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Purpose The purpose of this paper is two-fold: to analyze the legal issues on disgorgement and disgorgement funds in Indonesia, the USA and the UK and to construct the ideal law regarding disgorgement and disgorgement fund. Design/methodology/approach The type of legal research in this paper is normative legal research. The research approach used is a comparative approach and a legal approach. The legal materials used are all regulations on the disgorgement law and the disgorgement fund that apply in Indonesia, the USA and the UK. The technique of collecting legal materials is done by using library research techniques. Findings The rapid growth of the capital market in Indonesia still faces various legal issues such as various market manipulations, insider trading and illegal investment management activities. Based on the results of a comparative study, Indonesia does not yet have a calculation mechanism regarding the imposition of disgorgement on violators. Unlike Indonesia, the USA has the rules of practice and rules on fair funds and exchange commissions, and the UK has the decision procedure and penalties manual, which regulates the mechanism for calculating the imposition of disgorgement. Indonesia is solely able to use administrative action in imposing disgorgement, while in the USA and the UK, it can be through courts or direct administrative actions. These legal issues have resulted due to the lack of confidence by international investors and the growth of the investment climate in Indonesia itself. Research limitations/implications This study examines the regulation of disgorgement and disgorgement funds in Indonesia, the USA and the UK. However, the focus of research in this paper is limited to legal issues that occurred in Indonesia. Practical implications The results of this study may help to construct the ideal regulations on disgorgement and disgorgement funds in various countries and protect the capital market of the investors. Social implications The results of this study are expected to be helpful for the investment climate in various countries, especially developing countries. Originality/value The ideal legal construction regarding disgorgement, namely, parties to the mechanism for imposing disgorgement; disgorgement filing mechanism; sanctions in disgorgement; disgorgement fund sources; provider of fundholding accounts; mechanism for calculating disgorgement imposition; disgorgement fund distribution mechanism.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is two-fold: to explore the legal issue of the importance of personal data protection in the digital economy sector and to propose a legal framework for personal data protection as a consumer protection strategy and accelerate the digital economy. Design/methodology/approach This study is legal research. The research approach used was the comparative approach and statute approach. The legal materials used are all regulations regarding personal data protection that apply in Indonesia, Hong Kong and Malaysia. The technique of collecting legal materials is done by using library research techniques. Findings The value of Indonesia’s digital economy is the biggest in the Southeast Asia region, but data breach is still a big challenge to face. The Indonesian Consumers Foundation (Yayasan Lembaga Konsumen Indonesia) recorded 54 cases of a data breach in e-commerce, 27 cases in peer-to-peer lending and 5 cases in electronic money. Based on the results of a comparative study with Hong Kong and Malaysia, Indonesia has yet no specific Act that comprehensively regulates personal data protection. Indonesia also does not have a personal data protection commission. Criminal sanctions and civil claims related to data breaches have not yet been regulated. Research limitations/implications This study examines the data breach problem in the Indonesian digital economy sector. However, the legal construction of personal data protection regulations is built on the results of a comparative study with Hong Kong and Malaysia. Practical implications The results of this study can be useful for constructing the ideal regulation regarding the protection of personal data in the digital economy sector. Social implications The results of the recommendations in this study are expected to develop and strengthen the protection of personal data in the Indonesian digital economy sector. Besides aiming to prevent the misuse of personal data, the regulation aims to protect consumers and accelerate the growth of the digital economy. Originality/value Indonesia needs to create a personal data protection act. The act should at least cover such issues: personal data protection principles; types of personal data; management of personal data; mechanism of personal data protection and security; commission of personal data protection; transfers of personal data; resolution mechanism of personal data dispute and criminal sanctions and civil claims.

Purpose This paper aims to explore the prospects and the challenges of Islamic fintech in Indonesia. This study also proposes a comprehensive legal framework to encourage and accelerate the growth of the Islamic economy. Design/methodology/approach This study is the result of legal research with a statute approach and conceptual approach. The types of data used are legal materials consisting of primary legal materials and secondary legal materials. The technique of collecting legal materials is done by using library research techniques. The legal materials were analyzed using the legal norm method. Findings Indonesia is a country with the largest Muslim population in the world. However, the market size of Indonesia’s Islamic fintech is still below Saudi Arabia, Iran, United Arab Emirates (UAE) and Malaysia. Saudi Arabia’s Islamic fintech is the biggest market in the world, with $17.9bn worth of transactions in 2020 while Iran is at $9.2bn, UAE $3.7bn, Malaysia $3.0bn and Indonesia $2.9bn. This condition was due to various challenges in the Islamic fintech industry in Indonesia, including inadequate regulations; complicated permit procedures; misuse of fintech for financing terrorism; rampant occurrence of illegal fintech businesses; and consumer disputes in the fintech sector. These challenges require the construction of a comprehensive legal framework through the formation of an Act on Fintech. Research limitations/implications The focus of this research was limited to the problems occurring in the Islamic fintech sector in Indonesia as a country with the largest Muslim population in the world. Practical implications The results of this research can be used as recommendations for the formulation of comprehensive policies for the growth and development of Islamic fintech. Social implications Islamic fintech requires a comprehensive legal framework that functions to encourage the development of the Islamic fintech industry, digital economy growth and legal mitigation of various legal risks and misuse of fintech for financial crime and financing terrorism. Originality/value This paper proposes an original idea of creating a legal framework in a form of the Islamic Fintech Act. The Act should cover such legal substances as follows: Islamic compliance; an integrated one-stop permit procedure; division of authority, coordination and synergy among authorities; prevention and resolution of digital financial system crisis; criminal sanctions; and consumer dispute resolution mechanisms and alternative institution for fintech consumer dispute resolution.

Purpose This paper aims to identify the reasons why cases of leakage of patient personal data often occur in the health sector. This paper also analyzes personal data protection regulations in the health sector from a comparative legal perspective between Indonesia, Singapore and the European Union (EU). Design/methodology/approach This type of research is legal research. The research approach used is the statute approach and conceptual approach. The focus of this study in this research is Indonesia with a comparative study in Singapore and the EU. Findings Cases of leakage of patient personal data in Indonesia often occur. In 2021, the data for 230,000 COVID-19 patients was leaked and sold on the Rapid Forums dark web forum. A patient’s personal data is a human right that must be protected. Compared to Singapore and the EU, Indonesia is a country that does not yet have a law on the protection of personal data. This condition causes cases of leakage of patients’ personal data to occur frequently. Research limitations/implications This study analyzes the regulation and protection of patients’ personal data in Indonesia, Singapore and the EU to construct a regulatory design for the protection of patients’ personal data. Practical implications The results of this study are useful for constructing regulations governing the protection of patients’ personal data. The regulation is to protect the patient’s personal data like a patient’s human right. Social implications The ideal regulatory design can prevent data breaches. Based on the results of comparative studies, in Singapore and the EU, cases of personal data leakage are rare because they have a regulatory framework regarding the protection of patients’ personal data. Originality/value Legal strategies that can be taken to prevent and overcome patient data breaches include the establishment of an Act on Personal Data Protection; the Personal Data Protection Commission; and management of patients’ personal data.

Purpose This paper aims to elaborate the reasons why Indonesia needs Law on Fintech. This paper also identifies the flaws in the existing regulations and policies on Fintech, and it also proposes an ideal framework for a fintech law as a strategy to strengthen consumer protection and to accelerate the growth of the digital economy in Indonesia. Design/methodology/approach This is normative research with a legal approach. Data were collected through a literature study and analyzed using legal norm method. Findings The promising potential and growth of the fintech industry in Indonesia need to be supported by a sound legal framework in the form of Indonesian Law. In regards to fintech, Indonesia does not yet have a specific law on fintech. Existing regulations in the Bank of Indonesia Regulations (PBI) and Indonesia Financial Services Authority Regulations (POJK) only regulate the technical aspects of the industry, thus providing a less sound legal power. Bank of Indonesia (BI) and Indonesia Financial Services Authority (OJK) have limited authority in the making of regulations and the regulations produced by these institutions cannot stipulate criminal provisions. This results in inadequate consumer protection measures. The Investment Alert Task Force reported 2,018 illegal P2P lending, 472 illegal investment companies and 69 illegal pawnbrokers. The accumulation of online lending transactions in December 2019 reached a total of IDR81.50tn, seeing a 259.56% increase from the previous year. Meanwhile, the amount of bad debt reached IDR13.6tn, seeing a 169.48% increase. These reasons illustrate how urgently Indonesia needs Fintech Law. Research limitations/implications This research only examines the existing Fintech regulations in Indonesia. The approach method used is normative legal research. Practical implications This research is expected to be useful for The House of Representatives of the Republic of Indonesia (DPR), the Ministry of Law and Human Rights, the Indonesia Financial Services Authority (OJK) and Bank of Indonesia (BI) in drafting the Fintech Law. Social implications This research is expected to increase protection for consumers, investors and providers of fintech services and accelerate the growth of the digital economy in Indonesia. Originality/value Regulating fintech in the Indonesian Law is meant to give legal certainty and better legal protection for consumers, investors and providers of fintech services. Seeing that the value of the Indonesian digital economy in 2019 has reached USD40bn (approximately IDR586tn), Indonesia is philosophically, juridically and sociologically in urgent need of Fintech Law.

Undang-Undang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik (ITE) adalah Undang-Undang yang sudah 9 (sembilan) kali mengalami uji materiil sejak diundangkan pada tahun 2008 hingga tahun 2021. Kondisi tersebut menjadi indikasi bahwa publik masih meragukan subtansi Undang-Undang ITE. Menarik untuk dikaji adalah Putusan MK Nomor 50/PUU-VI/2008 yang menyatakan bahwa norma Pasal 27 ayat (3) dan Pasal 45 ayat (1) Undang-Undang ITE adalah konstitusional dan tidak bertentangan dengan nilai-nilai demokrasi, hak asasi manusia, dan prinsip-prinsip negara hukum. Namun, Pemerintah justru merevisi Undang-Undang ITE dan mengeluarkan Surat Keputusan Bersama (SKB) tentang Pedoman Implementasi atas Pasal Tertentu dalam Undang-Undang Nomor 11 Tahun 2008 tentang Informasi dan Transaksi Elektronik.Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menjawab permasalahan apakah tindakan pemerintah yang merevisi Undang-Undang ITE dan mengeluarkan SKB adalah bentuk pembangkangan (disobedience) atau kepatuhan (compliance) terhadap Putusan MK dan bagaimana implikasinya terhadap tatanan hukum. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum dengan pendekatan statute approach dan case approach. Bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi kepustakaan dan observasi dokumen. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis yuridis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menyebutkan bahwa terdapat kontradiksi antara Putusan MK dengan tindakan Pemerintah namun tindakan tersebut bukan bentuk pembangkangan melainkan bentuk kepatuhan dan perwujudan kesadaran hukum kritis (critical legal conciousnees). Upaya Pemerintah untuk merevisi dan mengeluarkan SKB pada konteks ini dilakukan karena didasari oleh nilai-nilai luhur dengan motif untuk menciptakan hukum yang lebih responsif pada kebutuhan dan kepentingan masyarakat. Implikasi yang timbulkan justru memperkuat Putusan MK Nomor 50/PUU-VI/2008 dan menciptakan praktik ketatanegaraan baru dalam pembentukan atau revisi peraturan perundang-undangan.

Startup atau perusahaan rintisan berbasis teknologi informasi adalah pelaku utama di sektor ekonomi digital. Bahkan, pada masa pandemi, kehadiran startup terbukti menjadi tulang punggung pemulihan ekonomi nasional. Namun, panjangnya proses perijinan usaha, over regulation dan ketidakjelasan lembaga atau komisi yang mengatur startup menjadi hambatan sekaligus persoalan serius dalam ekosistem ekonomi digital. Alhasil, berdasarkan Global Startup Ecosystem Index Report 2021, Indonesia menduduki peringkat ke-45 dalam pemeringkatan ekosistem startup global. Di satu sisi, valuasi ekonomi digital Indonesia mencapai US$ 44 miliar dan terbesar di kawasan Asia Tenggara. Berkaitan dengan hal tersebut, penelitian ini bertujuan untuk mengkonstruksikan kerangka pengaturan bisnis startup di Indonesia. Jenis penelitian adalah penelitian hukum yang menggunakan pendekatan statute approach dan comparative approach. Beberapa negara yang dijadikan objek studi perbandingan adalah Amerika, Italia, Tunisia dan India. Bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah bahan hukum primer dan sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi kepustakaan dan observasi dokumen. Analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis yuridis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menyebutkan bahwa dukungan regulasi menjadi faktor kunci keberhasilan beberapa negara seperti Amerika, Italia, Tunisia dan India dalam menciptakan ekosistem startup. Selain itu, adanya Komisi Startup Nasional memiliki peran penting dalam perumusan kebijakan, pengawasan, pemberdayaan dan dukungan permodalan bagi startup. Untuk membangun ekosistem startup sekaligus sebagai strategi percepatan pemulihan ekonomi Indonesia pada masa pandemi, direkomendasikan bagi Pemerintah Indonesia untuk membangun kerangka pengaturan bagi startup melalui pembentukan regulasi khusus terkait startup dan membentuk Komisi StartupNasional sebagai ekosistem ekonomi digital di Indonesia.

This article aims to know the contractual relationship between PT JIEP and PT Yamaha Indonesia in the perspective of the Book of Private Law Regulation and Government Regulation Number 142 of 2015 concerning Industrial Estates and challenges and obstacles faced by PT JIEP in carrying out contractual relationships. This research is a descriptive empirical law research. The research location is at PT JIEP. The research types and source of data include primary and secondary data. Methods for data collection are through depth interview and literature study. The technique analysis data is qualitative with interactive model analysis. The results of this research shows that the Challenges and obstacles faced by PT JIEP in conducting contractual relations is: (a) lack of the active role for PT JIEP in Industrial Relations Disputes; and (b) there is no clear action written in the agreement if there is delay in lease payment and deposit.Keywords: Legal Contract; Industrial Area; Industrial Relation Dispute.AbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui hubungan kontraktual antara PT JIEP dan PT Yamaha Indonesia ditinjau dalam perspektif KUHPerdata dan Peraturan Pemerintah Nomor 142 Tahun 2015 tentang Kawasan Industri dan tantangan dan hambatan yang dihadapi oleh PT JIEP dalam menjalankan hubungan kontraktual. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum empiris yang bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di PT. Jakarta Industrial Estate Pulogadung. Jenis dan sumber data penelitian ini meliputi data primer dan data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan data melalui studi lapangan dan studi kepustakaan. Teknik analisis data dilakukan secara kualitatif dengan model analisis interaktif. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan Tantangan dan hambatan yang dihadapi oleh PT JIEP dalam melakukan hubungan kontraktual adalah: (a) kurangnya peran PT JIEP secara aktif dalam Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial; dan (b) tidak adanya tindakan yang jelas yang tertulis dalam perjanjian apabila terdapat keterlambatan pembayaran sewa dan deposit.Kata Kunci: Kontrak; Kawasan Industri; Perselisihan Hubungan Industrial.

This article aims to determine the factors that hinder the effectiveness of the application of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) on children’s toys. The research methodology used is empirical research, whichis researching secondary data at first, then continuing research on primary data in the field or thecommunity. Legal research materials used are primary and secondary legal materials, the techniqueused in gathering legal materials is depth interviews and document studies or library materials. Theresults showed that there were factors that hindered the effectiveness of the implementation of the Indonesian National Standard (SNI), which was due to the community being indifferent or not paying attention to the importance of standardization in children’s toys besidesthe lack of merchant knowledgeto the importance of SNI in children’s toys.In the application of SNI, there are inhibiting factors, namelythe Law factor indicated by the absence of regional regulations governing mandatory SNI on children’stoys, law enforcement factors namely the lack of work ethic in law enforcement, facility and infrastructurefactorsare indicated by communication tools that do not yet support the role of law enforcers to maximizetheir performance, community factors many people who do not know the importance of SNI in children’stoys due to the lack of socialization they get, cultural factors are shown by the legal culture or immaturelegal habits of society so that the effectiveness of the mandatory forefront of SNI is not running optimally.Keywords: SNI; Children Toys; Effectiveness.AbstrakArtikel ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui faktor-faktor yang menjadi penghambat efektivitas penerapan Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) pada mainan anak. Metodologi penelitian yang digunakan adalahpenelitian empiris, yaitu meneliti data sekunder pada awalnya, untuk kemudian dilanjutkan penelitianterhadap data primer di lapangan atau terhadap masyarakat. Bahan penelitian hukum yang digunakanadalah bahan hukum primer dan sekunder, teknik yang digunakan dalam pengumpulan bahan hukumadalah depth interview dan studi dokumen atau bahan pustaka. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan terdapatfaktor yang menghambat efektivitas penerapan Standar Nasional Indonesia (SNI) yaitu dikarenakanmasyarakat acuh atau tidak memperhatikan betul pentingnya standardisasi pada mainan anak selainitu kurangnya pengetahuan pedagang terkait pentingnya SNI pada mainan anak. Dalam penerapanSNI terdapat faktor-faktor yang menghambat yaitu faktor Undang-Undang ditunjukkan dengan belumadanya peraturan daerah yang mengatur tentang wajib SNI pada mainan anak, faktor penegak hukumyaitu masih kurangnya etos kerja pada penegak hukum, faktor sarana dan prasarana ditunjukkandengan alat komunikasi yang belum menunjang peranan penegak hukum untuk memaksimalkankinerjanya, faktor masyarakat yaitu banyak masyarakat yang belum mengetahui pentingnya SNI padamainan anak dikarenakan kurangnya sosialisasi yang mereka dapatkan, faktor kebudayaan ditunjukkandengan budaya hukum atau kebiasaan hukum masyarakat yang belum matang sehingga efektivitas penerapan wajib SNI tidak berjalan dengan maksimal. Kata Kunci: SNI; Mainan Anak; Efektivitas.

The purpose aims to find out the form of legal protection to the parties and the problematic that facing by Financial Services Authority to provide effort of legal protection for the parties in the service of equity crowdfunding. This legal research is a descriptive empirical law research. The research location is Financial Services Authority Surakarta. The research types and source of data include primary and secondary data with using by a qualitative analysis technique. The results of this research explain the problematic that facing by Financial Services Authority to provide effort of legal protection in the service of equity crowdfunding which is divided into three factors that is : (a) legal substance, (b) legal structure, and (c) legal culture.Keywords: Legal Protection; Problematic; Equity CrowdfundingAbstrakPenulisan ini bertujuan untuk mengetahui bentuk perlindungan hukum kepada para pihak serta problematika yang dihadapi oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan dalam memberikan upaya perlindungan hukum kepada para pihak dalam layanan equity crowdfunding. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian hukum empiris yang bersifat deskriptif kualitatif. Lokasi penelitian dilakukan di Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Surakarta. Jenis dan sumber data penelitian ini meliputi data primer dan data sekunder dengan menggunakan teknik analisis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian ini menjelaskan problematika dalam memberikan upaya perlindungan hukum pada para pihak yang dihadapi oleh Otoritas Jasa Keuangan dalam layanan equity crowdfunding yang terbagi menjadi tiga faktor yaitu: (a) substansi hukum, (b) struktur hukum, dan (c) budaya hukum.Kata Kunci: Perlindungan Hukum; Problematika; Equity Crowdfunding

Masalah perizinan menjadi salah satu masalah terkait investasi yang perlu dibenahi. Oleh karenanya, Pemerintah melalui Omnibus Law melakukan penyederhanaan perizinan. Salah satu bentuk penyederhanaan perizinan yaitu dengan penghapusan izin lingkungan. Upaya tersebut tentunya bertentangan dengan Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. Disatu sisi, polusi dan kerusakan lingkungan masih menjadi salah satu masalah dan tantangan besar Indonesia yang belum bisa terselesaikan saat ini. Merespon permasalahan tersebut, penelitian ini berusaha untuk menganalisis korelasi antara izin lingkungan dengan tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Artikel ini juga akan menganalisis mengapa subtansi izin lingkungan dalam Omnibus Law bertentangan dengan tujuan pembangunan berkelanjutan. Jenis penelitian ini adalah penelitian hukum normatif. Teknik pengumpulan data dilakukan dengan studi literature dan observasi dokumen. Teknik analisis yang digunakan adalah analisis yuridis kualitatif. Hasil penelitian menyimpulkan bahwa izin lingkungan adalah wujud integrasi antara dimensi sosial, ekonomi dan lingkungan dalam konteks Tujuan Pembangunan Berkelanjutan. Omnibus Law harus dapat menyederhanakan izin usaha dengan tetap memperhatikan lingkungan hidup. Penelitian ini merekomendasikan kepada Pemerintah untuk tetap menerapkan izin lingkungan dalam subtansi Omnibus Law. Di dalam Omnibus Law perlu dikonstruksikan proses perizinan lingkungan yang cepat, sederhana dan biaya yang memadai melalui rekonstruksi kelembagaan, konsistensi mekanisme penilaian izin lingkungan, dan penambahan Pejabat Pengawas Lingkungan Hidup Daerah (PPLHD).

The Agreement on the Technical Barriers to Trade (TBT Agreement) WTO and The ASEAN Economic Community (AEC) The Blueprint envisions the transformation of the WTO and ASEAN region through the facilitation of the free flow of goods and services. With tariffs declining to near-zero levels, non-tariff barriers are increasingly focused on coordination by member-countries. However, the quality of goods / services becomes a central issue that determines the market entry. Therefore, TBT agreement and AEC Blueprint require fulfillment of Standards and Conformity Assessment to guarantee the quality of goods or services. On the one hand, the low level of compliance of business actors in applying SNI (Indonesian National Standards) represents of the low level of Indonesian industry competitiveness in international level. Thus, specific government’s policies are required, one of which is that dealing with the strategic roles of local government to support products manufactured by national industries to break through global markets. Some strategies for strengthening local policies in national standardization include: (a) constructing local regulations governing Standards and Conformity assessment; (b) implementing mandatory SNI to leading local products; (c) Strengthening mutual cooperation between local government and related stakeholders.

The purpose of this article is to determine the problems in the implementation of equity crowdfunding. This legal research uses descriptive empirical legal writing method by conducting a qualitative analysis of primary data and secondary data.. The result showed that there were obstacles inside the legal system as well as outside the legal system, including normative problems related to the Regulation of the Financial Services Authority Number 37/POJK.04/2018 about Funding Services through Stock Offerings based on Information Technology (Equity Crowdfunding), and non-normative problems that includeculture, infrastructure, systems, and the limited knowledge of the community. Therefore, the government, especially the Financial Services Authority, should revise the Financial Services Authority Regulation regarding equity crowdfunding to be more optimal. Keywords: Problems; Otoritas Jasa Keuangan; Equity Crowdfunding Abstrak Tujuan artikel ini untuk mengetahui problematika dalam pelaksanaan equity crowdfunding. Jenis penelitian hukum ini adalah hukum empiris bersifat deskriptif, dengan analisis secara kualitatif pada data primer dan data sekunder. Hasil dalam penelitian ini adalah adanya hambatan dalam sistem hukum maupun di luar sistem hukum yang menghambat terlaksananya equity crowdfunding di Indonesia, diantaranya problematika normatif yang terdapat di dalam Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan Nomor 37/POJK.04/2018 tentang Layanan Urun Dana melalui Penawaran Saham Berbasis Teknologi Informasi (Equity Crowdfunding), dan problematika non normatif yang mencakup budaya, infrastruktur, sistem, dan keterbatasan pengetahuan masyarakat. Oleh karena itu, pemerintah khususnya Otoritas Jasa Keuangan seharusnya merevisi Peraturan Otoritas Jasa Keuangan mengenai equity crowdfunding agar penyelenggaraan equity crowdfunding lebih optimal. Kata Kunci: Problematika; Otoritas Jasa Keuangan; Equity Crowdfunding

This study examines the role of the Indonesia Stock Exchange on capital market investors regarding the bankruptcy of a public company. This research uses normative-empirical legal research methods with descriptive and prescriptive forms. The results show that the legal protection of capital market investors by the Indonesia Stock Exchange can be done with the principle of disclosure to investors and monitoring of financial reports, annual reports, and other periodic reports. Keywords: Bankrupt, Investor, Legal ProtectionAbstrakPenelitian ini mengkaji tentang peran Bursa Efek Indonesia terhadap investor pasar modal mengenai kepailitan perusahaan terbuka. Penelitian ini menggunakan metode penelitian hukum normatif-empiris dengan sifat penelitian deskriptif dan bentuk preskriptif. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa Upaya perlindungan hukum investor pasar modal oleh Bursa Efek Indonesia dapat dilakukan dengan prinsip keterbukaan kepada para investor dan pantauan mengenai Laporan keuangan, Laporan tahunan, dan Laporan berkala lainnya. Kata kunci: Pailit, Investor, Perlindungan Hukum.

This article describes how to apply standardization on batik in Yogyakarta. This is based on the globalization of trade which requires all products to meet standards that have been applied internationally to be accepted in the international market. The methodology and research used are empirical legal research methods that are sociological juridical, namely understanding the conditions and social situations in which the law is applied. The results of the study show that law enforcement officers in this case are the Yogyakarta City Industri and Trade Department and the Yogyakarta Center for Crafts and Batik has not made maximum effort. The legal rules that apply are not relevant to current conditions because the application of standardization of batik which is a benchmark to be accepted in the international market cannot be enforced. In addition, there are still many legal cultures in the batik industri that ignore the law, especially batik standardization. This has an impact on batik entrepreneurs who apply standardization on batik in the city of Yogyakarta are still very few due to various obstacles.Keywords: Standardization; Batik; International Trade; Application of Rules; ProblemsAbstrakArtikel ini mendeskripsikan bagaimana penerapan standarisasi pada batik di Kota Yogyakarta. Hal tersebut didasari oleh globalisasi perdagangan yang menuntut semua produk harus memenuhi standar yang telahditerapkan secara internasional agar dapat diterima di pasar internasional. Metodologi dan penelitian yang digunakan adalah metode penelitian hukum empiris yang bersifat yuridis sosiologis, yaitu memahami kondisi dan situasi sosial kemasyarakatan di mana hukum itu diterapkan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan bahwa aparat penegak hukum dalam hal ini adalah Dinas Perindustrian dan Perdagangan Kota Yogyakarta serta Balai Besar Kerajinan dan Batik Yogyakarta belum melakukan usaha yang maksimal. Aturan hukum yang berlaku tidak relevan dengan kondisi sekarang ini dikarenakan penerapan standarisasi batik yang menjadi tolok ukur untuk dapat diterima di pasar internasional tidak dapat dipaksakan penerapannya. Selain itu budaya hukum dalam pelaku industri batik masih banyak yang mengabaikan hukum, khususnya standarisasi batik. Hal demikian berdampak pada pelaku usaha batik yang menerapan standarisasi pada batik di Kota Yogyakarta masih sangat sedikit yang dikarenakan berbagai kendala yang ada. Kata Kunci: Standarisasi; Batik; Perdagangan Internasional; Penerapan Aturan; Problematika.

This review is to analyze the validity of electronic contracts in e-commerce transactions using bitcoin in terms of civil law. This study is based on the results of the normative legal study that is descriptive by using the law approach. The types and sources of legal materials used are secondary data. The technique of collecting legal materials using literature study. The technique of analysis of legal materials used is qualitative with deductive method in drawing conclusion. The result of research shows the validity of electronic contract in e-commerce transaction with bitcoin payment method must fulfill the provisions of Article 1320 KUH Perdata regarding the validity of the agreement. In e-commerce transactions by bitcoin payment methods the terms of validity in Article 1320 KUH Perdata are very difficult to fulfill, so contracts born in e-commerce transactions by method of payment through bitcoin are invalid and can be canceled through a court decision if the parties or wrong one party wishes, but if the parties do not request a cancellation then the contract remains valid and binds the parties involved. The responsibilities of each party involved in this transaction ie the seller, the buyer, the payment system provider, and the expedition must be viewed in terms of the respective parties’ liabilities and also seen from the disadvantages caused by the fault of the parties involved.Keywords: Electronic Contract; E-Commerce Transaction; BitcoinAbstrakKajian ini untuk menganalisis keabsahan kontrak elektronik dalam transaksi e-commerce menggunakan bitcoin ditinjau dari aspek hukum perdata. Kajian ini didasarkana atas hasil kajian hukum normatif yang bersifat deskriptif dengan menggunakan pendekatan undang- undang. Jenis dan sumber bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah berupa data sekunder. Teknik pengumpulan bahan hukum menggunakan studi kepustakaan. Teknik analisis bahan hukum yang digunakan adalah kualitatif dengan metode deduktif dalam penarikan kesimpulan. Hasil penelitian menunjukan keabsahan kontrak elektronik dalam transaksi e-commerce dengan metode pembayaran bitcoin haruslah memenuhi ketentuan Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata mengenai syarat sahnya perjanjian. Dalam transaksi e-commerce dengan metode pembayaran bitcoin syarat-syarat keabsahan dalam Pasal 1320 KUH Perdata sangatlah sulit untuk dipenuhi, sehingga kontrak yang lahir dalam transaksi e-commerce dengan metode pembayaran melalui bitcoin tidak sah dan dapat dibatalkan melalui putusan pengadilan apabila para pihak atau salahsatu pihak menghendaki, namun apabila para pihak tidak meminta pembatalan maka kontrak tersebut tetap berlaku dan mengikat para pihak yang terlibat. Tanggung jawab masing-masing pihak yang terlibat didalam transaksi ini yakni penjual, pembeli, penyelenggara sistem pembayaran, dan pihak ekspedisi harus dilihat dari segi kewajiban masing-masing pihak dan juga dilihat dari kerugiaan tersebut disebabkan oleh kesalahan pihak yang terlibat.Kata Kunci : Kontrak Elektronik, Transaksi E-Commerce, Bitcoin