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Molecular and metallic ions are vastly unexplored in near-Earth space because only a few terrestrial missions have been equipped with dedicated instrumentation to separate these molecular and metallic ions, within only a limited energy range (cold ions of < 50 eV and energetic ions of ~100 keV). Nevertheless, existing data from past and on-going missions including those not designed for the required mass separation are capable of detecting many of these ions with available tools, although severe limitations exist (sensitivity and energy range in addition to mass resolution and mass range). By combining these patchy and incomplete data, we found several features that indicate sources of these heavy ions.(1) Combination of Kaguya and Cluster/RAPID during high flux events of solar wind heavy ions suggests that the Moon can be a substantial source for low charge-state metallic ions in the magnetosphere when the Moon is located upstream of the Earth. This interpretation is consistent with Geotail/STICS statistics of increased flux of low charge-state heavy ions near new-Moon for medium activity (Kp=2-4).(2) The major route of molecular ion supply ((3) A case study of lidar data during high flux events of solar wind heavy ions suggests that upward expansion of Na signal can be associated with molecular ion escape to the magnetosphere that is also observed by Cluster/RAPID and e-POP/IRM, although this expansion can be related to a major magnetic storm rather than solar wind event.

Air-derived neon is used for routine calibration of magnetic sector mass spectrometers, principally for determining sensitivity and mass discrimination for Ne isotope determinations. The commonly accepted 21Ne/20Ne ratio of air (0.002959 ± 0.000022; Eberhardt et al. (1965) does not take account of the contribution of 20NeH+ at m/z = 21. Honda et al. (2015) and Wielandt and Storey (2019) have recently re-determined the 21Ne/20Neair by resolving 20NeH+ from 21Ne+. The 21Ne/20Neair values of the two studies differ by 1.8%, beyond the uncertainty of the measurements (±

Anaerobic digestion systems can reduce greenhouse gas emissions while turning waste products into energy. Past U.S. economic research on anaerobic digesters has studied dairy farms, but limited economic information is available on anaerobic digestion systems for swine. Net present values (NPVs) were calculated for biodigesters and covered lagoons under different coproduct and policy scenarios. With no government intervention, covered lagoons are more promising for swine operations than more capital-intensive biodigesters. As there is interest in subsidizing anaerobic digestion systems, subsidies equal to a $38/t social cost of carbon would provide positive NPVs.

Integrated casting and rolling in a series production line is well established for the non-ferrous metals through the use of twin-belt casting technology. However, this twin-belt casting with high mass flow is not yet commercialized in the continuous production of steel alloys. A novel steel casting for the in-line rolling (named LUUP method) is presented and one main focus of this work is to design a casting machine: twin-belt caster. Influence of mass flow rate and dimensional ratio on the solidification, compensation, and total process length is addressed. A gap-dependent belt and dam block side heat transfer is modeled. The admissible casting speed due to the limitations of caster length and shell strength is addressed. The total process length only depends on the mass flow rate. A 2D traveling slice numerical model is presented with realistic boundary conditions for the entire process starting from the meniscus to roll mill entry.

A temperature based Finite Element Model is developed to estimate the evolution of temperature, shell growth profiles and solidification length of a solidifying ingot in a twin-belt caster. The model is based on the 2-D slice which travels through the caster with time. A transient energy equation is solved with the incorporation of thermal boundary conditions which depends on the position of the slice. The latent heat released during the solidification is incorporated through the effective specific heat method. The convective heat flux due to the belts, and dam blocks inside the caster and from spray cooling outside the caster are applied as boundary conditions. The belt heat flux is estimated by incorporating thermal resistances of the cooling water, the belt, the coating, the interface between belt and ingot, the solidifying shell and the melt. At the interface between belt and ingot, the gap dependent heat transfer is considered which is based on the combined mode of radiation and conduction. The amount of gap is calculated iteratively by considering the thermal contraction of the solidifying ingot. The dam block heat flux is estimated by approximating it as a semi-infinite body. The model is applied to the state of the art industrial twin-belt continuous copper casting. The simulated temperature and shell thickness results are compared with the data measured at the industrial caster. It is found that the travelling slice model predicts comparable results with industrial data for high speed copper casting. The model is extremely useful for industrial engineers to know the design aspects of the twin-belt caster such as final solidification length, belt, dam block and ingot dimensions and casting speed. The effect of the process parameters on temperature evolution and shell growth profiles are analysed in detail. The procees length is proportional to casting speed. When the casting speed and heat flux are constant, decrease of cross section size decreases the solidification length

Performance of the Helix MC Plus noble gas mass spectrometer installed at the Australian National University (ANU) is reported. Results for sensitivity, mass discrimination and their linearity against partial pressure of noble gases, and mass resolution of the mass spectrometer are presented, and the results are compared with those of conventional noble gas mass spectrometers. The application of the five detectors on the Helix MC Plus in measuring various noble gas isotopes in multi-collector modes and the integration of the software drivers of peripheral hardware devices into the controlling program Qtegra of the mass spectrometer are discussed. High mass resolution (1800) and mass resolving power (8000) make this mass spectrometer unique in noble gas cosmo-geochemistry. It provides the capability to measure isobaric interference-free noble gas isotopes in multi-collector mode, significantly improves the accuracy to determine isotopic ratios, and greatly increases the efficiency of data acquisition. Graphical Abstract ᅟ.

In order to provide some guidance for preventing human interface problems that could affect human performance and safety during a space mission, this chapter on human-system interface design primarily covers the design of the cockpit, from a technical and process point of view, and the related design of visual-aural alert system and crew seats. In addition, this chapter covers the topic of “contact hazards” with reference to sharp edges, touch temperature, and the specific issue of electroshock hazards during extravehicular activities (EVA).

Analyses of noble gas isotopes by high-resolution, multi-collector mass spectrometry have the potential to revolutionise applications in the cosmo-geo-sciences. The HELIX-MC Plus noble gas mass spectrometer installed at the Australian National University (ANU) is uniquely equipped with three high mass resolution collectors, which permits complete separation of 20 Ne from doubly charged interfering 40 Ar, 1 H 19 F, 1 H 2 18 O and partial separation of the 21 Ne peak from interfering 20 Ne 1 H. Because of the high mass resolving power, 21 Ne can be measured, essentially without interference from 20 Ne 1 H. This capability provides an important opportunity to re-evaluate the relative 21 Ne abundance in the atmosphere. Our analyses demonstrate that 20 Ne 1 H contributes approximately 2% to previously determined atmospheric 21 Ne relative abundance values. We calculate a new atmospheric 21 Ne/ 20 Ne ratio of 0.002905 ± 0.000003 relative to an atmospheric 22 Ne/ 20 Ne ratio of 0.102; this new value is distinctly lower than the current IUPAC recommended 21 Ne/ 20 Ne value of 0.00298 ± 0.00011. There are several significant implications ensuing from the newly determined value. For example, in the Earth sciences, a critical issue relates to cosmogenic 21 Ne surface exposure ages, which involve the calculation of 21 Ne concentrations from excess 21 Ne, relative to the atmospheric 21 Ne/ 20 Ne ratio. For young samples, where cosmogenic 21 Ne contents are small and the 21 Ne/ 20 Ne ratio is close to the atmospheric value, the revised value could increase cosmogenic 21 Ne ages significantly.

The Cassini orbiter has observed the magnetosphere of Saturn in situ from July 2004 to the present. The spacecraft has visited nearly all local times and a large range of latitudes, including both northern and southern hemispheres, for a large fraction of a Saturn year (=29 Earth years). Local time asymmetries have been observed in the thermal plasma, the energetic particles, energetic neutral atoms, magnetic fields and aurora. Some of these are dawn-to-dusk asymmetries and have Earth-like analogies. Unlike Earth’s magnetosphere, however, Saturn’s magnetosphere is rotationally dominated, has no observable tilt relative to the spin axis, and has a major internal plasma and neutrals source in the icy moon Enceladus. These factors contribute to a number of local time asymmetries that are not dawn-to-dusk. This paper reviews Saturn’s local time asymmetries in charged particles, magnetic fields, and energetic neutral atoms, showing how some are Earth-like and some are not.

International audience; Stable isotopes of carbon and oxygen in volcanic gases are key tracers of volatile transfer between Earth's interior and atmosphere. Although important, these data are available for few volcanoes because they have traditionally been difficult to obtain and are usually measured on gas samples collected from fumaroles. We present new field measurements of bulk plume composition and stable isotopes (δ13CCO2 and δ18OH2O+CO2) carried out at three northern Chilean volcanoes using MultiGAS and isotope ratio infrared spectroscopy. Carbon and oxygen in magmatic gas plumes of Lastarria and Isluga volcanoes have δ13C in CO2 of +0.76‰ to +0.77‰ (VPDB), similar to slab carbonate; and δ18O in the H2O + CO2 system ranging from +12.2‰ to +20.7‰ (VSMOW), suggesting significant contributions from altered slab pore water and carbonate. The hydrothermal plume at Tacora has lower δ13CCO2 of -3.2‰ and δ18OH2O+CO2 of +7.0‰, reflecting various scrubbing, kinetic fractionation, and contamination processes. We show the isotopic characterization of volcanic gases in the field to be a practical complement to traditional sampling methods, with the potential to remove sampling bias that is a risk when only a few samples from accessible fumaroles are used to characterize a given volcano's volatile output. Our results indicate that there is a previously unrecognized, relatively heavy isotopic signature to bulk volcanic gas plumes in the Central Andes, which can be attributed to a strong influence from components of the subducting slab, but may also reflect some local crustal contamination. The techniques we describe open new avenues for quantifying the roles that subduction zones and arc volcanoes play in the global carbon cycle.

The closure of swine farms requires decommissioning of lagoons that contain large amounts of swine solids (sludge). Sludge is typically transported and land applied to soils. However, in some cases this process could be economically prohibitive and/or unpractical. An alternative idea is to encase sludge with lagoon soil berms after removing overlying effluent, followed by establishment of forages or short-rotation woody crops on the encased sludge. The objective of this study was to investigate growth potential for several forages and tree species into a pure layer of swine sludge. Alfalfa (Meticago sativa), bermudagrass (Cynodon dactylon), switchgrass (Panicum virgatum), green ash (Fraxinus pennsylvanica), black locust (Robinia pseudoacacia), and sycamore (Platanus occidentalis) were established in 40 cm deep pots consisting of a lagoon berm soil overlaying a sludge layer for 12 w followed by analysis of aboveground and belowground biomass production. "New" and "old" sludge was collected from an active 10 year old lagoon and decommissioned 50 year old lagoon, respectively. A control (soil only) was used. Encased sludge treatments increased forage biomass production. Sycamore and green ash were sensitive to new sludge but not old sludge as these species had less biomass production in new sludge than control and showed tissue trace nutrient deficiencies. While both sludge materials contained adequate nutrients, the new sludge had a salt concentration 1.8 times higher than old sludge as indicated by electrical conductivity (12.4 mS). Thus, the forage crops and black locust were able to thrive in new sludge due to their salt tolerance.

AFTER INVESTING hundreds of millions in the latest technology, a UK-based company is about to launch a wireless telephone service. There are already a few well-established competiors in the market. Nevertheless, the new entry creates a unique brand that within a year comes to dominate consumer awareness. Doug Hamilton and Keith Kirby explain how the success of Orange Personal Communications Services grew from a set of values that become the basis not only of its mark but also its services, communications, environments, and employee attitude.

With the advent of three-dimensional stacked integrated-circuit (3D IC), the functionality, performance and power of semiconductor devices has been elevated to a new level. At the same time, the analytical techniques used in the evaluation of 3D IC must also advance in capability. Some new methodologies, based on FPGA products, have been developed to analyze 3D IC failures, all using conventional FA equipment and innovative techniques to achieve a short turn-around time and high success rate. A few case studies will be presented to show the effectiveness of the methodologies.

Lightly doped source-drain diffusions are difficult if not impossible to delineate using wet chemical etching, but with a few process modifications and the use of edge shorting, a 20:1 HNO3/HF etch for 5 s at room temperature can reveal almost any junction profile in a CMOS device. The relatively simple process is outlined in this installment of Master FA Technique, which also includes a series of images showing how well the method works.

This paper outlines a plan to validate Integrated Systems Health Management (ISHM), through modeling and simulation, to a level that makes it suitable for real-time flight operations. The objectives and an overview of the Air Force Research Laboratory (AFRL) ISHM architecture will be presented. A history of the stepped approach to designing, building, and testing AFRL’s current ISHM simulation will be reviewed. The design and goals of the hardware-in-the-loop test bed will be discussed. Finally, the plan for validating the ISHM system via simulation in the test bed will be presented.

This failure analysis case study illustrates the masterful use of a dual-beam FIB to reveal hidden details in a mechanically polished cross-section.

The authors suggest in this paper that the understanding of business reengineering as a current discipline can be enhanced by research into past process redesign initiatives which appear to be based on similar assumptions, particularly in relation to the role of IT as the essential enabler of change. As an instance of this approach, the paper deals with a business reengineering plan developed by Telecom Australia during the 1960s. After several years of implementation activities, the plan was abandoned in 1972. The authors conclude that the assumptions made in preparing the plan effectively precluded adequate consideration of the practical issues involved. They suggest that business enterprises undertaking major reengineering initiatives in the 1990s may be at risk of underestimating the difficulties involved for essentially the same reason.

Progress in our understanding of the Solar System has been extremely rapid over the past decade. It has been fuelled by the discoveries of extrasolar planets, the Kuiper Belt and myriad distant planetary satellites, by spacecraft fly-bys of asteroids and comets, by the in situ exploration of Mars, and by the advent of fast computers and efficient numerical algorithms. To the great benefit of students and practitioners alike, the appearance of advanced textbooks has been almost equally rapid. The most recent offering is Physics of the Solar System, a wellwritten and comprehensive overview of the diverse bodies that surround the Sun and of the intricate interplay between them. Physics of the Solar System is much broader in scope than two other recent advanced textbooks, Solar System Dynamics by Carl Murray and Stanley Dermott (Cambridge University Press, 2000) and Alessandro Morbidelli’s Modern Celestial Mechanics (Taylor & Francis, 2002). These titles focused primarily on orbital dynamics, a topic that accounts for only about half of Physics of the Solar System,which manages to cover it clearly and succinctly by outlining many derivations rather than providing full details. Preceding the orbital dynamics is an opening section that emphasizes the physical states of planetary bodies, including their rotation, gravitational fields, tidal distortions and heat budgets, and another that focuses on magnetospheres and atmospheres. The volume concludes with several chapters devoted to issues relevant for artificial satellites. The book is more focused and deeper than Planetary Sciences (Cambridge University Press, 2001) by Imke de Pater and Jack Lissauer, but is less broad, containing no chemistry and only a limited discussion of geological topics. Physics of the Solar System is tightly written, fun to read and should appeal to experts in the field and new graduate students alike. Within its covers abound a wealth of interesting and little-known nuggets of planetary lore that, although available in the scientific literature, have not appeared in an accessible text before.For instance, it is well known that planets move along elliptical paths around the Sun and that these orbits precess (or rotate) slowly in space under the influence of weak gravitational perturbations from the books and arts

Scanning electron microscopy (SEM) is a frequently used tool for establishing reliability where potential causes of failure are related to structural aspects that show up on a submicron scale. Conventional SEMs, however, even those equipped with field emission sources, can provide high-quality photomicrographs only up to a magnification of about 100,000×. For many purposes greater resolution (several nanometers or below) is required, in which case the usual alternative is to turn to transmission electron microscopy (TEM), in spite of the laborious sample preparation required and limited plan-view images obtained. We describe here an underutilized alternative to TEM for many applications. The in-lens field emission SEM (ILFESEM) can provide pictures above 500,000× magnification with sub-nanometer resolution, with the simple sample preparation and surface viewing advantages of the SEM. Magnification in this range is necessary to verify modern day tolerances on surface morphology and roughness, oxide and thin film structure, thickness, and step coverage, and pore sizes in adhesion layers or diffusion membranes.

Facilities management is addressed and, as a result of research amongst the client and professional sectors, a definition of facilities management is given. Examples of effective facilities management are given. The author maintains that its importance is increasing amongst organisations aiming to remain competitive.