no significant gender differences found for any of the drug use outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Results are consistent with studies conducted on primarily white high school youth, where anger had a small but significant effect on drug use over time. The findings also suggest that drug prevention programs should include emotion regulation skills, such as anger management, in addition to drug resistance skills. Keywords: emotional health; alcohol; drugs; smoking and tobacco., Entry into middle school is a challenging time for adolescents. In addition to the pubertal changes that occur during this developmental period, middle school students are exposed to more diverse [...]

A study was conducted to investigate the risk factors associated with the abuse of opiods, stimulants, tranquilizers and other sedatives among adolescents aged between 12 to 17 years and the presence of one more symptoms of a substance use disorder from prescription misuse. Results indicated that poor academic performance; enjoyment of risk-taking, use of cigarettes, alcohol, etc were all associated with prescription misuse and substance disorder.

Using ethnographic data gathered at a mandated, community-based drug treatment program for women offenders, this article analyzes how gendered notions of the self and of autonomy shape penal governance. This study examines how psychological models of women's deviance, racialized visions of motherhood, and therapeutic techniques of the self come into tension with expectations of responsible, autonomous citizenship. The program prioritized therapeutic ways of governing its clients over those that emphasized economic self-reliance, rational decision making, and normalizing gender. This is because staff attributed criminal and addictive behaviors to women's inadequate self-understanding and lack of emotional autonomy in personal relations. Staff discouraged women's motherhood and paid labor because they saw these external obligations as a threat to women's autonomous selfhood. This research complicates claims that contemporary forms of penal treatment manage offenders through rational incentives and personal responsibility by pointing to the ways that subject formation is a gendered process. Keywords: governance; gender; punishment; alternatives to incarceration; therapeutic programs

The highly addictive drug methamphetamine has been associated with impairments in social cognitions as evidenced by changes in users' behaviors. Physiological changes in brain structure and functioning, particularly in the frontal lobe, have also been identified. The authors propose a biopsychosocial approach to understanding the effects of methamphetamine addiction by relating the physiological effects of the drug to the behaviors and social cognitions of its users, through the application of the theory of mind paradigm. Although onset of methamphetamine use has been linked to the desire for socialization, chronic use has been associated with an increase in depression, aggressiveness, and social isolation, behaviors that also implicate involvement of the frontal lobe. The reviewed literature provides strong circumstantial evidence that social-cognitive functioning is significantly impacted by methamphetamine use and that the social isolation, depression, and aggressiveness associated with chronic use is due to more than just the social withdrawal associated with addiction. Treatment considerations for methamphetamine must therefore consider the role of social cognition, and pharmacological responses must address the documented impact of the drug on frontal lobe functioning. Keywords: methamphetamine, addiction, social cognition, brain function, theory of mind

The treatment of chronic pain with opioids remains controversial. Physicians are concerned about addiction and drug diversion, and there is limited empirical information on the use of opioids in patients with chronic pain. This report presents data on the Addiction Severity Index (ASI) collected in a sample of patients (N = 908) receiving opioids from their primary care physicians. The ASI provides clinically important information about patients receiving opioid therapy. The ASI consists of seven subscales, including medical, alcohol, drug, employment/support, legal, family/social, and psychiatric domains. Clinically relevant findings include high ASI medical score (0.87), high psychiatric severity score (0.27), lifetime treatment of alcohol problems (reported by 22% of men), prior delirium tremens (5.6%), prior treatment for drug problems (10.1%), prior drug overdose (12.1%), and drunk-driving citations (28%); 40.3% of women had serious suicidal thoughts, and 23.8% had suicide attempts. The ASI provides important information that can help primary care physicians manage patients with chronic pain who are receiving opioid therapy. Keywords: Addiction Severity Index; ASI; Chronic opioid therapy; Chronic pain; Primary care; Substance use disorders

Human drug seeking may be goal directed in the sense that it is mediated by a mental representation of the drug or habitual in the sense that it is elicited by drug-paired cues directly. To test these 2 accounts, the authors assessed whether a drug-paired stimulus (S+) would transfer control to an independently trained drug-seeking response. Smokers were trained on an instrumental discrimination that established a tobacco S + in Experiment 1 and a tobacco and a money S + in Experiment 2 that elicited an expectancy of their respective outcomes. Participants then learned 2 new instrumental responses, 1 for each outcome, in the absence of these stimuli. Finally, in the transfer test, each S+ was found to augment performance of the new instrumental response that was trained with the same outcome. This outcome-specific transfer effect indicates that drug-paired stimuli controlled human drug seeking via a representation or expectation of the drug rather than through a direct stimulus-response association. Keywords: expectancy, human, attention, transfer, learning

We determined the proportion of psychiatric treatments for disorders not due to substance use among a cohort of subjects (n = 3,114) seeking treatment for cannabis dependence. Data were retrieved from Danish treatment registers. Cases were compared with a representative sample, which was randomly selected from the general population according to age and gender (n = 15,570). Cannabis users were followed, and reentry into substance abuse treatment was used as an outcome deploying Cox regression analysis. The proportion of treatment for all psychiatric disorders was much higher among cases than among controls: schizophrenia (odds ratio [OR] = 7.9; 95% confidence interval [95% CI] = 6.1-10.2), bipolar disorders (OR = 4.9; 95% CI = 2.8-8.5), other affective disorders (OR = 7.6; 95% CI = 6.1-9.5), and personality disorders (OR = 17.3; 95% CI = 14.5-20.5). All in all, 40.7% of cases, compared with 5.2% of controls, had received psychiatric treatment (OR = 12.5; 95% CI = 11.3-13.8). A history of psychiatric treatment was associated with increased rates of reentry into substance abuse treatment, in general (OR = 1.35; 95% CI = 1.20-1.53), specifically for cannabis (OR = 1.26; 95% CI = 1.07-1.48) and opioid (OR = 1.56; 95% CI = 1.23-1.99) dependence. This is the first study to show that the proportion of psychiatric treatment is much elevated among subjects seeking treatment for cannabis dependence, and that a history of psychiatric problems is associated with higher rates of reentry into substance abuse treatment. Keywords: Cannabis; Cannabis dependence; Dual (psychiatry); Epidemiology; Treatment

In this investigation, 3 adults who met criteria for marijuana dependence were treated using an abbreviated version of acceptance and commitment therapy (ACT). The treatment was delivered in eight weekly 90-min individual sessions. The effects of the intervention were assessed using a nonconcurrent multiple baseline across participants design. Self-reported marijuana use, confirmed through oral swabs, reached zero levels for all participants at posttreatment. At a 3-month follow-up, 1 participant was still abstinent and the other 2 were using but at a lower average level of consumption compared to baseline. Depression, anxiety, withdrawal symptoms, and general levels of experiential avoidance generally improved. This preliminary test suggests that additional development and testing of ACT for marijuana use are warranted. DESCRIPTORS: acceptance and commitment therapy, treatment, marijuana, dependence

A manual-guided, spirituality-focused intervention--spiritual self-schema (3-S) therapy--for the treatment of addiction and HIV-risk behavior was developed as part of a Stage I behavioral therapies development project. It is theoretically grounded in cognitive and Buddhist psychologies and may be suitable for individuals of diverse faiths. The therapy development process began with focus groups to assess addicted clients' perceived need for a spirituality-focused intervention. The therapy was then codified in manual format, and a controlled clinical trial was conducted. Here the authors report on inner-city, methadone-maintained clients' personal experiences that were recorded in semistructured interviews following completion of the therapy. Findings from this qualitative study support the value of integrating spirituality-focused interventions into addiction treatment for the purpose of increasing motivation for drug abstinence and HIV prevention. Keywords: spirituality, addiction, HIV prevention, Buddhism, meditation

Extensive research suggests that marijuana use tends to precede the use of other illicit substances among adolescents. At the same time, there remain two viable interpretations of such research. First, marijuana use may cause an increase in one's probability of using other drugs. Second, the correlation between marijuana use and other drug use may be spurious, reflecting the influence of one or more 'third variables' that simultaneously cause both behaviors. The present paper provides an empirical assessment of each view using panel data from three waves of the National Youth Survey. Even after adjusting for the influence of variables derived from strain theory, social bonding theory, and differential association theory, a series of longitudinal logistic regression analyses fail to disconfirm the hypothesis that marijuana use exerts a causal influence on one's probability of using other illicit substances. A three-wave panel model adjusting for the influence of unmeasured variables yields similar results.

Some ways that family role and psychiatric disorder influence family stigma are examined, using a vignette design describing a person with a health condition and a family member. Family stigma related to drug dependence is worse than for other health conditions, with family members being blamed for both the onset and offset of a relative's disorder and likely to be socially shunned.

A genome wide linkage scan for opioid dependence (OD) and related traits is presented. An attempt is made to identify the chromosomal location of genes that increase risk of OD and related traits identified using data reduction and cluster analytic approaches.