40 results on '"Dalton, James A. R."'
Search Results
2. Effect of macrocyclization and tetramethylrhodamine labeling on chemokine binding peptides
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Wack, Julia S., Brahm, Kevin, Babel, Philipp, Dalton, James A. R., Schmitz, Katja, Wack, Julia S., Brahm, Kevin, Babel, Philipp, Dalton, James A. R., and Schmitz, Katja
- Abstract
Receptor‐derived peptides have played an important role in elucidating chemokine‐receptor interactions. For the inflammatory chemokine CXC‐class chemokine ligand 8 (CXCL8), a site II‐mimetic peptide has been derived from parts of extracellular loops 2 and 3 and adjacent transmembrane helices of its receptor CXC‐class chemokine receptor 1 (Helmer et al., RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 25657). The peptide sequence with a C‐terminal glutamine did not bind to CXCL8, whereas one with a C‐terminal glutamate did but with low micromolar affinity. We sought to improve the affinity and protease stability of the latter peptide through cyclization while also cyclizing the former for control purposes. To identify a cyclization strategy that permits a receptor‐like interaction, we conducted a molecular dynamics simulation of CXCL8 in complex with full‐length CXC‐class chemokine receptor 1. We introduced a linker to provide an appropriate spacing between the termini and used an on‐resin side‐chain‐to‐tail cyclization strategy. Upon chemokine binding, the fluorescence intensity of the tetramethylrhodamine (TAMRA)‐labeled cyclic peptides increased whereas the fluorescence anisotropy decreased. Additional molecular dynamics simulations indicated that the fluorophore interacts with the peptide macrocycle so that chemokine binding leads to its displacement and observed changes in fluorescence. Macrocyclization of both 18‐amino acid‐long peptides led to the same low micromolar affinity for CXCL8. Likewise, both TAMRA‐labeled linear peptides interacted with CXCL8 with similar affinities. Interestingly, the linear TAMRA‐labeled peptides were more resistant to tryptic digestion than the unlabeled counterparts, whereas the cyclized peptides were not degraded at all. We conclude that the TAMRA fluorophore tends to interact with peptides altering their protease stability and behavior in fluorescence‐based assays.
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- 2023
3. Effect of macrocyclization and TAMRA‐labeling on chemokine binding peptides
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Wack, Julia S., primary, Brahm, Kevin, additional, Babel, Philipp, additional, Dalton, James A. R., additional, and Schmitz, Katja, additional
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- 2023
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Investigation of the influence of the membrane lipid environment on g protein-coupled receptor activation by molecular dynamics simulations
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Bruzzese Novoa, Agustín Alberto, Dalton, James A. R.., and Giraldo, Jesús
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Protein ,Lípids ,Proteina ,Dinámica molecular ,Dinàmica molecular ,Molecular dynamics ,Lipid ,Lipidos ,Ciències de la Salut ,Proteïna - Abstract
Els receptors acoblats a proteïnes G (GPCRs) són importants dianes terapèutiques per a nombroses malalties. Si bé els GPCRs s'han estudiat àmpliament en les últimes dècades, els mecanismes moleculars que determinen la seva activació així com la seva modulació al·lostèrica per lípids de membrana no han estat elucidats íntegrament. La present tesi examina els processos de (de)activació de dos GPCRs prototípics de la classe A, β2-adrenèrgic i adenosina A2a, en membranes de diferent composició lipídica mitjançant simulacions de dinàmica molecular. Los receptores acoplados a proteínas G (GPCRs) son importantes dianas terapéuticas para numerosas enfermedades. Si bien los GPCRs se han estudiado ampliamente en las últimas décadas, los mecanismos moleculares que determinan su activación así como su modulación alostérica por lípidos de membrana no han sido elucidados en su totalidad. La presente tesis examina los procesos de (de)activación de dos GPCRs prototípicos de la clase A, β2-adrenérgico y adenosina A2a, en membranas de diferente composición lipídica mediante simulaciones de dinámica molecular. G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important therapeutic targets for numerous diseases. Although GPCRs have been extensively studied in recent decades, the molecular mechanisms that determine their activation as well as their allosteric modulation by membrane lipids have not been fully elucidated. This thesis examines the processes of (de)activation of two prototypical class A GPCRs, β2-adrenergic and adenosine A2a receptors, in membranes of different lipid composition by means of molecular dynamics simulations.
- Published
- 2021
5. Insights into adenosine A receptor activation through cooperative modulation of agonist and allosteric lipid interactions
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Bruzzese, Agustín, Dalton, James A. R., and Giraldo, Jesús
- Abstract
UDTAULÍ The activation process of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been extensively studied, both experimentally and computationally. In particular, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations have proven useful in exploring GPCR conformational space. The typical behaviour of class A GPCRs, when subjected to unbiased MD simulations from their crystallized inactive state, is to fluctuate between inactive and intermediate(s) conformations, even with bound agonist. Fully active conformation(s) are rarely stabilized unless a G protein is also bound. Despite several crystal structures of the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) having been resolved in complex with co-crystallized agonists and G protein, its agonist-mediated activation process is still not completely understood. In order to thoroughly examine the conformational landscape of A2aR activation, we performed unbiased microsecond-length MD simulations in quadruplicate, starting from the inactive conformation either in apo or with bound agonists: endogenous adenosine or synthetic NECA, embedded in two homogeneous phospholipid membranes: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoglycerol (DOPG) or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (DOPC). In DOPC with bound adenosine or NECA, we observe transition to an intermediate receptor conformation consistent with the known adenosine-bound crystal state. In apo state in DOPG, two different intermediate conformations are obtained. One is similar to that observed with bound adenosine in DOPC, while the other is closer to the active state but not yet fully active. Exclusively, in DOPG with bound adenosine or NECA, we reproducibly identify receptor conformations with fully active features, which are able to dock G protein. These different receptor conformations can be attributed to the action/absence of agonist and phospholipid-mediated allosteric effects on the intracellular side of the receptor. Unbiased microsecond-length MD simulations of the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) were performed in quadruplicate, starting from the inactive conformation either in apo or with bound agonists: adenosine or NECA, each of them embedded in two different homogeneous phospholipid membranes. Different intermediate or active receptor conformations were found depending on the presence/absence of bound agonist and type of lipid environment. Exclusively, in DOPG with bound agonist, we reproducibly identify receptor conformations with fully active features, which are able to dock G protein. These different receptor conformations can be attributed to the action/absence of agonist and phospholipid-mediated allosteric effects on the intracellular side of the receptor. Dynamic structural data are key for the understanding of agonist-mediated GPCR activation simulated in realistic membrane environments.
- Published
- 2020
6. Exploring the Activation Mechanism of the mGlu5 Transmembrane Domain
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Lans, Isaias, Díaz Sanzo, Óscar, Dalton, James A. R., Giraldo, Jesús, Lans, Isaias, Díaz Sanzo, Óscar, Dalton, James A. R., and Giraldo, Jesús
- Abstract
UDTAULÍ, As a class C GPCR and regulator of synaptic activity, mGlu5 is an attractive drug target, potentially offering treatment for several neurologic and psychiatric disorders. As little is known about the activation mechanism of mGlu5 at a structural level, potential of mean force calculations linked to molecular dynamics simulations were performed on the mGlu5 transmembrane domain crystal structure to explore various internal mechanisms responsible for its activation. Our results suggest that the hydrophilic interactions between intracellular loop 1 and the intracellular side of TM6 have to be disrupted to reach a theoretically active-like conformation. In addition, interactions between residues that are key for mGlu5 activation (Tyr659 3.44 and Ile751 5.51) and mGlu5 inactivation (Tyr659 3.44 and Ser809 7.39) have been identified. Inasmuch as mGlu5 receptor signaling is poorly understood, potentially showing a complex network of micro-switches and subtle structure-activity relationships, the present study represents a step forward in the understanding of mGlu5 transmembrane domain activation.
- Published
- 2020
7. Structural Assessment of Agonist Efficacy in the μ-Opioid Receptor: Morphine and Fentanyl Elicit Different Activation Patterns
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Ricarte, Adrián, primary, Dalton, James A. R., additional, and Giraldo, Jesús, additional
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- 2021
- Full Text
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8. Insights into adenosine A2A receptor activation through cooperative modulation of agonist and allosteric lipid interactions
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Bruzzese, Agustín, primary, Dalton, James A. R., additional, and Giraldo, Jesús, additional
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- 2020
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9. Exploring the Activation Mechanism of the mGlu5 Transmembrane Domain
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Lans, Isaias, primary, Díaz, Óscar, additional, Dalton, James A. R., additional, and Giraldo, Jesús, additional
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- 2020
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10. Descrit el possible mecanisme d'activació del receptor cannabinoide 1
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Díaz Sanzo, Óscar, Dalton, James A. R, and Giraldo, Jesús
- Abstract
Un estudi, publicat a la revista Journal of Medicinal Chemistry pels investigadors Óscar Díaz, James Dalton i Jesús Giraldo de l'Institut de Neurociències, descriu el possible mecanisme d'activació del receptor cannabinoide 1 (CB1). Aquest receptor és activat pel principal component psicoactiu del cànnabis; així doncs, conèixer i comprendre el seu mecanisme d'activació afavorirà el desenvolupament de fàrmacs que modulen el seu funcionament de manera més econòmica i eficient. Un estudio, publicado en la revista Journal of Medicinal Chemistry por los investigadores Óscar Díaz, James Dalton y Jesús Giraldo del Instituto de Neurociencias, describe el posible mecanismo de activación del receptor cannabinoide 1 (CB1). Este receptor es activado por el principal componente psicoactivo del cannabis; así pues, conocer y comprender su mecanismo de activación favorecerá el desarrollo de fármacos que modulen su funcionamiento, de manera más económica y eficiente. A study published in the Journal of Medicinal Chemistry by the Neuroscience Institute researchers Óscar Díaz, James Dalton and Jesús Giraldo, describes the potential activation mechanism of cannabinoid receptor 1 (CB1). This receptor is activated by the main psychoactive component of cannabis; thus, knowing and understanding its mechanism of activation will favor the development of drugs that modulate their functioning, in a more economic and efficacious way.
- Published
- 2019
11. An evaluation of automated homology modelling methods at low target–template sequence similarity
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Dalton, James A. R. and Jackson, Richard M.
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- 2007
12. Calculation of helix packing angles in protein structures
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Dalton, James A. R., Michalopoulos, Ioannis, and Westhead, David R.
- Published
- 2003
13. Correction: Rational design of a peptide capture agent for CXCL8 based on a model of the CXCL8:CXCR1 complex
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Helmer, Dorothea, Rink, Ina, Dalton, James A. R., Brahm, Kevin, Jöst, Marina, Nargang, Tobias M., Blum, Witali, Wadhwani, Parvesh, Brenner-Weiss, Gerald, Rapp, Bastian E., Giraldo, Jesús, and Schmitz, Katja
- Subjects
ddc:620 ,Engineering & allied operations - Abstract
Correction for ‘Rational design of a peptide capture agent for CXCL8 based on a model of the CXCL8:CXCR1 complex’ by Dorothea Helmer et al., RSC Adv., 2015, 5, 25657–25668. The authors regret that the original article included some results which were subsequently found to be based on a slightly different peptide sequence than the sequence originally reported. This issue is addressed in the following text, which is an update to the original article. Upon further investigation of the IL8 capture peptide IL8-RP-Loops introduced in the original article, we found that during synthesis of the intended peptide sequence AKWRMVLRI–Ahx–ADTLMRTQ we had obtained the peptide AKWRMVLRI–Ahx–ADTLMRTE, in which the C-terminal glutamine was replaced with glutamic acid. This was confirmed by high resolution mass spectrometry. The reported high affinity (0.5 ± 0.3 μM) was reproduced by the E-mutant within experimental error (1.1 ± 0.1 μM) but not for the original sequence ending with glutamine. We conclude that all experiments were performed with the peptide AKWRMVLRI–Ahx–ADTLMRTE. The affected amino acid Q271 was shown to be non-essential for receptor function by Hébert et al.1 So no essential amino acid of the original sequence was omitted in the exchange. In the original publication we claimed that preorganization of the peptide is responsible for the high affinity of the receptor-derived peptide, as CD-spectroscopy had revealed a helical structure for the synthesized peptide. To test the effect of the exchange of glutamine with the structurally closely related glutamic acid on the preorganization of the peptide in solution, we ran a new set of molecular dynamics simulations on the peptide containing the original receptor sequence and the actually synthesized peptide IL8-RP-Loops. The helical content of the peptide structure over the course of the simulation was higher for IL8-RP-Loops with C-terminal glutamic acid (23.6%) than for the peptide ending with glutamine (6.0%). Thus, the serendipitous exchange of the polar glutamine at the C-terminus with negatively charged glutamic acid enhanced preorganization and led to the capture peptide with high affinity. In conclusion, a capture peptide could be designed based on a binding region identified from a computational model of the CXCL8:CXCR1 complex. The peptide comprises receptor residues known to form essential contacts with the chemokine ligand and the exchange of the non-essential C-terminal glutamine for glutamic acid enhances the preorganization into a partially helical structure in solution responsible for its high affinity to the chemokine. In the design of receptor-derived capture peptides it is therefore important to examine the propensity to form secondary structure elements in solution to obtain high affinity peptide mimetics.
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- 2018
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14. Revealing the Mechanism of Agonist-Mediated Cannabinoid Receptor 1 (CB1) Activation and Phospholipid-Mediated Allosteric Modulation
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Díaz, Óscar, primary, Dalton, James A. R., additional, and Giraldo, Jesús, additional
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- 2019
- Full Text
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15. Insights into adenosine A2A receptor activation through cooperative modulation of agonist and allosteric lipid interactions.
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Bruzzese, Agustín, Dalton, James A. R., and Giraldo, Jesús
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ALLOSTERIC regulation , *PURINERGIC receptors , *G protein coupled receptors , *MOLECULAR dynamics , *LIPIDS , *SIGNAL recognition particle receptor - Abstract
The activation process of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been extensively studied, both experimentally and computationally. In particular, Molecular Dynamics (MD) simulations have proven useful in exploring GPCR conformational space. The typical behaviour of class A GPCRs, when subjected to unbiased MD simulations from their crystallized inactive state, is to fluctuate between inactive and intermediate(s) conformations, even with bound agonist. Fully active conformation(s) are rarely stabilized unless a G protein is also bound. Despite several crystal structures of the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) having been resolved in complex with co-crystallized agonists and Gs protein, its agonist-mediated activation process is still not completely understood. In order to thoroughly examine the conformational landscape of A2aR activation, we performed unbiased microsecond-length MD simulations in quadruplicate, starting from the inactive conformation either in apo or with bound agonists: endogenous adenosine or synthetic NECA, embedded in two homogeneous phospholipid membranes: 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphoglycerol (DOPG) or 1,2-dioleoyl-sn-glycerol-3-phosphocholine (DOPC). In DOPC with bound adenosine or NECA, we observe transition to an intermediate receptor conformation consistent with the known adenosine-bound crystal state. In apo state in DOPG, two different intermediate conformations are obtained. One is similar to that observed with bound adenosine in DOPC, while the other is closer to the active state but not yet fully active. Exclusively, in DOPG with bound adenosine or NECA, we reproducibly identify receptor conformations with fully active features, which are able to dock Gs protein. These different receptor conformations can be attributed to the action/absence of agonist and phospholipid-mediated allosteric effects on the intracellular side of the receptor. Author summary: Unbiased microsecond-length MD simulations of the adenosine A2a receptor (A2aR) were performed in quadruplicate, starting from the inactive conformation either in apo or with bound agonists: adenosine or NECA, each of them embedded in two different homogeneous phospholipid membranes. Different intermediate or active receptor conformations were found depending on the presence/absence of bound agonist and type of lipid environment. Exclusively, in DOPG with bound agonist, we reproducibly identify receptor conformations with fully active features, which are able to dock Gs protein. These different receptor conformations can be attributed to the action/absence of agonist and phospholipid-mediated allosteric effects on the intracellular side of the receptor. Dynamic structural data are key for the understanding of agonist-mediated GPCR activation simulated in realistic membrane environments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2020
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Synthesis toward Bivalent Ligands for the Dopamine D2 and Metabotropic Glutamate 5 Receptors
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Qian, Mingcheng, primary, Wouters, Elise, additional, Dalton, James A. R., additional, Risseeuw, Martijn D. P., additional, Crans, René A. J., additional, Stove, Christophe, additional, Giraldo, Jesús, additional, Van Craenenbroeck, Kathleen, additional, and Van Calenbergh, Serge, additional
- Published
- 2018
- Full Text
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17. Structural insights into positive and negative allosteric regulation of a G protein-coupled receptor through protein-lipid interactions
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Bruzzese, Agustín, primary, Gil, Carles, additional, Dalton, James A. R., additional, and Giraldo, Jesús, additional
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- 2018
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18. Analysis of positive and negative allosteric modulation in metabotropic glutamate receptors 4 and 5 with a dual ligand
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Dalton, James A. R., primary, Pin, Jean-Philippe, additional, and Giraldo, Jesús, additional
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- 2017
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19. Angiotensin II type 1/adenosine A 2A receptor oligomers: a novel target for tardive dyskinesia
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Oliveira, Paulo A. de, primary, Dalton, James A. R., additional, López-Cano, Marc, additional, Ricarte, Adrià, additional, Morató, Xavier, additional, Matheus, Filipe C., additional, Cunha, Andréia S., additional, Müller, Christa E., additional, Takahashi, Reinaldo N., additional, Fernández-Dueñas, Víctor, additional, Giraldo, Jesús, additional, Prediger, Rui D., additional, and Ciruela, Francisco, additional
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- 2017
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20. Illuminating Phenylazopyridines To Photoswitch Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors: From the Flask to the Animals
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Gómez-Santacana, Xavier, primary, Pittolo, Silvia, additional, Rovira, Xavier, additional, Lopez, Marc, additional, Zussy, Charleine, additional, Dalton, James A. R., additional, Faucherre, Adèle, additional, Jopling, Chris, additional, Pin, Jean-Philippe, additional, Ciruela, Francisco, additional, Goudet, Cyril, additional, Giraldo, Jesús, additional, Gorostiza, Pau, additional, and Llebaria, Amadeu, additional
- Published
- 2016
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21. Shining Light On An mGlu5 Photoswitchable NAM : A Theoretical Perspective
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Dalton, James A. R, Lans, Isaias, Rovira Algans, Xavier, Malhaire, Fanny, Gómez-Santacana, Xavier, Pittolo, Silvia, Gorostiza, Pau, Llebaria, Amadeu, Goudet, Cyril, Pin, Jean-Philippe, Giraldo, Jesús, Dalton, James A. R, Lans, Isaias, Rovira Algans, Xavier, Malhaire, Fanny, Gómez-Santacana, Xavier, Pittolo, Silvia, Gorostiza, Pau, Llebaria, Amadeu, Goudet, Cyril, Pin, Jean-Philippe, and Giraldo, Jesús
- Abstract
Altres ajuts: La Marató de TV3 (Refs. 110230, 110231 and 110232); European COST Action CM1207 (GLISTEN: GPCR.-Ligand Interactions, Structures, and Transmembrane Signalling: a European Research Network), Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are important drug targets because of their involvement in several neurological diseases. Among mGluRs, mGlu5 is a particularly high-profile target because its positive or negative allosteric modulation can potentially treat schizophrenia or anxiety and chronic pain, respectively. Here, we computationally and experimentally probe the functional binding of a novel photoswitchable mGlu5 NAM, termed alloswitch-1, which loses its NAM functionality under violet light. We show alloswitch-1 binds deep in the allosteric pocket in a similar fashion to mavoglurant, the co-crystallized NAM in the mGlu5 transmembrane domain crystal structure. Alloswitch-1, like NAM 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP), is significantly affected by P655M mutation deep in the allosteric pocket, eradicating its functionality. In MD simulations, we show alloswitch-1 and MPEP stabilize the co-crystallized water molecule located at the bottom of the allosteric site that is seemingly characteristic of the inactive receptor state. Furthermore, both NAMs form H-bonds with S809 on helix 7, which may constitute an important stabilizing interaction for NAM-induced mGlu5 inactivation. Alloswitch-1, through isomerization of its amide group from trans to cis is able to form an additional interaction with N747 on helix 5. This may be an important interaction for amide-containing mGlu5 NAMs, helping to stabilize their binding in a potentially unusual cis-amide state. Simulated conformational switching of alloswitch-1 in silico suggests photoisomerization of its azo group from trans to cis may be possible within the allosteric pocket. However, photoexcited alloswitch-1 binds in an unstable fashion, breaking H-bonds with the protein and destabilizing the co-crystallized water molecule. This suggests photoswitching may have destabilizing effects on mGlu5 binding and functionality.
- Published
- 2016
22. Synthesis toward Bivalent Ligands for the Dopamine D2 and Metabotropic Glutamate 5 Receptors.
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Qian, Mingcheng, Wouters, Elise, Dalton, James A. R., Risseeuw, Martijn D. P., Crans, René A. J., Stove, Christophe, Giraldo, Jesús, Van Craenenbroeck, Kathleen, and Van Calenbergh, Serge
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- 2018
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23. Selective Protonation of Acidic Residues Triggers Opsin Activation
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Lans, Isaias, primary, Dalton, James A. R., additional, and Giraldo, Jesús, additional
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- 2015
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24. Rational design of a peptide capture agent for CXCL8 based on a model of the CXCL8:CXCR1 complex
- Author
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Helmer, Dorothea, primary, Rink, Ina, additional, Dalton, James A. R., additional, Brahm, Kevin, additional, Jöst, Marina, additional, Nargang, Tobias M., additional, Blum, Witali, additional, Wadhwani, Parvesh, additional, Brenner-Weiss, Gerald, additional, Rapp, Bastian E., additional, Giraldo, Jesús, additional, and Schmitz, Katja, additional
- Published
- 2015
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25. Computational analysis of negative and positive allosteric modulator binding and function in metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (in)activation
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Dalton, James A. R., Gómez-Santacana, Xavier, Llebaria, Amadeu, Giraldo, Jesús, Dalton, James A. R., Gómez-Santacana, Xavier, Llebaria, Amadeu, and Giraldo, Jesús
- Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are high-profile G-protein coupled receptors drug targets because of their involvement in several neurological disease states, and mGluR5 in particular is a subtype whose controlled allosteric modulation, both positive and negative, can potentially be useful for the treatment of schizophrenia and relief of chronic pain, respectively. Here we model mGluR5 with a collection of positive and negative allosteric modulators (PAMs and NAMs) in both active and inactive receptor states, in a manner that is consistent with experimental information, using a specialized protocol that includes homology to increase docking accuracy, and receptor relaxation to generate an individual induced fit with each allosteric modulator. Results implicate two residues in particular for NAM and PAM function: NAM interaction with W785 for receptor inactivation, and NAM/PAM H-bonding with S809 for receptor (in)activation. Models suggest the orientation of the H-bond between allosteric modulator and S809, controlled by PAM/NAM chemistry, influences the position of TM7, which in turn influences the shape of the allosteric site, and potentially the receptor state. NAM-bound and PAM-bound mGluR5 models also reveal that although PAMs and NAMs bind in the same pocket and share similar binding modes, they have distinct effects on the conformation of the receptor. Our models, together with the identification of a possible activation mechanism, may be useful in the rational design of new allosteric modulators for mGluR5.
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- 2014
26. Allosteric control of an asymmetric transduction in a G protein-coupled receptor heterodimer.
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Junke Liu, Zongyong Zhang, Moreno-Delgado, David, Dalton, James A. R., Rovira, Xavier, Trapero, Ana, Goudet, Cyril, Llebaria, Amadeu, Giraldo, Jesús, Qilin Yuan, Rondard, Philippe, Siluo Huang, Jianfeng Liu, and Jean-Philippe Pin
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- 2017
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27. Computational Analysis of Negative and Positive Allosteric Modulator Binding and Function in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor 5 (In)Activation
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Dalton, James A. R., primary, Gómez-Santacana, Xavier, additional, Llebaria, Amadeu, additional, and Giraldo, Jesús, additional
- Published
- 2014
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28. Synthesis toward Bivalent Ligands for the Dopamine D2and Metabotropic Glutamate 5 Receptors
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Qian, Mingcheng, Wouters, Elise, Dalton, James A. R., Risseeuw, Martijn D. P., Crans, René A. J., Stove, Christophe, Giraldo, Jesús, Van Craenenbroeck, Kathleen, and Van Calenbergh, Serge
- Abstract
In this study, we designed and synthesized heterobivalent ligands targeting heteromers consisting of the metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor (mGluR5) and the dopamine D2receptor (D2R). Bivalent ligand 22awith a linker consisting of 20 atoms showed 4-fold increase in affinity for cells coexpressing D2R and mGluR5 compared to cells solely expressing D2R. Likewise, the affinity of 22afor mGluR5 increased 2-fold in the coexpressing cells. Additionally, 22aexhibited a 5-fold higher mGluR5 affinity than its monovalent precursor 21ain cells coexpressing D2R and mGluR5. These results indicate that 22ais able to bridge binding sites on both receptors constituting the heterodimer. Likewise, cAMP assays revealed that 22ahad a 4-fold higher potency in stable D2R and mGluR5 coexpressing cell lines than 1. Furthermore, molecular modeling reveals that 22ais able to simultaneously bind both receptors by passing between the TM5–TM6 interface and establishing six protein–ligand H-bonds.
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- 2018
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29. Illuminating Phenylazopyridines To Photoswitch Metabotropic Glutamate Receptors: From the Flask to the Animals
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Gómez-Santacana, Xavier, Pittolo, Silvia, Rovira, Xavier, Lopez, Marc, Zussy, Charleine, Dalton, James A. R., Faucherre, Adèle, Jopling, Chris, Pin, Jean-Philippe, Ciruela, Francisco, Goudet, Cyril, Giraldo, Jesús, Gorostiza, Pau, and Llebaria, Amadeu
- Abstract
Phenylazopyridines are photoisomerizable compounds with high potential to control biological functions with light. We have obtained a series of phenylazopyridines with light dependent activity as negative allosteric modulators (NAM) of metabotropic glutamate receptor subtype 5 (mGlu5). Here we describe the factors needed to achieve an operational molecular photoisomerization and its effective translation into in vitroand in vivoreceptor photoswitching, which includes zebrafish larva motility and the regulation of the antinociceptive effects in mice. The combination of light and some specific phenylazopyridine ligands displays atypical pharmacological profiles, including light-dependent receptor overactivation, which can be observed both in vitroand in vivo. Remarkably, the localized administration of light and a photoswitchable compound in the peripheral tissues of rodents or in the brain amygdalae results in an illumination-dependent analgesic effect. The results reveal a robust translation of the phenylazopyridine photoisomerization to a precise photoregulation of biological activity.
- Published
- 2017
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30. Quantifying conformational changes in GPCRs: glimpse of a common functional mechanism.
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Dalton, James A. R., Lans, Isaias, and Giraldo, Jesús
- Subjects
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G proteins , *MOLECULAR structure , *SPECTRUM analysis , *STRUCTURAL bioinformatics , *CRYSTALLIZATION - Abstract
Background: G-protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are important drug targets and a better understanding of their molecular mechanisms would be desirable. The crystallization rate of GPCRs has accelerated in recent years as techniques have become more sophisticated, particularly with respect to Class A GPCRs interacting with G-proteins. These developments have made it possible for a quantitative analysis of GPCR geometrical features and binding-site conformations, including a statistical comparison between Class A GPCRs in active (agonist-bound) and inactive (antagonist-bound) states. Results: Here we implement algorithms for the analysis of interhelical angles, distances, interactions and binding-site volumes in the transmembrane domains of 25 Class A GPCRs (7 active and 18 inactive). Two interhelical angles change in a statistically significant way between average inactive and active states: TM3-TM6 (by -9°) and TM6-TM7 (by +12°). A third interhelical angle: TM5-TM6 shows a trend, changing by -9°. In the transition from inactive to active states, average van der Waals interactions between TM3 and TM7 significantly increase as the average distance between them decreases by >2 Å. Average H-bonding between TM3 and TM6 decreases but is seemingly compensated by an increase in H-bonding between TM5 and TM6. In five Class A GPCRs, crystallized in both active and inactive states, increased H-bonding of agonists to TM6 and TM7, relative to antagonists, is observed. These protein-agonist interactions likely favour a change in the TM6-TM7 angle, which creates a narrowing in the binding pocket of activated receptors and an average ∼200 Å3 reduction in volume. Conclusions: In terms of similar conformational changes and agonist binding pattern, Class A GPCRs appear to share a common mechanism of activation, which can be exploited in future drug development. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2015
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31. ComputationalAnalysis of Negative and Positive AllostericModulator Binding and Function in Metabotropic Glutamate Receptor5 (In)Activation.
- Author
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Dalton, James A. R., Gómez-Santacana, Xavier, Llebaria, Amadeu, and Giraldo, Jesús
- Published
- 2014
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32. G protein-coupled receptors : providing mechanistic explanations to ligand-receptor and receptor-receptor interactions through in silico studies
- Author
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Ricarte Marín, Adrián, Giraldo, Jesús, Dalton, James A. R, and Dalton, James Andrew Rupert
- Subjects
3d Structure ,Dinámica molecular ,Estructura 3d ,Receptores acoplados a proteinas G ,Dinàmica molecular ,Molecular dynamics ,Receptors acoblats a proteïnes G ,Ciències de la Salut ,G protein coupled receptors - Abstract
Els receptors acoblats a proteïnes G (GPCR) constitueixen la família més gran de proteïnes de membrana del genoma humà. Aquestes proteïnes de membrana estan formades per set hèlixs transmembrana connectades per bucles intracel·lulars i extracel·lulars. Aquesta superfamília es pot classificar en cinc famílies o classes, amb moltes implicacions en la regulació del sistema nerviós central (SNC). Per tant, representen principals dianes farmacològiques per regular terapèuticament trastorns neurològics com l'Alzheimer, la demència frontotemporal, la malaltia de Parkinson, la malaltia de Huntington, l'esquizofrènia, el dolor i l'addicció. Aquests receptors transmembrana han guanyat un interès creixent per tal de dilucidar els determinants moleculars de la seva activació i l'efecte que l'entorn de la membrana té sobre la seva funcionalitat. Mitjançant l'ús de tècniques computacionals, aquest estudi examina l'efecte que té la unió del lligand sobre el receptor, així com la seva oligomerització dins el panorama conformacional dels GPCR. Les simulacions de dinàmica molecular permeten l'estudi temps-dependent a un nivell atòmic dels receptors. Les trajectòries poden permetre la descripció mecànica de les interaccions atòmiques que tenen lloc a l'estructura del receptor en una escala de temps de microsegons i que en determinen l'estat d'activació i funcionalitat. Els resultats obtinguts a través d'aquestes tècniques computacionals tenen com a objectiu proporcionar explicacions estructurals teòriques a l'evidència funcional dels GPCR. Aquest estudi inclou diversos GPCR. Breument, s'analitza la viabilitat de formació, l'estabilitat molecular i la modulació creuada receptor-receptor per a: heterotetràmers del receptor d'angiotensina 1 (AT1R) i del receptor d'adenosina 2A (A2AR), el receptor de serotonina 2A (5-HT2AR) i el receptor metabotròpic de glutamat 2 (mGlu2R), així com heterooligòmers i protòmers del receptor de dopamina D2 (D2R) dins de complexos homodimèrics. A més d'aquests estudis sobre l'oligomerització dels GPCR, es realitza un anàlisi detallat de l'activació del receptor opioide μ en forma monomèrica, comparant dos agonistes estructuralment i funcionalment diferents, morfina i fentanil. Els resultats presentats en aquesta tesi mostren la influència temps-dependent de les interaccions lligant-proteïna i proteïna-proteïna en la modulació del paisatge conformacional i la funcionalitat dels GPCR de classe A i classe C. El treball computacional s'ha fet en col·laboració amb grups experimentals o de manera independent. Els resultats mostren la contribució del modelatge molecular, les simulacions de dinàmica molecular i altres tècniques computacionals en la comprensió mecànica de la funció dels GPCR. Aquests enfocaments computacionals complementen els experimentals sobre el disseny de fàrmacs dirigits als GPCR, basat el coneixement en estructures i mecanismes moleculars. Los receptores acoplados a proteínas G (GPCR) constituyen la familia más grande de proteínas de membrana en el genoma humano. Estas proteínas de membrana están formadas por siete hélices transmembrana conectadas por bucles intracelulares y extracelulares. Esta superfamilia se puede clasificar en cinco familias o clases, con muchas implicaciones en la regulación del sistema nervioso central (SNC). Por lo tanto, representan principales dianas farmacológicas para regular terapéuticamente trastornos neurológicos como el Alzheimer, la demencia frontotemporal, la enfermedad de Parkinson, la enfermedad de Huntington, la esquizofrenia, el dolor y la adicción. Estos receptores transmembrana han ganado un interés creciente para dilucidar mecánicamente los determinantes moleculares de la activación del receptor y el efecto que el entorno de la membrana tiene sobre su funcionalidad. Mediante el uso de técnicas computacionales, este estudio examina el efecto que tiene la unión del ligando sobre el receptor, así como la oligomerización de estos en el panorama conformacional de los GPCR. Las simulaciones de dinámica molecular permiten el estudio tiempo-dependiente a un nivel atómico. Las trayectorias pueden permitir la descripción mecánica de las interacciones atómicas que ocurren en la estructura del receptor en una escala de tiempo de microsegundos y que determinan su estado de activación y funcionalidad. Los resultados obtenidos a través de estas técnicas computacionales, tienen como objetivo proporcionar explicaciones estructurales teóricas a la evidencia funcional de los GPCR. En este estudio se incluyen varios GPCR. Brevemente, se analiza la viabilidad de formación, la estabilidad molecular y la modulación cruzada receptor-receptor para: heterotetrámeros del receptor de angiotensina 1 (AT1R) y del receptor de adenosina 2A (A2AR), el receptor de serotonina 2A (5-HT2AR) y el receptor metabotrópico de glutamato 2 (mGlu2R), así como hetero-oligómeros y protómeros del receptor de dopamina D2 (D2R) dentro de complejos homodiméricos. Además de estos estudios sobre la oligomerización de los GPCR, se realiza un análisis detallado de la activación de los GPCR en su forma monomérica, comparando dos agonistas estructural y funcionalmente diferentes, morfina y fentanilo, sobre la activación del receptor opioide μ. Los resultados presentados en esta tesis muestran la influencia tiempo-dependiente de las interacciones ligando-proteína y proteína-proteína en la modulación del paisaje conformacional y la funcionalidad de los GPCR de clase A y clase C desde una perspectiva atómica. El trabajo computacional se ha realizado en colaboración con grupos experimentales o de forma independiente. Los resultados muestran la contribución del modelado molecular, las simulaciones de dinámica molecular y otras técnicas computacionales a la comprensión mecánica de la función GPCR. Estos enfoques computacionales complementan los experimentales sobre el diseño de fármacos GPCR basados en estructuras y las terapias moleculares basadas en mecanismos. G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) constitute the largest family of membrane proteins in the human genome. These membrane proteins are made up of seven transmembrane helices connected by intracellular and extracellular loops. The GPCR superfamily can be classified into five families or classes, with many implications in the regulation of the central nervous system (CNS). Therefore, they represent main drug-targets to therapeutically regulate neurologic disorders such as Alzheimer's disease, frontotemporal dementia, Parkinson's disease, Huntington's disease, schizophrenia, pain and addiction. These seven-helix transmembrane receptors have gained increasing interest to mechanistically elucidate the molecular determinants of receptor activation and the effect that the membrane environment has on their functionality. By making use of molecular computational techniques, this study examines the effect that either ligand binding or receptor oligomerization has on the conformational landscape of GPCRs. Molecular dynamics simulations enable the time-dependent study of GPCRs at an atomic level. Trajectories at a microsecond time-scale may allow the mechanistic description of dynamic atomic interactions that occur in the receptor structure and determine its activation state and functionality. Results obtained from these computational techniques were aimed to provide theoretical structural explanations to experimental functional evidence. A number of GPCRs are included in this study. Briefly, the viability of formation, molecular stability and receptor-receptor cross-modulation are analyzed for: angiotensin 1 receptor (AT1R) and adenosine 2A receptor (A2AR) heterotetramers, serotonin 2A receptor (5-HT2AR) and metabotropic glutamate receptor 2 (mGlu2R) hetero-oligomers, and dopamine D2 receptor (D2R) protomers within homodimeric complexes. In addition to these studies on GPCR oligomerization, a detailed analysis of monomeric GPCR activation is made by comparing two structurally and functionally different agonists, morphine and fentanyl, on the activation of the μ-opioid receptor. The results presented in this thesis show the influence of time-dependent ligand-protein and protein-protein interactions on the modulation of the conformational landscape and functionality of class A and class C GPCRs from an atomic perspective. The computational work has been done either in collaboration with experimental groups or independently. The results show the contribution of molecular modelling, molecular dynamics simulations and other computational techniques to the mechanistic understanding of GPCR function. These computational approaches complement experimental ones on structure-based GPCR drug design and mechanistic-based molecular therapies.
- Published
- 2022
33. Discovery of a true bivalent dopamine D 2 receptor agonist.
- Author
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Qian M, Ricarte A, Wouters E, Dalton JAR, Risseeuw MDP, Giraldo J, and Van Calenbergh S
- Subjects
- Cells, Cultured, Dopamine Agonists chemical synthesis, Dopamine Agonists chemistry, Dose-Response Relationship, Drug, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Models, Molecular, Molecular Structure, Structure-Activity Relationship, Dopamine Agonists pharmacology, Drug Discovery, Receptors, Dopamine D2 agonists
- Abstract
Employing two different alkyne-modified dopamine agonists to construct bivalent compounds via click chemistry resulted in the identification of a bivalent ligand (11c) for dopamine D
2 receptor homodimer, which, compared to its parent monomeric alkyne, showed a 16-fold higher binding affinity for the dopamine D2 receptor and a 5-fold higher potency in a cAMP assay in HEK 293T cells stably expressing D2 R. Molecular modeling revealed that 11c can indeed bridge the orthosteric binding sites of a D2 R homodimer in a relaxed conformation via the TM5-TM6 interface and allows to largely rationalize the results of the receptor assays., Competing Interests: Declaration of competing interest The authors declare that they have no known competing financial interests or personal relationships that could have appeared to influence the work reported in this paper., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2021
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34. Artificial Intelligence: A Novel Approach for Drug Discovery.
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Díaz Ó, Dalton JAR, and Giraldo J
- Subjects
- Ligands, Machine Learning, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Artificial Intelligence, Drug Discovery
- Abstract
Molecular dynamics (MD) simulations can mechanistically explain receptor function. However, the enormous data sets that they may imply can be a hurdle. Plante and colleagues (Molecules, 2019) recently described a machine learning approach to the analysis of MD simulations. The approach successfully classified ligands and identified functional receptor motifs and thus it seems promising for mechanism-based drug discovery., (Copyright © 2019 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2019
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35. Synthesis toward Bivalent Ligands for the Dopamine D 2 and Metabotropic Glutamate 5 Receptors.
- Author
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Qian M, Wouters E, Dalton JAR, Risseeuw MDP, Crans RAJ, Stove C, Giraldo J, Van Craenenbroeck K, and Van Calenbergh S
- Subjects
- Cyclic AMP metabolism, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Ligands, Radioligand Assay, Small Molecule Libraries, Structure-Activity Relationship, Dopamine metabolism, Drug Design, Glutamates metabolism, Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5 chemistry, Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5 metabolism, Receptors, Dopamine D2 chemistry, Receptors, Dopamine D2 metabolism
- Abstract
In this study, we designed and synthesized heterobivalent ligands targeting heteromers consisting of the metabotropic glutamate 5 receptor (mGluR5) and the dopamine D
2 receptor (D2 R). Bivalent ligand 22a with a linker consisting of 20 atoms showed 4-fold increase in affinity for cells coexpressing D2 R and mGluR5 compared to cells solely expressing D2 R. Likewise, the affinity of 22a for mGluR5 increased 2-fold in the coexpressing cells. Additionally, 22a exhibited a 5-fold higher mGluR5 affinity than its monovalent precursor 21a in cells coexpressing D2 R and mGluR5. These results indicate that 22a is able to bridge binding sites on both receptors constituting the heterodimer. Likewise, cAMP assays revealed that 22a had a 4-fold higher potency in stable D2 R and mGluR5 coexpressing cell lines than 1. Furthermore, molecular modeling reveals that 22a is able to simultaneously bind both receptors by passing between the TM5-TM6 interface and establishing six protein-ligand H-bonds.- Published
- 2018
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36. Correction: Rational design of a peptide capture agent for CXCL8 based on a model of the CXCL8:CXCR1 complex.
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Helmer D, Rink I, Dalton JAR, Brahm K, Jöst M, Nargang TM, Blum W, Wadhwani P, Brenner-Weiss G, Rapp BE, Giraldo J, and Schmitz K
- Abstract
[This corrects the article DOI: 10.1039/C4RA13749C.]., (This journal is © The Royal Society of Chemistry.)
- Published
- 2018
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37. Positional isomers of bispyridine benzene derivatives induce efficacy changes on mGlu 5 negative allosteric modulation.
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Gómez-Santacana X, Dalton JAR, Rovira X, Pin JP, Goudet C, Gorostiza P, Giraldo J, and Llebaria A
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- Allosteric Regulation drug effects, Benzene metabolism, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Isomerism, Molecular Docking Simulation, Protein Conformation, Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5 chemistry, Benzene chemistry, Benzene pharmacology, Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5 metabolism
- Abstract
Modulation of metabotropic glutamate receptor 5 (mGlu
5 ) with partial allosteric antagonists has received increased interest due to their favourable in vivo activity profiles compared to the unfavourable side-effects of full inverse agonists. Here we report on a series of bispyridine benzene derivatives with a functional molecular switch affecting antagonistic efficacy, shifting from inverse agonism to partial antagonism with only a single change in the substitution pattern of the benzene ring. These efficacy changes are explained through computational docking, revealing two different receptor conformations of different energetic stability and different positional isomer binding preferences., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Masson SAS. All rights reserved.)- Published
- 2017
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38. Shining Light on an mGlu5 Photoswitchable NAM: A Theoretical Perspective.
- Author
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Dalton JA, Lans I, Rovira X, Malhaire F, Gómez-Santacana X, Pittolo S, Gorostiza P, Llebaria A, Goudet C, Pin JP, and Giraldo J
- Subjects
- Allosteric Site, Excitatory Amino Acid Antagonists pharmacology, HEK293 Cells, Humans, Hydrogen Bonding, Isomerism, Molecular Docking Simulation, Molecular Dynamics Simulation, Mutation, Protein Binding, Protein Conformation, Protein Stability, Pyridines pharmacology, Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5 antagonists & inhibitors, Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5 genetics, Water chemistry, Allosteric Regulation, Light, Photochemical Processes, Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5 metabolism, Receptor, Metabotropic Glutamate 5 radiation effects
- Abstract
Metabotropic glutamate receptors (mGluRs) are important drug targets because of their involvement in several neurological diseases. Among mGluRs, mGlu5 is a particularly high-profile target because its positive or negative allosteric modulation can potentially treat schizophrenia or anxiety and chronic pain, respectively. Here, we computationally and experimentally probe the functional binding of a novel photoswitchable mGlu5 NAM, termed alloswitch-1, which loses its NAM functionality under violet light. We show alloswitch-1 binds deep in the allosteric pocket in a similar fashion to mavoglurant, the co-crystallized NAM in the mGlu5 transmembrane domain crystal structure. Alloswitch-1, like NAM 2-Methyl-6-(phenylethynyl)pyridine (MPEP), is significantly affected by P655M mutation deep in the allosteric pocket, eradicating its functionality. In MD simulations, we show alloswitch-1 and MPEP stabilize the co-crystallized water molecule located at the bottom of the allosteric site that is seemingly characteristic of the inactive receptor state. Furthermore, both NAMs form H-bonds with S809 on helix 7, which may constitute an important stabilizing interaction for NAM-induced mGlu5 inactivation. Alloswitch-1, through isomerization of its amide group from trans to cis is able to form an additional interaction with N747 on helix 5. This may be an important interaction for amide-containing mGlu5 NAMs, helping to stabilize their binding in a potentially unusual cis-amide state. Simulated conformational switching of alloswitch-1 in silico suggests photoisomerization of its azo group from trans to cis may be possible within the allosteric pocket. However, photoexcited alloswitch-1 binds in an unstable fashion, breaking H-bonds with the protein and destabilizing the co-crystallized water molecule. This suggests photoswitching may have destabilizing effects on mGlu5 binding and functionality.
- Published
- 2016
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39. Helix 3 acts as a conformational hinge in Class A GPCR activation: An analysis of interhelical interaction energies in crystal structures.
- Author
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Lans I, Dalton JAR, and Giraldo J
- Subjects
- Binding Sites, Crystallography, X-Ray, Enzyme Activation physiology, Models, Molecular, Protein Conformation, Protein Structure, Tertiary, Receptor, Adenosine A2A metabolism, Receptor, Muscarinic M2 metabolism, Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 metabolism, Receptors, Opioid, mu metabolism, Rhodopsin metabolism, Signal Transduction physiology, Receptor, Adenosine A2A ultrastructure, Receptor, Muscarinic M2 ultrastructure, Receptors, Adrenergic, beta-2 ultrastructure, Receptors, Opioid, mu ultrastructure, Rhodopsin ultrastructure
- Abstract
A collection of crystal structures of rhodopsin, β2-adrenergic and adenosine A2A receptors in active, intermediate and inactive states were selected for structural and energetic analyses to identify the changes involved in the activation/deactivation of Class A GPCRs. A set of helix interactions exclusive to either inactive or active/intermediate states were identified. The analysis of these interactions distinguished some local conformational changes involved in receptor activation, in particular, a packing between the intracellular domains of transmembrane helices H3 and H7 and a separation between those of H2 and H6. Also, differential movements of the extracellular and intracellular domains of these helices are apparent. Moreover, a segment of residues in helix H3, including residues L/I3.40 to L3.43, is identified as a key component of the activation mechanism, acting as a conformational hinge between extracellular and intracellular regions. Remarkably, the influence on the activation process of some glutamic and aspartic acidic residues and, as a consequence, the influence of variations on local pH is highlighted. Structural hypotheses that arose from the analysis of rhodopsin, β2-adrenergic and adenosine A2A receptors were tested on the active and inactive M2 muscarinic acetylcholine receptor structures and further discussed in the context of the new mechanistic insights provided by the recently determined active and inactive crystal structures of the μ-opioid receptor. Overall, the structural and energetic analyses of the interhelical interactions present in this collection of Class A GPCRs suggests the existence of a common general activation mechanism featuring a chemical space useful for drug discovery exploration., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2015
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40. Homology-modelling protein-ligand interactions: allowing for ligand-induced conformational change.
- Author
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Dalton JA and Jackson RM
- Subjects
- Algorithms, Binding Sites, Databases, Protein, Ligands, Protein Conformation, Sequence Alignment, Software, Models, Molecular, Structural Homology, Protein
- Abstract
Current homology-modelling methods do not consider small molecules in their automated processes. Therefore, the development of a reliable tool for protein-ligand homology modelling is an important next step in generating plausible models for molecular interactions. Two automated protein-ligand homology-modelling strategies, requiring no expert knowledge from the user, are investigated here. Both employ the "induced fit" concept with flexibility in side chains and ligand. The most successful strategy superimposes the new ligand over the original ligand before homology modelling, allowing the new ligand to be taken into consideration during protein modelling (rather than after), facilitating conformational change in the local backbone if necessary. We show that this approach results in successful modelling of the ligand and key binding-site residues of angiotensin-converting enzyme 2 (ACE2) from its homologue ACE, which is not possible via conventional homology modelling or by homology modelling followed by docking. Several other difficult target complexes are also successfully modelled, reproducing native protein-ligand contacts with significantly different biological substrates and different binding-site conformations. These include the modelling of Cdk5 (cyclin-dependent kinase 5) from Cdk2, thymidine phosphorylase from a bacterial homologue, and dihydrofolate reductase from a recombinant variant with a markedly different inhibitor. In terms of average modelling quality across 82 targets, the ligand RMSD with respect to the experimental structure is 1.4 A (and 2.0 A for the protein binding site) for "easy" cases and 2.9 A for the ligand (and 2.7 A for the protein binding site) in "hard" cases. This demonstrates the importance of selecting an optimal template. Ligand-modelling accuracy is strongly dependent on target-template ligand structural similarity, rather than target-template sequence identity. However, protein-modelling accuracy is dependent on both. Our automated protein-ligand homology-modelling strategy generates a higher degree of accuracy than homology modelling followed by docking, generating an average ligand RMSD that is 1-2 A better than docking with homology models., (Copyright (c) 2010 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved.)
- Published
- 2010
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
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