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Background Aim Method Results Conclusion In June 2022, the Society of Hospital Pharmacists of Australia (SHPA) Specialty Practice Medicines Information Leadership Committee formally requested an expanded range of imported medicines to be included in the latest edition of the Australian Injectable Drugs Handbook (AIDH), developed and published by SHPA. This request was to aid medication safety and reduce the duplication of work required by tertiary hospital staff when producing local guidance. This study describes the challenges faced by the AIDH editorial team in obtaining information in English for imported medicines.The purpose of this study was to determine whether machine translation is suitable for translating foreign language product information (PI) documents into English.Three sources (one machine and two human sources) were used to translate the PI provided for five imported medicines from four languages into English. We compared the quality of the translations for obtaining information suitable to inform a medicine administration guideline. Ethical approval was not required for this research article as it involved no experimental investigations on humans and did not involve human participants or cohort comparisons.Our study found machine translation and human translations to be very similar in terms of readability and adequacy. Machine translation was found to be more time‐saving and cost‐effective.Our results suggest that it may be appropriate for pharmacists to harness the time‐ and cost‐saving benefits of machine translation. However, pharmacists must apply their critical evaluation skills to the information provided regardless of the source of the translation. Information translated from another language relating to the administration of an injectable medicine must be verified against an English language source. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

With the continuous development of genetics in healthcare, there has been a significant contribution to the development of precision medicine, which is ultimately aimed at improving the care of patients. Generally, drug treatments used in Oncology are characterized by a narrow therapeutic range and by their potential toxicity. Knowledge of pharmacogenomics and pharmacogenetics can be very useful in the area of Oncology, as they constitute additional tools that can help to individualize patients' treatment. This work includes a description of some genes that have been revealed to be useful in the field of Oncology, as they play a role in drug prescription and in the prediction of treatment response. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The management of patients treated with direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) during hospitalization is a common challenge in clinical practice. Although bridging is generally not recommended, too often DOACs are switched to parenteral therapy with low molecular weight heparins. Our objectives were to update a local guideline for perioperative DOAC management and to develop a guideline for the anticoagulation management in non‐surgical patients regarding temporary DOAC discontinuation. Methods: We executed a two‐step modified Delphi study in a 1000‐bed university hospital in Belgium. The Delphi questionnaires were developed based on a literature review and a telephone survey of prescribers. Two expert panels were established: one dedicated to perioperative DOAC management and the other to DOAC management in non‐surgical patients. Both panels completed two rounds, commencing with an individual and online round, followed by a face‐to‐face group session. Results: After the two‐round Delphi process, the updated perioperative guideline on DOAC management included reasons for delaying the resumption of DOACs following surgery, such as oral intake not possible, the probability of re‐intervention within 3 days, and insufficient haemostasis (e.g. active clinically significant haematoma, haemorrhagic drains or wounds). Furthermore, a guideline for non‐surgical hospitalized patients was developed, outlining possible reasons for interrupting DOAC therapy. Both guidelines offer clear anticoagulation therapy strategies corresponding to the identified scenarios. Conclusions: We have updated and developed guidelines for DOAC management in surgical and non‐surgical patients during hospitalization, which aim to support prescribers and to enhance targeted prescription review by hospital pharmacists. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Tamsulosin is formulated as sustained release beads within a capsule to prevent rapid absorption and associated hypotension. The package insert advises the capsule is swallowed whole; not crushed, chewed, or opened. To our knowledge, there are no current data on opening capsules for adults with enteral tube feeds. Given the unidentified safety and efficacy of administration via enteral tubes, alternative alpha blockers with less selectivity for alpha1A are often used. Methods: A single center retrospective chart review was conducted at two hospital sites. Adult patients that received at least one dose of tamsulosin or doxazosin while an enteral feeding tube was placed were included. Safety outcomes evaluated were the number of documented tube obstructions and incidence of medication associated hypotension. Results: 169 patients were included. Ten enteral feeding tube obstructions were reported, 4 of 110 (3.64%) in the tamsulosin arm and 6 of 59 (10.17%) in the doxazosin arm (RR.36, 95% CI.11 to 1.22, P =.099). At least 1 episode of medication associated hypotension occurred in 22 of 98 (22.45%) in the tamsulosin arm and 20 of 49 (40.82%) in the doxazosin arm (RR.55, 95% CI.33 to.91, P =.019). Conclusion: There was no statistically significant difference in the number of tube obstructions between patients receiving tamsulosin or doxazosin via enteral tube feeds. Patients receiving doxazosin were at increased risk of experiencing medication related hypotension. Tamsulosin capsules may be opened and administered via enteral feeding tubes if administered with content integrity intact. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hydroxychloroquine is a disease-modifying antirheumatic drug commonly used in the treatment of autoimmune diseases. Although rare, hydroxychloroquine is associated with hypoglycemia in patients with or without diabetes due to its ability to alter insulin metabolism. There have been several cases described in the literature, but none of which, to our knowledge, detail follow-up and time to resolution of hypoglycemia. We describe a 55-year-old female who presents for episodes of hypoglycemia. She reported hypoglycemic symptoms and fasting blood glucoses in the 60-70s mg/dL regularly. Based on the Naranjo adverse drug reaction probability scale, hydroxychloroquine was the probable etiology of her hypoglycemic episodes due to the improvement at her 3-month follow up appointment after discontinuing the drug. Providers should be mindful of the hypoglycemia risk when using hydroxychloroquine and be aware that the effects may take an extended amount of time to resolve given the drug's long half-life. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy and Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are available online to subscribers. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are available online to subscribers. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: Adverse drug reactions (ADRs) are a major drug safety concern and a frequent topic of enquiries to hospital drug information services. Our goal was to analyse these enquiries regarding background, complexity, nature of ADR, and involved drug classes to improve in-hospital drug safety. Methods: Retrospectively, ADR enquiries to a German university hospital pharmacy drug information 2018–2022 were analysed regarding enquirer (profession, medical specialty) and enquiry details (drugs, suspected ADR/enquiry prior to drug initiation, ADR system organ class, probable cause identified, and enquiry complexity). Key findings: Of 543 enquiries, 516 (95%) were asked by physicians, 493 (91%) patient-specific, 390 (71%) on suspected ADRs, and 153 (28%) prior to drug initiation. Enquiries originated frequently from internal medicine (74/13.6%), paediatrics (71/13.1%), neurology (70/12.9%), and haemato-oncology (62/11.4%). Most frequent ADRs were haematologic (94/17%) and hepatic (72/13%). The median number of drugs per enquiry was three (range 0–37), 209 (38%) enquiries referred to one specific drug, 165 (30%) concerned ≥11 drugs. A probable cause for suspected ADRs was identified in 75 (36%) enquiries concerning one drug and 155 (94%) with ≥11 drugs. Most frequent drugs were antineoplastic (54/25.8%), nervous-system-drugs (42/20.1%), and anti-infective (40/19.1%). Most enquiries (342/63%) were complex (multiple/specialist resources). Conclusions: Enquiries were usually asked by physicians referring to suspected ADRs in specific clinical situations. A probable cause was identified in many cases pointing to a direct positive impact on patient care. Enquiries prior to drug initiation should be encouraged to increase drug safety. Information on main ADR effects and drug classes helps with targeted counselling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The German weekly magazine DIEZEIT (THE TIME) reaches more than one million readers per issue, mainly from high-income social classes. Pharmacological content is frequent in DIE ZEIT. As it therefore reaches many people who generally have no in-depth knowledge of pharmacology, it can be assumed that DIE ZEIT is an important primary source of information. It should be its task to depict the drugs widely used by the population and to present them correctly and comprehensibly. This study analyzes 71 articles from 2012 to 2022 in terms of form, content, and comprehensibility. The analysis shows that in DIE ZEIT, drug groups largely correspond to the prescription figures and disease prevalence in Germany, with cardiovascular, neuropsychiatric, and pain medications being frequently discussed. There are deviations in the case of oncological drugs, for example, which are discussed more frequently than prescribed. New drug approvals are reported less frequently, and when they are, it is usually about the research phase. DIE ZEIT often reports on findings that are less than a week old and frequently quotes trustworthy experts, but no scientific sources can be found in around a quarter of the articles. A COVID-19 effect can also be identified in the years 2020 to 2022, as reporting on drugs for the treatment of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) predominated. An important point of criticism was identified with regard to comprehensibility. Less than half of the articles achieved the cut-off value for general comprehensibility specified by the Textlab analysis program, and only one article achieved the value for target group–oriented comprehensibility. This analysis confirms the problem that science communication is often too complicated and incomprehensible. It discusses the tension between the prescribed drugs and the mission of DIEZEIT to entertain and should serve as a basis for analyzing other newspapers. Finally, we make specific suggestions how presentation of pharmacological topics in lay media can be improved in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims Methods Results Conclusions The aim of this study was to assess the ChatGPT‐4 (ChatGPT) large language model (LLM) on tasks relevant to community pharmacy.ChatGPT was assessed with community pharmacy‐relevant test cases involving drug information retrieval, identifying labelling errors, prescription interpretation, decision‐making under uncertainty and multidisciplinary consults. Drug information on rituximab, warfarin, and St. John's wort was queried. The decision‐support scenarios consisted of a subject with swollen eyelids and a maculopapular rash in a subject on lisinopril and ferrous sulfate. The multidisciplinary scenarios required the integration of medication management with recommendations for healthy eating and physical activity/exercise.The responses from ChatGPT for rituximab, warfarin, and St. John's wort were satisfactory and cited drug databases and drug‐specific monographs. ChatGPT identified labeling errors related to incorrect medication strength, form, route of administration, unit conversion, and directions. For the patient with inflamed eyelids, the course of action developed by ChatGPT was comparable to the pharmacist's approach. For the patient with the maculopapular rash, both the pharmacist and ChatGPT placed a drug reaction to either lisinopril or ferrous sulfate at the top of the differential. ChatGPT provided customized vaccination requirements for travel to Brazil, guidance on management of drug allergies and recovery from a knee injury. ChatGPT provided satisfactory medication management and wellness information for a diabetic on metformin and semaglutide.LLMs have the potential to become a powerful tool in community pharmacy. However, rigorous validation studies across diverse pharmacist queries, drug classes and populations, and engineering to secure patient privacy will be needed to enhance LLM utility. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Ascorbic acid has been proposed as an alternative treatment for methemoglobinemia in patients with glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD) deficiency. However, its efficacy has never been compared to that of methylene blue given the inability of patients with G6PD deficiency to receive methylene blue. We present a case of methemoglobinemia treated with ascorbic acid in a patient without G6PD deficiency who had previously received methylene blue. Summary: A 66-year-old male was treated for methemoglobinemia deemed to be secondary to benzocaine throat spray. He received intravenous (IV) methylene blue but had a severe reaction: diaphoresis, lightheadedness, and hypotension. The infusion was stopped prior to completion. Approximately 6 days later he presented with methemoglobinemia following an additional overconsumption of benzocaine and was treated with ascorbic acid. In both instances his methemoglobin levels were >30% on arterial blood gas on admission and decreased to 6.5% and 7.8%, respectively, after administration of methylene blue and ascorbic acid. Conclusion: Ascorbic acid had a similar effect on decreasing the concentration of methemoglobin compared to methylene blue. Further research into use of ascorbic acid as a recommended agent for treatment of methemoglobinemia is warranted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Poison centers develop triage threshold guidelines for pediatric metformin ingestions. Our network uses 1700 mg, or 85 mg/kg. Objective: To describe the dose, clinical course, and outcomes for inadvertent metformin ingestions in children 5 years old and younger reported to our statewide poison center network. Methods: We searched the poison center database 2011 to 2021 for metformin ingestions in patients 5 years and younger. Variables included age, sex, weight, dose, symptoms, outcome, and more. We used descriptive statistics with medians and interquartile ranges (IQR) for continuous variables. Results: Of 669 cases, exposures by age were 208 (31.1%) 1 to 2 years, and 275 (41.1%) 2 years. Weight was recorded in 342 (51.1%) (median 13.5 kg; IQR: 3.7 kg), and dose in 149 (22.3%) (median 500 mg; IQR: 500 mg). Milligram/kilogram values were available for 103 (15.4%) with median 42.4 mg/kg, IQR: 39 mg/kg. Most (647, 98.5%) exposures were unintentional. Most (445/669, 66.5%) were managed at a non-healthcare facility, while 204 (30.7%) were already at or referred to a healthcare facility. Of these 204 patients, 169 (82.8%) were evaluated and treated at the emergency department and discharged. Four (2%) were admitted to critical care, and 7 (3.4%) to the ward. Medical outcomes by effect were 5 (0.7%) minor, 2 (0.3%) moderate, 253 (37.8%) none, 292 (43.6%) not followed (minimal effects possible), and no major effects or deaths. Of 20 clinical occurrences reported, vomiting was most common (8, 1.2%). Conclusion: Despite little recorded dosage information, pediatric metformin ingestions under 85 mg/kg had predominantly uneventful medical outcomes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medication dosing in overweight and obese children often involves complex weight-based calculations, leading to higher dosing errors, particularly with intravenous drugs. Currently, tools to aid in dosage calculations are lacking for these patients, especially in Thai population. Objective : This study aimed to develop a mobile application with the intent of utilizing it as a tool to enhance the efficiency and accuracy of dosing calculations required for obese and overweight Thai children. Methods: The performance of the application was assessed in 3 key aspects using a sample of 30 healthcare professionals. These key aspects included: 1) the accuracy of dosage calculations, assessed through pre- and posttests comparing manual calculations to app-based calculations using a 10-item questionnaire, 2) the time taken for calculations before and after app usage, 3) user satisfaction, which was measured through a questionnaire. Results: The integration of applications into the calculation demonstrated a significant improvement when compared to the manual calculation in both accuracy (6.10 vs 9.33 out of 10, P <.001) and efficiency (10.40 vs 8.53 minutes per 10 questions, P =.008). Also, the application elicited high levels of satisfaction among users, as reflected by an overall mean satisfaction score of 4.57 on a 5-point scale. Conclusion : The integration of this application to assist in dosage calculations for overweight and obese pediatric Thai patients has yielded favorable outcomes concerning accuracy, efficiency, and user satisfaction. Further development should be pursued within a larger cohort, with an emphasis on real-world implementation in clinical settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Drug information (DI) provided by hospital pharmacies aims to promote rational and safe drug therapy. While quality assessment for this task is recommended, more knowledge on the factors determining the quality is needed. We aimed to evaluate the impacts of different factors on the quality of DI provided by hospital pharmacies to healthcare professionals. Retrospectively, answers on fictitious enquiries about annual DI tests for German hospital pharmacies over five years were evaluated for content-related and structural requirements. Multivariate analysis was performed for the impact of the enquiry complexity, DI organization (specialized DI center; pharmacist responsible per day; DI on top of other routine tasks), and quality measures (second look; experience of answering pharmacist in DI/on ward; use of documentation database). In 2017–2021, 45, 71, 79, 118, and 122 hospital pharmacies participated. The enquiry complexity had a statistically significant impact on the content-related quality, with poor results for a higher complexity (years 2018/2021, OR 0.25/0.04, p < 0.01). The DI centers achieved better results regarding content-related quality than for a pharmacist responsible per day (OR 0.76/p = 0.65) or DI on top of routine tasks (OR 0.35/p = 0.02). The DI centers scored better in structural quality. The second look showed an overall trend of a better content-related and structural quality. In conclusion, specialized DI centers and second looks are recommended as quality-improving measures. Training for answering complex enquiries should be intensified. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are available online to subscribers. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) such as ChatGPT introduces opportunities within the medical field. Nonetheless, use of LLM poses a risk when healthcare practitioners and patients present clinical questions to these programs without a comprehensive understanding of its suitability for clinical contexts. Objective: The objective of this study was to assess ChatGPT's ability to generate appropriate responses to clinical questions that hospital pharmacists could encounter during routine patient care. Methods: Thirty questions from 10 different domains within clinical pharmacy were collected during routine care. Questions were presented to ChatGPT in a standardized format, including patients' age, sex, drug name, dose, and indication. Subsequently, relevant information regarding specific cases were provided, and the prompt was concluded with the query “what would a hospital pharmacist do?”. The impact on accuracy was assessed for each domain by modifying personification to “what would you do?”, presenting the question in Dutch, and regenerating the primary question. All responses were independently evaluated by two senior hospital pharmacists, focusing on the availability of an advice, accuracy and concordance. Results: In 77% of questions, ChatGPT provided an advice in response to the question. For these responses, accuracy and concordance were determined. Accuracy was correct and complete for 26% of responses, correct but incomplete for 22% of responses, partially correct and partially incorrect for 30% of responses and completely incorrect for 22% of responses. The reproducibility was poor, with merely 10% of responses remaining consistent upon regeneration of the primary question. Conclusions: While concordance of responses was excellent, the accuracy and reproducibility were poor. With the described method, ChatGPT should not be used to address questions encountered by hospital pharmacists during their shifts. However, it is important to acknowledge the limitations of our methodology, including potential biases, which may have influenced the findings.

Background: Hypertension, a significant risk factor for cardiovascular diseases, demands proactive management as cardiovascular diseases remain the leading cause of death worldwide. Reducing systolic and diastolic blood pressure levels below recommended reference values of <140/90 mmHg can lead to a significant reduction of the risk of CVD and all-cause mortality. However, treatment of hypertension can be difficult and the presence of comorbidities could further complicate this treatment. Drugs used to manage these comorbidities may inadvertently have an impact on blood pressure, resulting in a phenomenon known as drug-disease interaction. This study aims to assess the safety of medication that can affect blood pressure in patients with hypertension and provide practical recommendations for healthcare professionals. Methods: For the development of recommendations for the drug-disease interaction (DDSI) hypertension, a six-step plan that combined literature selection and multidisciplinary expert opinion was used. The process involved (1) defining the scope of the DDSI and selecting relevant drugs, (2) collecting evidence, (3) data-extraction, (4) reaching of expert consensus, (5) publication and implementation of the recommendations in healthcare systems and (6) updating the information. Results: An increase of 10 mmHg in systolic blood pressure and 5 mmHg in diastolic blood pressure was defined as clinically relevant. Corticosteroids, danazol, and yohimbine caused a clinically relevant DDSI with hypertension. Several other drugs with warnings for hypertension in the official product information were assessed to have no clinically relevant DDSI due to minor influence or lack of data on blood pressure. Drugs with evidence for a relevant change in blood pressure which are prescribed under close monitoring of blood pressure according to clinical guidelines, were deemed to be not clinically relevant for signalling. Conclusion: This study provides specific recommendations that can be implemented directly in clinical practice, for example, in clinical decision support systems, potentially resulting in safer drug use in patients with hypertension and better healthcare by reducing alert fatigue. Future research should focus on evaluating the effectiveness of implementation strategies and their impact on reducing unsafe use of medication in patients with hypertension. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxicity or treatment failure related to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are known to significantly affect morbidity and hospitalization rates. Despite the availability of numerous databases for DDIs identification and management, their information often differs. Oral anticoagulants are deemed at risk of DDIs and a leading cause of adverse drug events, most of which being preventable. Although many databases include DDIs involving anticoagulants, none are specialized in them. Aim and method: This study aims to compare the DDIs information content of four direct oral anticoagulants and two vitamin K antagonists in three major DDI databases used in Switzerland: Lexi-Interact, Pharmavista, and MediQ. It evaluates the consistency of DDIs information in terms of differences in severity rating systems, mechanism of interaction, extraction and documentation processes and transparency. Results: This study revealed 2'496 DDIs for the six anticoagulants, with discrepant risk classifications. Only 13.2% of DDIs were common to all three databases. Overall concordance in risk classification (high, moderate, and low risk) was slight (Fleiss' kappa = 0.131), while high-risk DDIs demonstrated a fair agreement (Fleiss' kappa = 0.398). The nature and the mechanism of the DDIs were more consistent across databases. Qualitative assessments highlighted differences in the documentation process and transparency, and similarities for availability of risk classification and references. Discussion: This study highlights the discrepancies between three commonly used DDI databases and the inconsistency in how terminology is standardised and incorporated when classifying these DDIs. It also highlights the need for the creation of specialised tools for anticoagulant-related interactions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Self-medication is a major concern for health authorities worldwide. The main objective of this study was to determine the prevalence of Self-medication and its associated factors in a rural community of India. Materials and Methods: A cross sectional prospective community based unicentric study was designed and conducted for a period of 10 months from July 2022 to May 2023 in a newly established Drug Information and Patient Counseling Centre at a rural setup in India. The data was acquired; compiled and categorized. Continuous data were expressed as mean and standard deviation, while descriptive analysis was expressed as percentage. Results: Of the total 312 participants, 237 were found to have practiced Self-medication. Analysis of the data revealed that the prevalence of Self-medication in the region was 67.13%. People with a college degree (52.32%) and middle-class incomes (55.27%) were found to practice Self-medication in higher number. The most frequently used drugs for self-medication in the area were analgesics and antipyretics (24.05%), followed by acid suppressants (17.29%). Conclusion: In this study, the prevalence of self-medication was determined to be 67.13%. It was noticed that a higher education did not prevent people from developing the habit of Self-medication; rather, it played a significant role in it. Therefore, in order to encourage the public to understand the serious consequences of Self-medication, the Drug control authorities and health policy makers need to invest some resources in this effort by engaging clinical pharmacists in rural areas. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose : The safety and efficacy of levodopa formulations are evaluated to inform clinical decision making for the treatment of Parkinson's disease. Summary : Levodopa is a cornerstone of treatment for Parkinson's disease due to its proven efficacy. Although many patients can initially be managed using immediate release tablets, as their disease progresses they often require escalating doses as well as more frequent dosing to prevent wearing off effects. Additionally, patients who experience time in the off state may struggle with the delay between medication administration and onset of action. Therefore, to increase patient convenience as well as to enhance the pharmacokinetic profile of the levodopa, several other formulations have been developed. Levodopa coformulated with carbidopa is supplied as immediate release tablets, oral disintegrating tablets, controlled release tablets, extended release capsules, and a continuous enteral solution. Additionally, there is a levodopa inhalation powder available. As a result of their different absorption profiles, each formulation has unique safety and efficacy attributes. Consequently, while this expansion of levodopa formulations has substantially increased treatment options for patients, it has also increased the complexity of medical decision making for patients, providers, and health systems alike. Conclusion : Knowledge of the different pharmacokinetic, safety and efficacy profiles of the available levodopa formulations is critical for the effective management of Parkinson's disease on both the individual patient and population levels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The goal of this commentary is to provide recent pharmacy school graduates and student pharmacists completing APPEs the essential background for correct vancomycin therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) in the inpatient setting. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: Individuals with psychiatric disorders are at increased risk for treatment non-adherence and related complications, especially during transitions of care. Medication reconciliation is now a standard process during hospital admissions that is uniformly recommended by international organizations to aid in safe and effective care transitions. Pharmacy-led medication reconciliation (PMR) practices are poised to represent a standardized method of reconciliation attempt within this underserved population with complex medication histories. Methods: A retrospective cross-sectional study using medical chart review was conducted for all adults admitted to the inpatient psychiatric service at a community hospital in Buffalo, NY, during 2 months in 2018. Outcomes were 30- and 180-day psychiatric readmission rates, 30- and 180-day visit rates to the outpatient comprehensive psychiatric emergency program (CPEP), and composite 30- and 180-day relapse. Receipt of pharmacy-led medication reconciliation was identified from pharmacy documentation in the electronic medical record. Results: 78% of patient's medication lists on admission were reconciled, with 49% of reconciliations made by the inpatient pharmacy. Presence of a PMR did not alter the odds of inpatient readmission alone, however patients without a PMR were found to have 2.13 times higher odds of visiting the hospital's outpatient CPEP within 30-days (P =.012) and 1.9 times higher odds of any composite psychiatric relapse within 30-days (P =.024). Conclusions: Implementation of hospital-wide pharmacy-led medication reconciliation on admission may help reduce psychiatric relapse across multiple care settings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are available online to subscribers. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Patients involved in health communication are expected to have a better lifestyle to achieve a higher health status. Lifestyle changes may occur through effective communication which likely results in someone's shared understanding and improved attitudes. It is necessary to know factors that can influence effective communication. This study aims to determine the factors that affect communication effectiveness in providing drug information from the pharmacy personnel's perspective. The research was carried out using a semi-structured interview method. The data were analysed using the Interpretative Phenomenological Analysis (IPA) method. Seven pharmacy technicians and ten pharmacists joined the study. Several research themes influencing communication effectiveness between pharmacists and patients are pharmacist empathy, pharmacist reliability and responsiveness, pharmacy atmosphere, patient empathy, physical and mental state, patient competency, and patient feedback. Several sub-themes found were related to facilitators and barriers to effective communication. Based on the Shannon-Weaver communication model, these factors can affect the encoding message process, the information delivery channel, the message decoding process, and the feedback delivery process. Effective communication is influenced both by pharmacists as information providers and patients as recipients of drug information. The pharmacy environment can influence communication channels. Interventions to create effective communication should be given to pharmacists who then transport the information to patients and the pharmacy environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: One way to incorporate evidence-based teaching into healthcare education is through backward design, a pedagogical design process that starts with creating learning outcomes, then moves to assessments, followed by content creation. This study uses backward design as a framework to present an applied experience of evidence-based teaching in the design and refinement of an introductory drug information course presented in the first year of a traditional 4-year PharmD curriculum. Case Description: In addition to backward design, evidence-based teaching methods included scaffolding, pass-fail grading standards, formative assessments, flipped classroom, and gamification. Additionally, innovative assessment techniques and teaching activities were created. The full evolution of this course, along with student performance, student perceptions, faculty workload and faculty experience, are described. Case Themes: Overall, using evidence-based methodologies led to improved organization and enhanced faculty and student satisfaction. Data showed students performed well based on both assessment and course averages. Faculty workload was substantial during the initial development of the course and was mitigated once structure and organization had been better optimized over years of revision. Impact: This report provides a model for others to incorporate evidence-based teaching methods into course design in both incremental and large-scale changes. The incorporation of these ideas takes time and work from faculty but this effort has the potential to yield improved student learning and perception. Dedication to continuous review and revision of developed educational content is encouraged. Faculty found this experience rewarding and felt that it made them better and happier educators.

Background: This study aimed to establish and promote drug information services for healthcare professionals and patients in a tertiary care hospital, and to assess the level of awareness and utilization of the center. Materials and Methods: This prospective observational study was conducted from November 2021 to May 2022. A pilot study was conducted using a validated questionnaire to assess the level of awareness of drug information services among 200 healthcare professionals and patients. The second part of the study involved the collection of medication-related queries from patients and healthcare professionals through a drug information request and documentation form. The data collected over six months included the professional status and specialty of the enquirer, the mode of receipt of the query, the purpose of the enquiry, the time frame to reply, and the queries received based on gender. Results: The questionnaire revealed that among healthcare professionals, most of the queries received were from Duty medical officers (31.6%), and the majority of respondents (86%) felt that a drug information center was necessary. Among patients, the majority (71%) were unaware of the drug information center, but a large number (94%) felt that establishing such a center would be useful. A total of 383 queries were analyzed, with most received in April (46.99%) and from the gastroenterology department (20.62%). The majority of queries were received during ward rounds (46.2%) and for updating knowledge (61.1%). Frequently asked questions were related to medication information (26.74%) and were obtained from patients (23.8%). Most answers were provided through WhatsApp (64.22%) and were replied to within a day (48.6%). In the feedback process, 88% of healthcare professionals felt that the response was appropriate, while 12% did not feel the same. Among patients, 92% felt that the response was appropriate, while 8% did not. Conclusion: The establishment of drug information services led to an increase in awareness and utilization of the center for unbiased drug information. The center provided a valuable resource for healthcare professionals and patients in AIG Hospital, Gachibowli, Hyderabad. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Dexmedetomidine is a currently recommended first-line sedative agent for critically ill patients requiring mechanical ventilation. Recent trials demonstrated no difference in clinical outcomes between patients treated with dexmedetomidine vs usual care, but significantly more hemodynamic adverse effects in the dexmedetomidine group. One subgroup analysis suggested a 90-day mortality benefit in elderly patients, but no distinction was made between groups regarding age when reporting adverse effects. Given potential decreased baroreceptor function in the elderly, adverse hemodynamic effects of dexmedetomidine may impact them more. Objective: To assess the incidence of adverse hemodynamic effects of dexmedetomidine in elderly ICU patients compared to other sedative agents to clarify the role of dexmedetomidine in this patient population. Methods: This was a single-center, retrospective study including mechanically ventilated elderly patients requiring sedative agents for ≥12 hours. The primary outcome evaluated was composite end point of incidence of bradycardia and hypotension. Secondary outcomes included incidence of each adverse event individually, hospital and ICU length of stay, and duration of mechanical ventilation. Results: There was no difference in adverse events between the two groups (58.7% vs 74.1% in the dexmedetomidine vs usual care groups, P =.074). There was no difference in hospital or ICU length of stay. Patients in the dexmedetomidine group were on the ventilator longer than patients in the usual care group with a median of 6 vs 3 days, respectively (P = 0.004). Conclusion: In this single-center, retrospective study dexmedetomidine had a similar incidence of adverse events in elderly patients compare to the usual care group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are available online to subscribers. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are available online to subscribers. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Medicines information (MI) is a specialist area of pharmacy that provides evidence-based answers to often complex medication queries, utilising resources such as textbooks and databases. With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a need to change the way COVID-19-related queries were answered due to the rapid evolution of information on vaccination, treatment and prevention. Methods: Medicines information queries were retrospectively reviewed utilising the centre's medicines information database from January 2020 through December 2022 using the COVID-19 keyword to retrieve relevant queries. Information was collected on the enquirer's role, query category, time taken to complete the query, relevant keywords and references accessed. Keywords and references were analysed further to determine the types of queries asked and which references were helpful. Results: The centre received 214 COVID-19-related queries, predominantly in 2022. Most queries were from pharmacy staff (95.8%) and related to vaccination (n = 95, 44.4%) or treatment (n = 87, 40.7%). Government and specialist organisation websites were used most commonly as reference sources (24.6% and 16.5%, respectively) for their currency with COVID-19-specific resources (such as national guidelines, COVID-19 treatment interaction checkers) and textbooks/databases used less commonly. Conclusions: MI pharmacists have demonstrated their ability to obtain reliable COVID-19-related information, utilising and interpreting information from less traditional sources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Toxicity or treatment failure related to drug-drug interactions (DDIs) are known to significantly affect morbidity and hospitalization rates. Despite the availability of numerous databases for DDIs identification and management, their information often differs. Oral anticoagulants are deemed at risk of DDIs and a leading cause of adverse drug events, most of which being preventable. Although many databases include DDIs involving anticoagulants, none are specialized in them.Aim and method: This study aims to compare the DDIs information content of four direct oral anticoagulants and two vitamin K antagonists in three major DDI databases used in Switzerland: Lexi-Interact, Pharmavista, and MediQ. It evaluates the consistency of DDIs information in terms of differences in severity rating systems, mechanism of interaction, extraction and documentation processes and transparency.Results: This study revealed 2’496 DDIs for the six anticoagulants, with discrepant risk classifications. Only 13.2% of DDIs were common to all three databases. Overall concordance in risk classification (high, moderate, and low risk) was slight (Fleiss’ kappa = 0.131), while high-risk DDIs demonstrated a fair agreement (Fleiss’ kappa = 0.398). The nature and the mechanism of the DDIs were more consistent across databases. Qualitative assessments highlighted differences in the documentation process and transparency, and similarities for availability of risk classification and references.Discussion: This study highlights the discrepancies between three commonly used DDI databases and the inconsistency in how terminology is standardised and incorporated when classifying these DDIs. It also highlights the need for the creation of specialised tools for anticoagulant-related interactions.

Background: Medicines information (MI) is a specialist area of pharmacy that provides evidence-based answers to often complex medication queries, utilising resources such as textbooks and databases. With the advent of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was a need to change the way COVID-19-related queries were answered due to the rapid evolution of information on vaccination, treatment and prevention. Methods: Medicines information queries were retrospectively reviewed utilising the centre’s medicines information database from January 2020 through December 2022 using the COVID-19 keyword to retrieve relevant queries. Information was collected on the enquirer’s role, query category, time taken to complete the query, relevant keywords and references accessed. Keywords and references were analysed further to determine the types of queries asked and which references were helpful. Results: The centre received 214 COVID-19-related queries, predominantly in 2022. Most queries were from pharmacy staff (95.8%) and related to vaccination (n = 95, 44.4%) or treatment (n = 87, 40.7%). Government and specialist organisation websites were used most commonly as reference sources (24.6% and 16.5%, respectively) for their currency with COVID-19-specific resources (such as national guidelines, COVID-19 treatment interaction checkers) and textbooks/databases used less commonly. Conclusions: MI pharmacists have demonstrated their ability to obtain reliable COVID-19-related information, utilising and interpreting information from less traditional sources.

Drug information (DI) services provided an avenue to expand the role of pharmacists as the medication experts. The focus of DI has shifted from general questions submitted to DI centers to patient-specific questions that optimize care. One method to increase access to pharmacist expertise is through pharmacy eConsults. Pharmacy eConsults provide specialist care for medically complex patients using a patient-centered, asynchronous approach. The purpose of this article is to describe the evolution of consults from formal drug information services and describe one academic medical center's implementation of a pharmacy eConsult service to provide patient-specific DI.

Drug information (DI) provided by hospital pharmacies aims to promote rational and safe drug therapy. While quality assessment for this task is recommended, more knowledge on the factors determining the quality is needed. We aimed to evaluate the impacts of different factors on the quality of DI provided by hospital pharmacies to healthcare professionals. Retrospectively, answers on fictitious enquiries about annual DI tests for German hospital pharmacies over five years were evaluated for content-related and structural requirements. Multivariate analysis was performed for the impact of the enquiry complexity, DI organization (specialized DI center; pharmacist responsible per day; DI on top of other routine tasks), and quality measures (second look; experience of answering pharmacist in DI/on ward; use of documentation database). In 2017–2021, 45, 71, 79, 118, and 122 hospital pharmacies participated. The enquiry complexity had a statistically significant impact on the content-related quality, with poor results for a higher complexity (years 2018/2021, OR 0.25/0.04, p < 0.01). The DI centers achieved better results regarding content-related quality than for a pharmacist responsible per day (OR 0.76/p = 0.65) or DI on top of routine tasks (OR 0.35/p = 0.02). The DI centers scored better in structural quality. The second look showed an overall trend of a better content-related and structural quality. In conclusion, specialized DI centers and second looks are recommended as quality-improving measures. Training for answering complex enquiries should be intensified.

Background: Due to the huge number of drugs available and the rapid growth and change in drug information, healthcare professionals, especially physicians, frequently require reliable, easily accessible, rapid, and accurate reference sources to obtain the necessary drug information. Several sources of information are available for physicians to use and select from; however, the information-seeking behaviour of healthcare providers is varied, and this process can be challenging. Objectives: In this study, Jordanian physicians were approached to evaluate the drug information they require, the sources of information they use, the perceived credibility of the sources, and the challenges they face when searching for the most accurate and current information about drugs. Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional study. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to practising physicians in Jordan using a convenience sampling method (purposive sampling followed by snowball sampling) regardless of their speciality, age, gender, seniority, or place of employment. Results: Three hundred and eighty physicians participated in the study. Most participants responded that they performed drug information searches on a weekly (155, 40.8%) or a daily basis (150, 39.5%). The drug-related information that physicians most frequently searched for concerned dosage regimens and adverse drug events. The majority of surveyed doctors (97.9%) reported using online websites to acquire drug information; UpToDate®, Medscape and Drugs. com were the most frequently used online databases, although many participants did not consider online sources to be the most reliable source. The most prevalent and recurrent challenges encountered concerned an inability to access subscription-only journals and websites (56.6%), difficulty identifying trusted and credible sources (41.8%) and the enormous number of available sources (35.3%). However, these challenges were less of a problem for physicians who currently work or have previously worked in academia (p < 0.001). Conclusion: This study demonstrated that Jordanian physicians frequently use online websites to look for drug information and all doctors face challenges throughout this process particularly those with no experience in academia. This suggests that being in academia makes the process of information-seeking easier which highlights the need for academics to transfer their knowledge and experience to their non-academic colleagues and the upcoming generations of physicians. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate tertiary drug information databases in terms of scope, consistency of content, and completeness of COVID-19 drug information. Methods: Five electronic drug information databases: Clinical Pharmacology, Lexi-Drugs, AHFS DI (American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information), eFacts and Comparisons, and Micromedex In-Depth Answers, were evaluated in this cross-sectional evaluation study, with data gathered from October 2021 through February 2022. Two study investigators independently extracted data (parallel extraction) from each resource. Descriptive statistics were primarily used to evaluate scope (i.e., whether the resource addresses use of the medication for treatment or prevention of COVID-19) and completeness of content (i.e., whether full information is provided related to the use of the medication for treatment or prevention of COVID-19) based on a 10-point scale. To analyze consistency among resources for scope, the Fleiss multirater kappa was used. To analyze consistency among resources for type of recommendation (i.e., in favor, insufficient evidence, against), a two-way mixed effects intraclass coefficient was calculated. Results: A total of 46 drug monographs, including 3 vaccination monographs, were evaluated. Use of the agents for treatment of COVID-19 was most frequently addressed in Lexi-Drugs (73.9%), followed by eFacts and Comparisons (71.7%), and Micromedex (54.3%). The highest overall median completeness score was held by AHFS DI followed by Micromedex, and Clinical Pharmacology. There was moderate consistency in terms of scope (kappa 0.490, 95% CI 0.399-0.581, p<0.001) and recommendations (intraclass correlation coefficient 0.518, 95% CI 0.385-0.651, p<0.001). Conclusion: Scope and completeness results varied by resource, with moderate consistency of content among resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Determining an individual's medicines information preferences and needs could enable health professionals to deliver more effective medicines information and help build patients' health literacy and ability to self‐manage their health. Aim: This descriptive, cross‐sectional study aimed to test a new information needs assessment tool, the Medicine Information Needs for Individuals – Questionnaire (MINI‐Q), which elicits what individuals want to know about their medicines. This study aimed to explore the face validity, acceptability, and feasibility of using the tool in a hospital inpatient setting. Method: Ethical approval was obtained from Health and Disability Ethics Committees (Reference no: 18/NTA/137). Following ethical approval, adult hospital inpatients from two service divisions in one large urban hospital in New Zealand were invited to self‐assess their medicines information needs using the 23‐item MINI‐Q via a tablet or on paper. Descriptive statistics were generated from the quantitative data and responses to a free‐text question were inductively analysed. Results: The MINI‐Q was completed by 228 inpatients, 137 (60%) of whom used a tablet. Participants requested information on 80.6% of the possible topics. The most common topic that participants wanted information about was possible side effects (92%). No additional topics to include in the MINI‐Q were identified from the free‐text responses. The median completion time of the tablet version was 9.2 min (interquartile range 6.7–14.6). Conclusion: The MINI‐Q shows promise to efficiently identify an individual's medicines information needs in an inpatient setting. The findings reinforce that most people want to know all the basic information about their medicines, with side effects being particularly important. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This chart is an update to the 2014 article published in Hospital Pharmacy on injectable drugs that require protection from light. To update the chart, an online search of the FDALabel database was performed from inception through July 31, 2022 using the terms "protect" OR "light." After filtering out drugs with non-injectable routes of administration, the list of generic drug names was combined with the 2014 list and duplicates were removed. The resulting list of drugs was then reviewed to determine whether the drugs require protection from light during storage, preparation, or administration. The reader should always consult the Food and Drug Administration-approved prescribing information for the most up-to-date information regarding the need for protection from light. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are available online to subscribers. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are available online to subscribers. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Social media is a source for information and misinformation, including healthcare information. Pharmacy students are trained to critically assess health information literature; however, this does not typically extend into assessing claims made on social media platforms. Students were asked to evaluate social media claims to provide a patient-specific recommendation and response. Each student was given one of five media claims and asked to assess the validity of the claim to create a response and a recommendation for a provider and a patient. Students were placed in small groups for a verbal presentation of all the claims and a facilitator-led discussion about the pharmacist's role in healthcare information. Students responded to the media claims and were able to support or reject the validity of the statements. They also created a variety of patient-facing informational documents. The inclusion of questions derived from media sources is a unique way to incorporate drug information skills that is relevant to real-world practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aims: The cardiovascular benefits of sodium‐glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2Is) result from their complex impact on coronary and arterial vessels. However, their effect on veins and the risk of venous thromboembolism (VTE) remains unclear. Meta‐analysis of trials has suggested no significant change in risk, but observational studies on the topic are scarce. Our objective was to determine if the use of SGLT2Is, compared to the use of dipeptidyl peptidase 4 inhibitors (DPP‐4Is), is associated with the risk of VTE among patients with type 2 diabetes. Methods: Using the Clinical Practice Research Datalink linked to hospitalization and vital statistics databases, we conducted a retrospective cohort study using a prevalent new‐user design. SGLT2Is were matched to DPP‐4I users on calendar time, diabetes treatment intensity, duration of previous DPP‐4I use and time‐conditional high‐dimensional propensity score. Cox proportional hazard models estimated the hazard ratio (HR) for VTE with SGLT2Is versus DPP‐4Is. Results: SGLT2I use was not associated with an increased risk of VTE (HR 0.65, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.34 to 1.25). This finding was consistent among prevalent (HR 0.47, 95% CI 0.16 to 1.42) and incident (HR 0.75, 95% CI 0.33 to 1.72) new users. Conclusions: We found that SGLT2Is were not associated with an increased risk of VTE compared to DPP‐4Is. Although we observed a numerically decreased risk of VTE with SGLT2Is, estimates were accompanied by wide 95% CIs. Nonetheless, given the morbidity associated with VTE, our results provide some reassurance regarding the safety of SGLT2Is with respect to VTE. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Evidence from clinical research indicates that men and women can differ in response to drug treatment. The knowledge database Janusmed Sex and Gender was developed to illuminate potential sex and gender differences in drug therapy and, therefore, achieve a better patient safety. The database contains non-commercial evidence-based information on drug substances regarding sex and gender aspects in patient treatment. Here, we describe our experiences and reflections from collecting, analyzing, and evaluating the evidence. Janusmed Sex and Gender Substances have been systematically reviewed and classified in a standardized manner. The classification considers clinically relevant sex and gender differences based on available evidence. Mainly biological sex differences are assessed except for gender differences regarding adverse effects and compliance. Of the 400 substances included in the database, clinically relevant sex differences were found for 20%. Sex-divided data were missing for 22% and no clinically relevant differences were found for more than half of the substances (52%). We noted that pivotal clinical studies often lack sex analyses of efficacy and adverse effects, and post-hoc analyzes are performed instead. Furthermore, most pharmacokinetic analyses use weight correction, but medicines are often prescribed in standard doses. In addition, few studies have sex differences as a primary outcome and some pharmacokinetic analyses are unpublished, which may complicate the classification of evidence. Conclusions Our work underlines the need of sex and gender analyses, and sex-divided data in drug treatment, to increase the knowledge about these aspects in drug treatment and contribute to a more individualized patient treatment.

Background: Due to the huge number of drugs available and the rapid growth and change in drug information, healthcare professionals, especially physicians, frequently require reliable, easily accessible, rapid, and accurate reference sources to obtain the necessary drug information. Several sources of information are available for physicians to use and select from; however, the information-seeking behaviour of healthcare providers is varied, and this process can be challenging.Objectives: In this study, Jordanian physicians were approached to evaluate the drug information they require, the sources of information they use, the perceived credibility of the sources, and the challenges they face when searching for the most accurate and current information about drugs.Methods: This is an observational, cross-sectional study. A self-administered questionnaire was distributed to practising physicians in Jordan using a convenience sampling method (purposive sampling followed by snowball sampling) regardless of their speciality, age, gender, seniority, or place of employment.Results: Three hundred and eighty physicians participated in the study. Most participants responded that they performed drug information searches on a weekly (155, 40.8%) or a daily basis (150, 39.5%). The drug-related information that physicians most frequently searched for concerned dosage regimens and adverse drug events. The majority of surveyed doctors (97.9%) reported using online websites to acquire drug information; UpToDate®, Medscape and Drugs.com were the most frequently used online databases, although many participants did not consider online sources to be the most reliable source. The most prevalent and recurrent challenges encountered concerned an inability to access subscription-only journals and websites (56.6%), difficulty identifying trusted and credible sources (41.8%) and the enormous number of available sources (35.3%). However, these challenges were less of a problem for physicians who currently work or have previously worked in academia (p < 0.001).Conclusion: This study demonstrated that Jordanian physicians frequently use online websites to look for drug information and all doctors face challenges throughout this process particularly those with no experience in academia. This suggests that being in academia makes the process of information-seeking easier which highlights the need for academics to transfer their knowledge and experience to their non-academic colleagues and the upcoming generations of physicians.

Objective: To evaluate tertiary drug information databases in terms of scope, consistency of content, and completeness of COVID-19 drug information. Methods: Five electronic drug information databases: Clinical Pharmacology, Lexi-Drugs, AHFS DI (American Hospital Formulary Service Drug Information), eFacts and Comparisons, and Micromedex In-Depth Answers, were evaluated in this cross-sectional evaluation study, with data gathered from October 2021 through February 2022. Two study investigators independently extracted data (parallel extraction) from each resource. Descriptive statistics were primarily used to evaluate scope (i.e., whether the resource addresses use of the medication for treatment or prevention of COVID-19) and completeness of content (i.e., whether full information is provided related to the use of the medication for treatment or prevention of COVID-19) based on a 10-point scale. To analyze consistency among resources for scope, the Fleiss multi-rater kappa was used. To analyze consistency among resources for type of recommendation (i.e., in favor, insufficient evidence, against), a two-way mixed effects intraclass coefficient was calculated. Results: A total of 46 drug monographs, including 3 vaccination monographs, were evaluated. Use of the agents for treatment of COVID-19 was most frequently addressed in Lexi-Drugs (73.9%), followed by eFacts and Comparisons (71.7%), and Micromedex (54.3%). The highest overall median completeness score was held by AHFS DI followed by Micromedex, and Clinical Pharmacology. There was moderate consistency in terms of scope (kappa 0.490, 95% CI 0.399-0.581, p

The 'Intermittent Hypoxia and Caffeine in Infants Born Preterm (ICAF)' study (NCT03321734) uses an extemporaneously compounded enteral caffeine base solution for its study drug. The primary aim of this report is to determine the stability of this specific enteral caffeine base preparation stored for up to 6 months and assess optimal storage temperature. To analyse stability, caffeine solutions were prepared and stored at 4°C and 25°C (room temperature). The caffeine concentrations were analysed over time using high‐performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). To confirm the accuracy of compounded caffeine concentrations, study drug samples from three research pharmacies were analysed. Stability results showed that caffeine concentrations are within 5% of the expected concentration when stored for up to 6 months at room temperature. Our results also show that accurate caffeine concentrations were achieved by multiple research pharmacies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Patients undergoing solid organ transplantation are at a higher risk of multi-drug resistant (MDR) bacterial infections especially during the immediate post operative period. Objective: To audit the usage, dosage appropriateness and safety of colistin use in abdominal solid organ transplant recipients to treat immediate post-transplant bacterial infections. Methods: After completion of 1000 abdominal solid organ transplants at our institute, data of the transplant recipients who received colistin between October 2010 and December 2019 was extracted from the hospital health information system. Data of all microbiological culture isolates, the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of colistin, appropriateness of colistin dosing and nephrotoxicity associated with colistin use was assessed. Results: Of the 1170 (732 liver and 438 renal) solid organ transplant recipients, 82 (66 liver and 16 renal) received colistin to treat posttransplant MDR bacterial infections. Nearly 60% received colistin as definitive therapy and 87.81% received colistin as combination. Mean duration of colistin therapy was found to be higher in renal than liver transplant recipients. Out of the total 89 bacterial isolates, there were 2 colistin resistant Klebsiella strains. Colistin in combination with meropenem (36.4%) was the most commonly used dual therapy. Out of the total 89 bacterial isolates, there were 2 colistin resistant Klebsiella strains. Overall in-hospital mortality of patients who received colistin was 43.9%. Renal impairment occurred in 28.8% of liver transplant recipients. Conclusion: Infection necessitating colistin use increases mortality by three folds in liver transplant recipients and by five percentage points in renal transplant recipients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Each month, subscribers to The Formulary Monograph Service receive 5 to 6 well-documented monographs on drugs that are newly released or are in late phase 3 trials. The monographs are targeted to Pharmacy & Therapeutics Committees. Subscribers also receive monthly 1-page summary monographs on agents that are useful for agendas and pharmacy/nursing in-services. A comprehensive target drug utilization evaluation/medication use evaluation (DUE/MUE) is also provided each month. With a subscription, the monographs are available online to subscribers. Monographs can be customized to meet the needs of a facility. Through the cooperation of The Formulary, Hospital Pharmacy publishes selected reviews in this column. For more information about The Formulary Monograph Service, contact Wolters Kluwer customer service at 866-397-3433. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]