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Copyright of Revista UNISCI is the property of Unidad de Investigaciones Sobre Seguridad y Cooperacion International (UNISCI) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Los sistemas de control y las tecnologías audiovisuales mantienen una alianza bilateral que permite la estructuración de un discurso social fundamentado en el miedo. Si el terrible acontecimiento real que deja soliviantada a la población siempre ha sido un recurso clave para la explotación comercial cinematográfica, igualmente las estrategias fílmicas operan como modelo imaginario para la recreación del suceso real. El relato social se construye bajo la constante amenaza del otro que induce a un sentimiento de terror colectivo cuidadosamente administrado por el poder político y los medios de comunicación. El cine ha participado –y sigue participando– en este proceso de escenificación de lo real; no obstante, advierte también del peligro inherente a su condición mediática.

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La responsabilidad por violación de derechos de propiedad intelectual tiene reglas especiales. Una de ellas se concreta en el sistema del triple cómputo. Este consiste en analizar tres variables para cuantificar la indemnización: los perjuicios patrimoniales, las ganancias percibidas por el infractor y el precio que este hubiera pagado por una licencia. En este artículo se evaluará la viabilidad de aplicarlo con carácter general, es decir, aplicarlo con base en el régimen común a cualquier hipótesis de responsabilidad.

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The strategy of deterrence by denial is widely used by different actors. Despite its prominence, however, the scholarship on deterrence by denial stands to be developed further. It lags behind scholarship on deterrence by punishment on two points: in identifying the conditions under which the strategy works and in examining elements affecting its adoption. Deterrence by denial also carries some conceptual ambiguity since its employment takes many significantly different forms and also because it overlaps with deterrence by punishment. Despite the emphasis in current scholarship on "inflicting costs" as a defining element of deterrence by punishment, costs arguably also play a significant role in deterrence by denial. To address these challenges, I distinguish between deterrence strategies by focusing on two main elements: the means the deterrer actor threatens to use (offensive or non-offensive) and the timing of the threatened use of these means (before or after the unwanted activity). This offers a more nuanced distinction between deterrence strategies and better encompasses the role of inflicting costs in deterrence by denial. I suggest that this research offers a useful point of departure to further theorize about deterrence by denial, and it sets a promising research agenda that is pertinent given the growing interest in deterrence by denial, especially in its application to cyber deterrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

El artículo tiene por objetivo analizar cómo la política migratoria de disuasión en el gobierno de Andrés Manuel López Obrador (2018-2024) se ha caracterizado por su militarización. Se trata de un análisis cualitativo, con revisión de fuentes secundarias, entre ellas literatura, leyes, reglamentos, así como informes del Poder Ejecutivo del Gobierno Federal Mexicano, otras instituciones gubernamentales y de organizaciones de la sociedad civil. Se observa que la militarización en la política de disuasión se presenta en tres de los cuatro parámetros a partir de los cuales se planteó el análisis: nombramiento de militares en algunos de los cargos de una institución civil como el INM; operación de facto con prácticas castrenses y bajo el mandato de la propia Sedena, en algunas instituciones, como la GN, encargadas de poner en marcha la política de disuasión; la transferencia a las fuerzas armadas de actividades, funciones y facultades civiles, como la vigilancia y aseguramiento de migrantes.

Si bien es cierto que, en la segunda mitad del siglo XX, la época bipolar, tanto Estados Unidos como la Unión Soviética fueron los protagonistas principales del equilibrio nuclear, rápidamente otros Estados se unieron al exclusivo club atómico. Obviamente, potencias ganadoras en 1945 desarrollaron sus propias fuerzas estratégicas: Reino Unido, Francia y la República Popular China. Con posterioridad, India y Paquistán, países con diferencias territoriales, lo harían. Incluso Israel supo mantener un programa nuclear militar en secreto (hasta el caso de Mordechai Vanunu), y valoró la opción de emplear el arma en 1973. En todos estos casos, la ‘destrucción mutua asegurada’, o la destrucción del ‘adversario’ resultó un costo demasiado alto como para que estas potencias escalaran los conflictos a un nivel nuclear. Y esta es una cuestión primordial: la posesión de tal capacidad destructiva condiciona el temor de represalias mutuas que puedan infligir un daño irreversible en esas sociedades. Por lo tanto, el factor disuasivo, en un mundo donde la Realpolitik sigue siendo la interpretación más extendida de las relaciones internacionales, es altamente valorado al menos en las relaciones entre Estados.

In this article I show the variety of perspectives that migrants in Mexico adopt toward detention, a procedure that criminalizes undocumented migration and justifies violence against migrants. Based on interviews, freedom of information requests, and case studies, I argue that migrants oscillate and sometimes stay in the middle between two contrasting positions about detention: resignation and resistance. While those in the resignation group accept the notion that they have committed a crime and deserve to be detained, those in the resistance group refuse to be regarded as criminals and question the existence of detention. I show how frequently migrant illegality is created and reinforced even among migrant populations. I also illustrate how many migrants make persuasive arguments against the violent border control policies that they experience. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Investigaciones previas sugieren que las conductas antisociales y delictivas son más prevalentes en individuos que presentan una baja inteligencia emocional, así como en aquellos que perciben una baja probabilidad de sanción y una nula legitimidad de las autoridades. El objetivo de esta investigación fue analizar los efectos de la inteligencia emocional, la disuasión (es-pecíficamente la percepción de probabilidad de recibir sanción) y la legitimidad de las autoridades en la conducta antisocial en reclusos en comparación con un grupo control. El grupo de reclusos estuvo compuesto por 105 sujetos provenientes de un Centro de Reinserción Social de una ciudad del noroeste de México, con una media de edad de 32.03 años (DE= 8.986); y el grupo control, por 105 adultos sin antecedentes penales, con una media de edad de 32.08 años (DE= 10.094). Ambas muestras seleccionadas por conveniencia. Los resultados mostraron diferencias significativas en las escalas de inteligencia emocional (t = –4.14, p< .001), legitimidad (t = –3.09, p< .01) y probabilidad de castigo (t = –4.66, p< .001); específica-mente, la d de Cohen indicó que la muestra control presentó mayor inteligencia emocional (d= –0.81), mayor percepción de legitimidad (d= –0.60) y mayor percepción de probabilidad de sanción (d= –0.90) en contraste con la muestra de reclusos. Dentro del modelo de ecuaciones estructurales, las variables de inteligencia emocional y percepción de probabilidad de castigo influyeron en el comportamiento antisocial, lo cual indica que posiblemente las competencias emocionales podrían repercutir sobre el temor de recibir alguna sanción ante la comisión de determinadas conductas antisociales.

En este trabajo, analizo las funciones más frecuentemente atribuidas a la responsabilidad civil. Sostendré que la única función distintiva es la implementación de la justicia interpersonal. El resto de las funciones pueden ser satisfechas por otras instituciones con igual o mayor éxito que la responsabilidad civil. Finalmente, intento mostrar que algunas funciones, sin ser distintivas, son necesarias, en tanto una vez se pone en marcha un sistema de responsabilidad, estas se cumplen indefectiblemente.

Copyright of Mural Internacional is the property of Editora da Universidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro (EdUERJ) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

After briefly exposing the conceptual framework on peace and security, this article distinguishes between the concepts of doctrine and strategy, to review the development of both since the cold war. It is argued that the two main doctrines remain in force, the one based on deterrence and the so-called shared security. An examination of the evolution of strategies according to the main actors in Europe (USA, Russia, NATO, EU, UN and OSCE) shows that these depend both on their doctrinal matrix and on the relations between said actors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Deterrence studies have experienced four waves. The three first ones mainly focused on nuclear deterrence and the fourth one was aimed at deterring terrorism and the so-called «rogue states». However, deterrence below the threshold of war --that is, the conflict in the gray zone-- has received little attention. This article proposes an exploratory theoretical framework to deter escalation within conflicts in the gray zone. First, and based on a review of both classical and recent literature some fundamental principles of deterrence theory applicable to gray zone escalation are presented. Then, the why and how of escalation in the gray zone are discussed. Next, the article analyzes the challenges to deterrence in the first two rungs of the scalation ladder. Finally, the article presents a series of theoretical keys for the practice of deterrence of conflicts in the gray zone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of TECHNO Review is the property of Eurasia Academic Publishing Group and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Acta Colombiana de Psicologia is the property of Universidad Catolica de Colombia and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

La presente investigación tiene como objeto estudiar la relación entre la aplicación de la norma G050 (variable independiente) y el clima de seguridad de las obras de construcción del distrito de Surquillo (variable dependiente). La metodología utilizada corresponde al tipo de investigación aplicada, nivel evaluativo, con diseño no experimental (ex post-facto). La población de estudio son los trabajadores de 25 obras de construcción multifamiliares del distrito de Surquillo, y la muestra fue de 196 trabajadores escogidos mediante un muestreo aleatorio simple. La investigación demostró que la aplicación de la norma G050 influye en el Clima de Seguridad de las Obras de Construcción del Distrito de Surquillo por cuanto los promedios generales de la variable independiente y dependiente superan el valor central esperado, representando por tanto valores positivos; asimismo, a partir de la prueba de hipótesis se demostró una relación de dependencia de la variable V2 respecto a variable V1; por lo que las empresas del sector construcción deberán considerar estas variables en su gestión integral de SST con la finalidad de asegurar una efectiva prevención de pérdidas.

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The study of deterrence presents a number of challenges, mainly to do with identifying deterrence success and defining how deterrence works. Studying cyber deterrence presents even greater challenges, as traditional deterrence challenges are exacerbated and interactions in the cyber domain create further difficulties. When studying cyber deterrence, scholars face uncertainty not only in identifying situations of deterrence success, but also—due to the secrecy surrounding cyber practices—in identifying situations of deterrence failure. Despite the many studies on cyber deterrence, methodological solutions to address these challenges still need to be developed. To this end, I suggest focusing on the adoption and employment of the strategy rather than on its success. I argue that since communicating threats is a core element of deterrence, it is easier to observe how the strategy is adopted and employed than whether it succeeds or fails. This focus provides a promising direction to study cyber deterrence and address these challenges. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A través de la expresión para mayor satisfacción (de), los jueces anuncian en sus sentencias que procederán a abundar en argumentos no dirimentes para responder más y mejor a las pretensiones y defensas de las partes. En esta oportunidad estudiamos, a partir del análisis de sentencias emitidas por la Suprema Corte de Justicia de Buenos Aires (Argentina), en qué consiste el poder persuasivo de estas razones introducidas para mayor satisfacción (de). Al respecto, mostramos que para mayor satisfacción (de) es un dispositivo conectivo que permite establecer: 1) vínculos interpretativos complejos –e icónicos–, dado que posee una triple función conectiva: contraste + adición + cierre; 2) diferentes “grados de destinación”, ya que entabla un tipo de destinación gradual, orientada a disuadir directamente al recurrente, para que cambie su manera de pensar o de actuar, e indirectamente al recurrido y, más remotamente, a otros destinatarios, a fin de prevenir sobre los efectos negativos de no seguir la postura asumida por esta Corte.

Copyright of CIRCULO de Linguistica Aplicada a la Comunicacion is the property of Universidad Complutense de Madrid and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

A review of the state of art regarding the conflict with North Korea leads us to the conclusion that all the strategies have been developed already to deal with that state, but none of them has resulted efective. Thus, in the pages to follow, we will try to show the strategies which have been developed and to some extent, the reasons why they have failed. Besides we will explain which are the new elements in the strategy which is currently in place. Last but not least, we will analyse the main questions which might condition the success of the current strategy and the extent to which this strategy may be really effective.

Copyright of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad is the property of Revista de Relaciones Internacionales, Estrategia y Seguridad and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article is aimed at studying the selective options, a nuclear weapons employment doctrine launched by the United States in 1974 to reinforce its deterrent position by enabling a limited nuclear war. However, by widening the military gap with the Soviet Union and exploiting its worst fears, the implementation of this doctrine almost caused a nuclear crisis in 1983. Since this constitutes one of the few known nuclear deterrence failures, the study of this historical case may contribute to explaining the working of this process which is regaining its central role in the field of Strategic Studies. The article is divided into two parts: the first theoretical part delves into the literature on deterrence up to the fourth wave of studies on the phenomenon and the consolidation of tailored deterrence models. The second one, as a historical case study, analyzes the selective options. It is argued that this doctrine, in force during the last stage of the Cold War, does not only constitute a proto-model of tailor-made deterrence, but its realization also caused a failure of deterrence that fortunately did not culminate in catastrophe. Even if the few cases of nuclear deterrence failures prevent drawing general conclusions, the article concludes by warning about the contextuality, credibility and relativism of deterrence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northeast Asian stability depends on the self-interested calculation of regional actors, whose interests mostly converge in the military denuclearization of North Korea. Until now, the Northeast Asian actors have not been able to coordinate policies that might achieve regional stability. Each country maintains its own security dilemma, complicating the chances of an agreement. The basic function of regimes in an anarchic international system is to coordinate state behavior to achieve desired outcomes in particular issue-areas. A security regime regulates superpower relations and devises appropriate measures to ensure a collective security framework. Any international regime depends on each actor’s expectations to benefit from the agreement. In Northeast Asia, both superpowers (China and the United States) want a stable Korean Peninsula that favors the status quo. North Korea’s unilateral decisions alter the regional balance of powers, complicating the Sino-us relations and threatening directly Japan’s and South Korea’s security. So far the intended non-proliferation regime has not achieved regional stability. This article seeks to answer whether a limited-proliferation security regime could ensure stability in Northeast Asia and to expose North Korea as the main obstacle to achieve regional stability.

Esta introducción tiene dos objetivos. Primero, brinda una breve descripción de los principales temas tratados por las diversas contribucio-nes. En segundo lugar, coloca las contribuciones en un contexto más amplio. Para este fin, se formulan algunas consideraciones sobre los orígenes de la investigación conductista y su relación con la economía en general y el análisis económico del derecho. Se presta especial atención al concepto de nudge. Luego, se ubica la descripción que Harel y Teichman hacen del análisis económico-conductista del derecho penal en el contexto de la literatura sobre el tema y se señala que Harel y Teichman tienen una descripción muy limitada del campo. La introducción concluye con un llamado metodológico a favor del “minimalismo interdisciplinario”, una metodología que ha sido probablemente determinante para el desarrollo de la economía conductista. El minimalis- mo interdisciplinario puede ayudar a que el análisis económico-conductista del derecho penal prospere y convoque a académicos de diferentes campos para que unan sus fuerzas y reflexionen sobre la división del trabajo que puede mejorar nuestra comprensión del derecho penal y su política criminal.

Global demand for elephant ivory is contributing to illegal poaching and significant decline of African elephant (Loxondonta africana) populations. To help mitigate decline, countries with legal domestic ivory markets were recommended by the Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora to close domestic markets for commercial trade. However, implementing stricter regulations on wildlife trade does not necessarily mean compliance with rules will follow. Using an online questionnaire, we examined the relationship between self‐reported compliance with ivory trade regulations among 115 ivory traders in the United Kingdom and 4 dimensions (control, deterrence, legitimacy, and social norms) hypothesized to influence compliance with conservation regulations. Although most traders supported regulations, a large number did not always check that they comply with them when trading objects containing ivory. The main factors influencing compliance with ivory trade regulations were traders' ability to comply and their perceptions of the regulations and punishments to deter illegal trade. These findings demonstrate the utility of conservation criminology to improve wildlife trade regulations and identify opportunities to reduce illegal ivory entering the market in the United Kingdom. Compliance could be improved by clearer regulations that facilitate easier detection of illegal ivory products and stronger prosecution of violations. Article impact statement: Traders' compliance could be improved by clearer regulations that facilitate easier detection of illegal ivory and stronger prosecution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Hay muchos trabajos que han medido el impacto que tienen en la disuasión de los delitos la instalación de cámaras urbanas de video vigilancia, pero sus resultados son contradictorios entre sí, además se debe considerar que ha sido un tema poco estudiado en países en vías de desarrollo. El presente artículo analiza la capacidad de las cámaras urbanas para reducir los delitos en la Ciudad de México en el periodo 2008-2012. Para ello se construyó una línea base en 2008 en el que ninguno de los sectores policiales contaba con cámaras, después se contrastó la diferencia entre la línea base y el porcentaje de delitos en cada sector para los cortes temporales 2009, 2010, 2011 y 2012, mediante regresiones lineales (MCO), tomando como variable explicativa la cantidad de cámaras de cada sector, pero no se obtuvo evidencia que permita afirmar que la instalación de cámaras tuviera algún efecto en la reducción de los delitos.

La eficiencia de la política de control de un Estado tiene la doble tarea de generar incentivos adecuados en los agentes públicos y privados, que los disuadan de cometer actos ilícitos, sin descuidar el ejercicio de un nivel óptimo de control (Polinsky y Shavell 2007), que minimice el costo social del delito . La teoría económica del comportamiento criminal propone su abordaje, a partir de criterios de elección racional, relativos a las preferencias estables de los agentes y sus incentivos hacia un comportamiento ilícito, sin consideraciones de categoría moral. El modelo teórico de disuasión criminal (Becker 1968) relaciona los posibles incentivos de los agentes, respecto de la capacidad de disuasión de los sistemas de control y la percepción de eficiencia de su funcionamiento, lo que permite contar con información para un análisis predictivo sobre el comportamiento estratégico de las personas y establece parámetros para el análisis de las políticas de control, a partir de una perspectiva económica. El artículo formula un ejercicio de aplicación del modelo teórico de disuasión criminal (Becker 1968), para la actividad de control de la corrupción, a partir del caso de la Comisión Anticorrupción de Ecuador, en el período 1998 - 2008.

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Copyright of Regional Studies is the property of Taylor & Francis Ltd and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

El documento analiza la capacidad disuasiva del sistema de protección de la libre competencia en Colombia mediante el estudio de dos facetas jurídicas: la normativa y la institucional. Así, a partir de la Ley Tipo de Defensa de la Competencia, de la Conferencia de las Naciones Unidas sobre Comercio y Desarrollo, y de la implementación normativa de políticas de competencia disuasivas en terceros sistemas de defensa de la libre competencia, el artículo examina la capacidad disuasoria del sistema implementado en Colombia. Del mismo modo, evalúa el mencionado poder disuasorio de la Superintendencia de Industria y Comercio con base en sus calidades organizativas y su estructura.

Based on the crime economics of Becker (1968) and Ehrlich (1973), including the impact of the migratory flow, this paper studies the reasons why some individuals choose to strategically, rationally, and contingently become involved in illegal land invasion "para-institutions" in Cali since the 1950s. This will be done by modeling the efficiency of justice in order to discourage invaders through simulations of sentences and arrest likelihood and deterrent punishment under three "para-institutions": invasive dynasty, organized invasion and contingent invasion (endogenous migratory flow.) These simulations will be anchored to calibrated actual parameters of the relevant population. This will allow the calibration of the line of indifference (division) among individuals with invasive (and incentives to illegality) and non-invasive behaviors. Finally, a policy proposal will be devised to help correct the inefficiencies found in the sanctioning mechanisms, if applicable.

Law and economic approach can be very useful for the purpose of analyzing the effects generated by the operation of the criminal system. In this sense, the paper suggests that the behavior observed by authorities involved in the criminal prosecution could not only be insufficient to achieve deterrence, but reversely, modify the subject's behavior and induce the commission of the crime. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article analyzes the dissuasive capacity of the system to protect free competition in Colombia by studying its two legal facets: regulatory standards and the institutional component. The dissuasive capacity of the system implemented in Colombia is examined based on the Model Law on Competition of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development, and on the regulatory implementation of dissuasive policies on competition in third-party systems for the defense of free competition. The article also evaluates the above-mentioned dissuasive power of the Office of the Superintendent of Industry and Commerce, based primarily on its organizational qualities and structure. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Northeast Asian stability depends on the self-interested calculation of regional actors, whose interests mostly converge in the military denuclearization of North Korea. Until now, the Northeast Asian actors have not been able to coordinate policies that might achieve regional stability. Each country maintains its own security dilemma, complicating the chances of an agreement. The basic function of regimes in an anarchic international system is to coordinate state behavior to achieve desired outcomes in particular issue-areas. A security regime regulates superpower relations and devises appropriate measures to ensure a collective security framework. Any international regime depends on each actor's expectations to benefit from the agreement. In Northeast Asia, both superpowers (China and the United States) want a stable Korean Peninsula that favors the status quo. North Korea's unilateral decisions alter the regional balance of powers, complicating the Sino-us relations and threatening directly Japan's and South Korea's security. So far the intended non-proliferation regime has not achieved regional stability. This article seeks to answer whether a limited-proliferation security regime could ensure stability in Northeast Asia and to expose North Korea as the main obstacle to achieve regional stability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of URVIO - Revista Latinoamericana de Seguridad Ciudadana is the property of FLACSO - Ecuador (Facultad Latinoamericana de Ciencias Sociales) and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)