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Rehmannia glutinosa Libosch (RG), is officially listed in the Chinese Pharmacopoeia and is widely used in China. In this paper, a sensitive and rapid ultra-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry method including multiple-reaction monitoring mode was developed and applied to study the pharmacokinetic effect of acteoside from total glycoside extracted from the leaves of Rehmannia (TLR) and Dihuangye total glycoside capsule (DTG) in normal and diabetic nephropathy rats. The diabetic nephropathy rat model was induced by intraperitoneal injection of a small dose of streptozotocin and high-fat diet and plus 5% glucose drinking water. Samples of plasma of rats were obtained at different times after rats were administered TLR (7.2 g/kg) and DTG (360 mg/kg). After deproteinization by acetonitrile, the concentrations of acteoside in rats at different time points were detected by UPLC-TQ-MS method and pharmacokinetics parameters were calculated using DAS 3.2.8 software. A good linearity of acteoside was shown in the range of 8.51-3404.8 ng/m L ( r2 = 0.9987). The mean extraction recovery of analyte was in the range of 63.55-79.49%, and the intra- and inter-day RSD values were <8.8%. Compared with the normal group, the maximum plasma concentration, AUC0- t, AUC0-∞ and apparent plasma clearance corresponding dose in model group rats decreased significantly. After rats were administered TLR and DTG, the acteoside reached the maximum plasma concentration at about 15 min. The method proved to be simple, rapid and specific, and to be suitable for the determination of acteoside in plasma of diabetic nephropathy rats and pharmacokinetic study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper investigated the diversity of the silkworm excrement bacterial communities in different ages before and after drying, aiming to clarify the differences of bacterial communities in composition and bacterial abundance and the influences of drying treatment, and provide scientific basis for the efficacy of scientific connotation and utilization of silkworm excrement. High-throughput sequencing technique was used to measure the sequence of 16S rDNA-V4 variable region of bacteria in silkworm excrement. QIIME, Mothur and PICRUSt software programs were employed to sort and calculate the number of sequences and operational taxonomic units (OTUs) for each sample. Thereafter, the abundance, distribution, alpha diversity index of species, beta diversity and bacterial communities diversity among different sample groups and predicted the bacterial gene functions were analyzed. In this study, the numbers of effective sequences for six samples were 259 250; the rarefaction curves showed a sufficient sequencing depth, and the number of OTUs was close to saturation. The bacteria in silkworm excrement belonged to the following five phylums: Proteobacteria (89.3%), Actinobacteria (5.0%), Firmicutes (4.4%), Bacteroidetes (1.1%) and Cyanobacteria (0.2%). The dominant specie was Cyanobacteria of the total bacteria identified, respectively. The abundances and diversities of the silkworm excrement bacterial communities have been reduced after drying treatment, especially the silkworm excrement of the fifth instar. PICRUSt analysis was performed to show that abundance of the functional genes such as membrane transport, carbohydrate metabolism, amino acid metabolism, lipid metabolism, nucleotide metabolism, cellular processes and signaling were relatively high. The result showed that the drying treatment could decreased the species and numbers of pathogenic bacteria in silkworm excrement obviously and improve the quality of medicinal materials. Compared with the lower ages, silkworm excrement of fifth instar seems like to be more suitable for use in medicine. Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing system provides a more accurate and scientific data resource for the study of bacteria in silkworm excrement., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)

Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma residues were pre-treated with acid and alkali, degraded by using cellulose, and the effects of different processing methods on the extraction rate of tanshinones were compared to provide scientific basis for development and utilization of tanshinones from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma residues. The results showed that in the Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma residues without pre-treatment, enzymatic hydrolysis time of 4.5 d could make most of the cellulose degraded when the concentration of substrate enzyme concentration was 6 U•mL-1, and the highest glucose concentration was 59.74 mg•g⁻¹. It was found that the best effect was achieved after alkali pre-treatment-cellulose C degradation among the different pre-treatment methods, and the glucose content reached 119.50 mg•g⁻¹, followed by the same concentration of acid pre-treatment-cellulose C degradation. The extraction amount of tanshinone ⅡA was increased by 82.54% after enzyme degradation, with a mass fraction of 2.451 mg•g⁻¹; extraction amount of tanshinone I was increased by 81.82% after enzyme degradation, with a mass fraction of 2.373 mg•g⁻¹; extraction amount of cryptotanshinone was increased by 64.4% after enzyme degradation, with a mass fraction of 1.080 mg•g⁻¹; extraction amount of dihydrotanshinone I was increased by 61.3% after enzyme degradation, with a mass fraction of 0.601 2 mg•g⁻¹. Acid and alkali pre-treatment combined with cellulose degradation could effectively improve the extraction rate of tanshinones from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma residues. This method is operable and practical, and it is beneficial for improving the utilization efficiency of tanshinones (resource based chemicals) from Salviae Miltiorrhizae Radix et Rhizoma residues., Competing Interests: The authors of this article and the planning committee members and staff have no relevant financial relationships with commercial interests to disclose., (Copyright© by the Chinese Pharmaceutical Association.)