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Residents' attitudes have been an important area in tourism research. Recent studies have employed the concept of stereotypes from social psychology to understand its content and influences on residents' emotions and behaviors towards tourists. However, existing studies tend to emphasize measurements that capture explicit stereotypes, despite the importance of individuals' unconscious evaluations of others. This study addresses this gap by assessing residents' implicit stereotypes, emotions, and behaviors towards tourists via a novel implicit association test (IAT). The results suggest direct relationships between positive implicit stereotypes, emotions, and behaviors; however, negative implicit stereotypes did not arouse negative emotions or harmful behaviors, which suggests a possible boundary condition for these connections. This study contributes to the literature by highlighting an alternative perspective to the formation of residents' attitudes, and by providing insights for destination management organizations (DMOs) on the value of measuring implicit stereotypes for understanding host–guest relations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Tourism & Rural Development Studies / Turisztikai és Vidékfejlesztési Tanulmányok is the property of CampInvest Kft. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The level of expenditure by cruise passengers in the various cities visited during their journey is a crucial variable for the key stakeholders involved in this industry. Promoting higher spending by cruise passengers in non-overnight stay ports is a challenge led by the destination manager. This study aims to shed light on the effect that different phases in the cruise passenger's travel cycle have on their propensity to spend during their stay. Our case focuses on the city of A Coruña, a non-overnight stay port on Europe's Atlantic arc routes, where the average spending per cruise passenger during their visit is quite low. The analysis considers the impact of passenger profiles and the cruise product consumption phases on the average spending per passenger. From a methodological perspective, we have applied logistic regression. The results indicate that the profile of the cruise passenger, variables related to the onboard journey, and the experience of the city are the factors with the greatest potential to increase cruise passenger spending during their visit to the city. This has allowed the areas of greatest impact and where actions should be focused to be identified for both the destination manager and key stakeholders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study examines sustainability in tourism, with a particular focus on enhancing destination management through comprehensive visitor monitoring. Precise data on visitor volumes constitute an essential prerequisite for the sustainable planning and management of tourism-related services and infrastructure. This research investigates the correlation between destination attendance and the utilization of visitor centers, employing regression analysis and the Kolmogorov–Smirnov test to quantify these relationships. The study specifically addresses the distribution of domestic and international visitors in the city of Prague and their engagement with municipal information centers, enabling the identification of key visitor behavior patterns. The results offer a robust foundation for forecasting future trends in international visitor flows, which is critical for strategic planning and the sustainable development of tourism destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Meetings, Incentives, Conventions, and Exhibitions (MICE) is a lucrative tourism segment, offering higher per capita spending and larger returns on investment than other tourism types. However, what makes a successful MICE destination from a multi-stakeholder perspective is overlooked in the literature. Therefore, the main objective of this paper is to explore the features of ideal MICE destinations based on the perspectives of different stakeholders in the MICE market, including supply (e.g., C.V.B.s, lodging) and demand (e.g., Travel agencies, incentive houses). In-depth semi-structured interviews were conducted with 30 experts. The results of the thematic analysis revealed seven overarching themes, which are classified under the characteristics of a MICE destination were grouped under internal (infrastructure, superstructure, service quality) and external (cultural, natural, economic, and political) factors. To confirm the validity and reliability of the findings, the results of semi-structured interviews were further evaluated by conducting focus groups with seven MICE experts. This study extends current literature by identifying destination selection factors with a more holistic approach, which reflects the perspectives of different stakeholders. The findings also provide a foundation for developing marketing strategies and allocating resources to better position the destination. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose – As the Journal of Tourism Futures celebrates its 10th Anniversary, Dr Stefan Hartman (head of department at the European Tourism Futures Institute, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences) interviews Jeremy Sampson (CEO of The Travel Foundation) about his view on the evolution of the tourism industry and the need for systemic change. Design/methodology/approach – A personal interview held on July, 16, 2024. Findings – Jeremy Sampson highlights the importance of scenario planning and strategic foresight and its evolution. Sampson elaborates on his personal career journey, the approach of the Travel Foundation and how this informed a strong focus on the ground impact as well as systemic change. Originality/value – The interview provides unique insights into the motivation of Sampson and The Travel Foundation and their approaches, aiming to be the change makers in the tourism industry. A role that is very much needed, perhaps particularly from a third sector organization such as The Travel Foundation.

Purpose – As the Journal of Tourism Futures celebrates its 10th Anniversary, Dr Stefan Hartman (head of department at the European Tourism Futures Institute, NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences) interviews Bernadett Papp (senior researcher at the European Tourism Futures Institute (ETFI) at NHL Stenden University of Applied Sciences) about her recent work in tourism practice and academic and future perspectives on topics relevant to the future of tourism. Design/methodology/approach – A personal interview was held on September 16, 2024. Findings – Bernadett Papp draws attention to the importance of bringing equity into debates on tourism development and destination governance. She sees a crucial role for governments, the redesign of institutional frameworks, monitoring and data collection and rethinking systems of governance. Originality/value – The interview provides unique insights into the viewpoints of Papp, highlighting the importance of the still understudied topic of equitable tourism. A topic that still requires a lot of work before hitting mainstream approaches to destination development, even though it should have been on the policy agendas for many years already.

The level of expenditure by cruise passengers in the various cities visited during their journey is a crucial variable for the key stakeholders involved in this industry. Promoting higher spending by cruise passengers in non-overnight stay ports is a challenge led by the destination manager. This study aims to shed light on the effect that different phases in the cruise passenger’s travel cycle have on their propensity to spend during their stay. Our case focuses on the city of A Coruña, a non-overnight stay port on Europe’s Atlantic arc routes, where the average spending per cruise passenger during their visit is quite low. The analysis considers the impact of passenger profiles and the cruise product consumption phases on the average spending per passenger. From a methodological perspective, we have applied logistic regression. The results indicate that the profile of the cruise passenger, variables related to the onboard journey, and the experience of the city are the factors with the greatest potential to increase cruise passenger spending during their visit to the city. This has allowed the areas of greatest impact and where actions should be focused to be identified for both the destination manager and key stakeholders.

Online reviews are crucial for revenue management on online platforms in the tourism industry. However, there is a gap in detecting greedy review behavior that can negatively impact destinations. This study uses locus of control theory to examine how greed influences online review content. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with tourists exhibiting varying degrees of greed. The transcripts were manually coded to identify themes around the evolution of greedy review behavior and strategies to mitigate exaggerated reviews. The findings indicate that greed, combined with an external locus of control, leads to exaggerated negative reviews. Reviewers from individualistic cultures also displayed stronger external locus traits. Theoretically, this expands understanding of electronic word-of-mouth and attribution theory in tourism. Managerially, destination marketers should implement sophisticated review filtering, respond strategically to negative reviews, and offer activities to address tourists' psychological needs in order to protect reputations from greedy behavior.

This study aims to conduct a bibliometric analysis of existing literature on crowding in tourist destinations and its effects, thereby recognizing areas for further research. The authors evaluated 421 Scopus-indexed documents related to the subject of crowding. This study involved analysing the annual publications on the topic and the past trends to suggest solutions for better management of the destinations in the future. The results reveal a noticeable rise in the academic literature on crowding, especially about popular tourist destinations. The findings also indicate that unmonitored tourism and subsequent media coverage have significantly contributed to this upswing in scholarly work. The problem of crowding disappeared for a short period during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research note explores a possible solution to the problem to be utilised in the future and comments on the changing nature of the psychological concept after COVID-19. This study offers a comprehensive review of the current state of research on crowding, thereby helping to guide future research in this area. Moreover, it underscores the need for strategies to manage crowding to promote sustainable tourism. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper discusses the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on tourism destinations in Uruguay by exploring travel behavior. Through a survey carried out between DEC2020 and JAN2021, the study reveals that despite the pandemic, the desire for holiday tourism remained. The empirical results show that, despite the fact that the vast majority have a high perception of the risk of COVID-19, there are differentiated behaviors regarding the decisions to travel and the health measures to be taken. Depending on their socio-demographic characteristics, respondents behave differently when faced with risk, and the study identifies groups more willing to travel within the country and abroad in times of a pandemic, compared to others that are more moderate and cautious about risking travel. Due to the absence of visitor databases, this sample is based on the convenience sampling method and is composed of individuals engaged or interested in Uruguay as a destination. Although this research does not allow for extensions or extrapolations to a wider set of respondents, it does provide relevant demand-side information to tourism service providers in Uruguay, such as how to shape services and products to respond to the level of risk shown by this study. Moreover, the special period in which the survey was administered, coinciding with the implementation of measures by the Uruguayan government to manage the pandemic, could on the one hand be considered a bias in the analysis, but on the other hand it sheds light on the influence of these measures on demand behavior. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the efforts of Destination Limfjorden in Denmark to enhance employees' competencies and skills in small and medium-sized tourism enterprises (SMEs) through the strategic use of data. The study employs a mixed-method approach, integrating digital questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to identify the competence needs of stakeholders. The research reveals a significant need for improved digital guest services and highlights the importance of data usage within companies, network building and general competence needs. The article also reviews the literature on the role of big data in augmenting tourism research and the challenges SMEs face in harnessing big data analytics. It underscores the need for robust knowledge management initiatives, targeted skill development programmes and a culture of collaboration among tourism SMEs. The article concludes by emphasising the increasing significance of big data competencies for SMEs in the tourism sector, particularly in remote European regions, and the potential of data analytics in fostering resilience among SMEs and enhancing their competitiveness within the evolving dynamics of the tourism industry landscape. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study explores how perceived crowding stimulates tourists' emotional reactions and affects their experience quality as well as satisfaction. Based on Stimulus-Organism-Response theory, it examined and verified relationship between perceived crowding and tourist satisfaction with mixed-methods approach. The qualitative study was conducted to establish research model, and multigroup analysis was conducted with data collected from hot springs and coastal destinations. The results indicated that human crowding is no longer a positive signal in both sites. Experience quality mediates relationship between emotional reactions aroused by perceived crowding and tourist satisfaction. The findings deepen understanding of crowding and provide effective management strategies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose - This paper conducts a meticulous bibliometric analysis of 659 documents indexed in the Web of Science database, exploring the intellectual evolution of Smart Tourism Destinations (STD) and contributing to understanding the evolution of scientific literature on STD until December 2023, guiding future explorations in this dynamic and evolving field. Methodology/Design/Approach - By unifying the conceptual structure and highlighting key descriptive elements with the application of statistical methods, this research provides insights into the intellectual fabric of STD research. Findings - Our findings show the evolution of the conceptual structure, influential authors, institutions and countries involved in STD research, as well as the evolving social structure within the field. The surge in scientific output, especially since 2019 aligns with the integration of advanced technologies, including artificial intelligence, immersive mechanisms, big data, and robotics, prompting uncertainty in business implementation and stakeholder responses. Originality of the research - This study sheds light on the intellectual evolution of STD by summarising a wide range of literature, helping the authors to be informed about future research directions in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The meteorological landscape has always been the main selling point for some destinations, but the uncertain supply of the meteorological landscape also poses challenges for destination management. Little is known about visitors' emotional and behavioral tendencies elicited by this uncertainty under landscape viewing; therefore, it is critical for academics and practitioners to understand visitors' emotional and behavioral changes after the viewing experience and strategize marketing plans to improve revisit intention. Grounded upon cognitive appraisal theory, this study conducted in-depth interviews with 31 visitors who had had meteorological landscape viewing experiences to solicit their perceptions and appraisals of uncertainty. Results revealed that the uncertainty influenced visitors' entire cognitive appraisal process and resulted in four types of revisit intentions. Specifically, even if visitors have a negative emotion after the viewing, they may choose to revisit. Accordingly, theoretical and practical implications for destination management are offered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While research into tourism and accessibility has significantly advanced over the past decade, the perceived image of Accessible Tourism Destinations (ATDs) has remained largely unexplored. This study addresses this gap by examining the perceived image of Aveiro (Portugal) and A Coruña (Spain) as exemplars of ATDs. In this investigation, we scrutinized 1,051 Online Travellers Reviews (OTRs) posted between 2016 to 2023 in Google Maps. We employed content analysis and text mining techniques using the RapidMiner software. The findings reveal a correlation between accessibility conditions and visitors' satisfaction. Common concerns among travellers include the availability of parking spaces and adaptations for people with disabilities (PwD). Areas identified for improvement encompass information provision and signage. Further investigation is recommended to understand the factors influencing the increase in positive sentiments in Aveiro during the COVID-19 pandemic. This research presents a strategic framework for Destination Management Organisations (DMOs) to enhance the quality of the tourism offer while showcasing the potential of data mining within this field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Destination marketing organizations (DMOs) have faced significant challenges, and as a result, had to adapt their marketing and management strategies to cope with rapid changes and uncertainty. The objective of this study is to draw from stakeholder management theory and connect it with the literature on agile management to investigate how DMOs have embraced an agile mindset that is more flexible as well as employee and customer-focused amidst these difficult times. In-depth interviews were conducted with senior management at executive levels in the European Travel Commission as well as other from national DMOs across different continents (e.g. Indonesia, Australia, Malta, and South Africa). Overall, this study contributes by presenting a 'Framework of Agile Destination Management and Marketing' to the tourism literature. From a practical perspective, this study provides insights to DMOs by integrating the roles of management, customers, and employees as they relate to the strategies of re-branding, re-segmentation, and re-allocation, respectively. It provides recommendations on how DMOs could adopt insights from this framework to address changes in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In building sustainable post-pandemic destinations, it is critical to understand the typologies of tourists' prosocial behaviours. Consequently, this study innovatively applied a latent class cluster analysis to segment the prosocial behaviours of 403 Macau tourists. Three ordered discrete segments were derived based on consistent tourists' probabilities of performing prosocial behaviours on the trip namely: the Self-centred, the Intermediate, and the Philanthropist. The associated ordered logistic regression predicting the segments revealed that relative to the Self-centred, the Intermediate and the Philanthropist are more likely to face death terror, are sociable – seek vacation friends – and believe in cultural and heritage conservation. Not only does this research expand the theoretical application of Terror Management Theory, the Scrooge effect, and the self-esteem concept, it contributes to prosocial alternative tourism with novel destination management implications for marketing and promoting prosocial tourism performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This article explores the efforts of Destination Limfjorden in Denmark to enhance employees’ competencies and skills in small and medium-sized tourism enterprises (SMEs) through the strategic use of data. The study employs a mixed-method approach, integrating digital questionnaires and semi-structured interviews to identify the competence needs of stakeholders. The research reveals a significant need for improved digital guest services and highlights the importance of data usage within companies, network building and general competence needs. The article also reviews the literature on the role of big data in augmenting tourism research and the challenges SMEs face in harnessing big data analytics. It underscores the need for robust knowledge management initiatives, targeted skill development programmes and a culture of collaboration among tourism SMEs. The article concludes by emphasising the increasing significance of big data competencies for SMEs in the tourism sector, particularly in remote European regions, and the potential of data analytics in fostering resilience among SMEs and enhancing their competitiveness within the evolving dynamics of the tourism industry landscape.

Tourism is a dynamic and highly competitive industry, with destinations worldwide vying for the attention of travelers. Central to tourists' decision-making processes are their perceptions of a destination, often encapsulated in the concept of "destination image." This study seeks to unravel the intricate relationship between destination image and tourists' behavioral intentions, specifically examining how tourists' perceptions of a destination influence their intentions to visit, revisit, and recommend it to others. To achieve this, a comprehensive review of the literature on destination image and its impact on tourists' behavior was conducted. Empirical research findings from various destinations and cultural contexts were analyzed to provide insights into the multi-faceted nature of destination image and its effects on tourists' behavioral intentions. The study explores the dimensions that contribute to the formation of destination image, including cultural, natural, social, and marketing factors. The research reveals that tourists' perceptions of a destination significantly affect their intentions. A positive destination image often leads to a higher likelihood of initial visitation, repeat visitation, and word-of-mouth recommendations to others. Conversely, negative perceptions may deter potential tourists and discourage repeat visits or advocacy. Furthermore, the study discusses the role of destination marketing and management in shaping and enhancing destination image. Strategies such as effective communication, experiential marketing, and sustainable development are identified as critical elements in managing and improving destination image. The findings of this study provide valuable insights for destination marketers, policymakers, and industry stakeholders. Understanding the dynamics of destination image and its impact on behavioral intentions can inform the development of more targeted and effective marketing campaigns, as well as sustainable destination management practices. Ultimately, a positive destination image can not only attract more tourists but also foster a loyal and enthusiastic visitor base, contributing to the long-term success and sustainability of tourism destinations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Residents' educational expectations for the next generation are closely related to individuals' awareness‐raising and community development, reflecting the sustainability of tourism development. However, few studies have focused on the formation of parental educational expectations (PEE) for their children during the process of residents' tourism participation. To fill this gap, this study examines the impact of resident participation on PEE using a three‐dimensional framework for resident participation that incorporates the decision‐making, economic, and social dimensions. A binary logistic regression was employed to analyze the survey data from 473 residents in Jiuzhai Valley, China. The results indicate that social participation is the strongest facilitator for PEE. Economic participation exerts a negative effect on PEE, whereas decision‐making participation has a positive but insignificant effect. This study holds implications for local authorities managing tourism destinations regarding improving the efficiency of residents' participatory behaviors and human capital accumulation in developing countries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of R&S: Research Studies Anatolia Journal is the property of Dr. Arif Yildiz and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Our study aims to develop an index for measuring destination image perceptions based on data collected from three prime tourism destinations (destination A = 212, destination B = 194 and destination C = 176 responses) in India in the new normal. There are three studies based on self-reported measures conducted. While the first two studies collected perceptual responses from destinations A and B and were used to validate the factor structure of the destination image, the third study-based responses were used to assess the criterion validity of the destination image index. Our instrument shows that destination image is a second-order index composed of hygiene and vaccination, socio-political environment, natural environment, attractions, and value for money. Implications for managers and practitioners were also provided. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Problems caused by overtourism are currently a major concern in the most visited destinations. Awareness of overtourism and the amount of news about reactions to overtourism has been increasing around the world recently. Overtourism has been frequently discussed by journalists in media, researchers in their research and politicians in their search for solutions. It also causes some negative impacts and reactions against tourism in destinations. Sustainable tourism policies should be developed to minimize the negative impacts and prevent potential reactions before they occur. The research aims to identify these necessary sustainable tourism policies for destinations at risk of, or struggling with, overtourism. The research was carried out in four stages, demonstrating the overtourism risk in Alanya, determining the negative impacts of tourism in the study area, examining international reports, and generating a list of proactive sustainable tourism practices and policies for destinations by document analysis. Long-term planning, involving destination stakeholders in the planning process, and the continuous monitoring of the tourism impacts on the destination are among the main results. Sustainable tourism policies and practices are enriched with concrete examples. The research results are expected to be a guide for decision-makers in the destinations at risk of, or struggling with, overtourism.

While sustainability is widely recognized as necessary for managing heritage sites, balancing preservation demands with tourism development pressures presents significant challenges. A critical gap in the existing research relates to understanding the recurring issues that undermine the long-term sustainability of prominent archaeological destinations in Egypt and visitor well-being. Specifically, more research is needed to identify the specific sustainability and visitor experience problems that persist across Egypt’s major archaeological sites despite ongoing management efforts. Addressing this knowledge gap could help inform strategies for these destinations to balance conservation priorities with tourism in a more sustainable manner that enhances visitors’ cultural exploration. This study contributes a novel multisite content analysis of over 4423 online reviews from TripAdvisor pertaining to three of Egypt’s premier archaeological destinations—Giza Pyramids, Al Mu’izz Street, and Saqqara. Using established text mining methodologies and algorithms within Voyant Tools, critical challenges were identified through word frequency, concept network, and trend analyses. Recurring issues documented included uncontrolled commercialization undermining the ambiance of historic locales, environmental degradation from inadequate waste management and tourism overflows, and overcrowding compromising visitor comfort, health and safety. Deficiencies in signage, transportation, and other tourist services were also prominent themes. The holistic evaluation of cross-cutting concerns faced at the diverse yet interrelated sites advanced the theoretical knowledge on cooperative governance models and competencies necessary for integrative heritage management. The recommendations center on collaborative stakeholder partnerships to reform commercial practices through licensing and enforcement, upgrading aging infrastructure to support sustainable tourism volumes, and implementing zoning and carrying capacity policies tailored to local community contexts. The proposed solutions aim to safeguard Egypt’s irreplaceable cultural treasures by addressing recurrent problems that undermine environmental, economic and socio-cultural sustainability if left unresolved, positioning its archaeological wonders for appreciation and study by present and future generations.

The current geologic era—the Anthropocene—is defined by human-driven transformation of landscapes and seascapes that has profoundly altered Earth's climate and other life-support systems. This letter advocates for a landscape-scale regenerative tourism management strategy aimed at transforming coastal destinations into carbon sinks (meaning they sequester more carbon than they release). Specifically, coastal destinations can transform product offerings into a network of restoration projects that collectively seek the landscape-scale restoration of blue carbon ecosystems such as marshes, mangroves, and seagrass meadows. Restoration of blue-carbon ecosystems is a cost-effective way to mitigate the effects of climate change. Tourism has potential to overcome obstacles in large-scale restoration of blue carbon ecosystems and can play a foundational role by providing a long-term presence at restoration sites, logistical and human resources, and a business model dependent on restored ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While sustainability is widely recognized as necessary for managing heritage sites, balancing preservation demands with tourism development pressures presents significant challenges. A critical gap in the existing research relates to understanding the recurring issues that undermine the long-term sustainability of prominent archaeological destinations in Egypt and visitor well-being. Specifically, more research is needed to identify the specific sustainability and visitor experience problems that persist across Egypt's major archaeological sites despite ongoing management efforts. Addressing this knowledge gap could help inform strategies for these destinations to balance conservation priorities with tourism in a more sustainable manner that enhances visitors' cultural exploration. This study contributes a novel multisite content analysis of over 4423 online reviews from TripAdvisor pertaining to three of Egypt's premier archaeological destinations—Giza Pyramids, Al Mu'izz Street, and Saqqara. Using established text mining methodologies and algorithms within Voyant Tools, critical challenges were identified through word frequency, concept network, and trend analyses. Recurring issues documented included uncontrolled commercialization undermining the ambiance of historic locales, environmental degradation from inadequate waste management and tourism overflows, and overcrowding compromising visitor comfort, health and safety. Deficiencies in signage, transportation, and other tourist services were also prominent themes. The holistic evaluation of cross-cutting concerns faced at the diverse yet interrelated sites advanced the theoretical knowledge on cooperative governance models and competencies necessary for integrative heritage management. The recommendations center on collaborative stakeholder partnerships to reform commercial practices through licensing and enforcement, upgrading aging infrastructure to support sustainable tourism volumes, and implementing zoning and carrying capacity policies tailored to local community contexts. The proposed solutions aim to safeguard Egypt's irreplaceable cultural treasures by addressing recurrent problems that undermine environmental, economic and socio-cultural sustainability if left unresolved, positioning its archaeological wonders for appreciation and study by present and future generations. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Rural residents' enthusiasm and persistence for participation in tourism employment contribute to the sustainable development of destination tourism. Taking Majiagou village in Hebei Province as a case study, this research focused on changes to residents' participation behavior in tourism employment, using unstructured interviews and observations. Bounded rational decision theory was applied to delineate the decision-making process of tourism employment participation. The results indicated that rural residents' participation in tourism employment was subject to a dynamic process of change across three phases: trial participation, herd participation, and selective withdrawal. This evolution is specifically guided by an internal mechanism consisting of "tourism industry attributes—individual bounded rationality—individual employment decision-making." The study provides an effective analytical framework for characterizing the behavior of rural residents in a tourism community and offers managerial implications for the government to improve the effectiveness and sustainability of community participation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study presents a comprehensive examination of the integration of Geographic Information Systems (GIS), Augmented Reality (AR) and Artificial Intelligence (AI) in tourism promotion in Tanzania. The literature review underscores the significance of these technologies in enhancing visitor experiences, destination management, and marketing strategies. The proposed integrated system design combines GIS's spatial mapping capabilities, AI's personalised recommendations, and AR's immersive content delivery to optimise tourist satisfaction and engagement. Key components include the GIS module for spatial data management, the AI recommendation engine for personalised suggestions, and the AR interface for immersive content overlay. Discussions highlight how the proposed system, by addressing critical challenges in the tourism sector, aligns with existing research findings and reassures its effectiveness. Ultimately, the study emphasises the potential of GIS, AR and AI technologies to revolutionise tourism promotion in Tanzania, fostering sustainable growth and cultural appreciation while enhancing visitor experiences.