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Due to the lack of studies about the sociocultural dimension of ecosystem services, we analyze in this work the perception of these benefits by family farmers who have agroforestry systems in the northeast of Pará, in the Amazon region. With this objective, we categorize forest restoration strategies based on primary data collection - interviews, semi structured questionnaire, illustrated questionnaire and Likert Scale. Through the relative perception based on the application of Likert scales, we observed that the farmers recognize the benefits provided by agroforest systems and natural landscapes, with high perception of ecosystem services in all the categories present in the Millennium ecosystem evaluation. Furthermore, the higher perceptions of ecosystem services are related to the group of farmers with a smaller area of forest reserve and bigger area of agroforest systems. The result suggests that loss of forest area, at the individual level, probably drives to a higher sense of the benefits of natural systems and thus, the increment in agroforestry systems constitutes an attempt to return to functions and benefits lost through environmental degradation over time. In general, support programs are necessary to strengthen the capacity of agroforestry systems to provide ecosystem services and increase biodiversity conservation.

Brazil is one of the world's largest consumers of pesticides, but their impacts on the population are still rarely recognised as a public problem. During the governments of Lula and Dilma, several social participation spaces were created to discuss this issue. In this article, we discuss how dismantling these spaces has contributed to producing invisibility regarding the impacts of pesticides. We were confronted with this issue when building a citizen observatory in the metropolitan region of Santarém, Pará, in partnership with family farmer unions. Based on interviews, participant observation, and focus groups, we analyse how the dismantling of pesticide regulation has occurred nationally and how it influenced the territorial level. Despite research showing the impacts of pesticides, the progressive dismantling of social participation spaces, such as the Regional Forum to Combat the Impacts of Pesticides in Santarém, has led to the invisibility of the impacts caused by their use.

Este artigo apresenta uma pesquisa realizada de forma participativa na Amazônia brasileira, na região de Santarém, Pará. O objetivo foi entender como as grandes mudanças socioambientais estão afetando os agricultores familiares. Nos últimos 20 anos, a agricultura familiar, na área de estudo, tem sido confrontada com a rápida expansão de monoculturas de grande escala, principalmente o cultivo de soja. Como parte do Observatório Socioambiental Odyssea, pesquisadores acadêmicos e organizações de agricultura familiar firmaram uma parceria para coproduzir dados que poderiam ser estrategicamente úteis para estas organizações. Um processo de coconstrução de demandas por conhecimento permitiu o estabelecimento de prioridades e a definição da estratégia de coleta de dados. Três níveis de análise foram escolhidos para permitir uma compreensão integrada das dinâmicas das mudanças socioambientais: o nível do território do Planalto de Santarém, o nível da comunidade rural (lugar de vida reconhecido pelos agricultores) e as famílias dos agricultores. Jovens pesquisadores comunitários aplicaram um questionário através de um aplicativo de celular com 544 famílias nos municípios de Santarém, Mojuí dos Campos e Belterra. Anteriormente, foram realizadas reuniões nas comunidades rurais e aplicados questionários com representantes de 32 comunidades. Os dados foram coletados entre abril e junho de 2019. Os pesquisadores comunitários e acadêmicos se reuniram então para duas sessões coletivas de análise e interpretação de dados, em julho e outubro de 2019. Os dados foram padronizados e limpos usando o software SPSS, entre setembro e dezembro de 2019. Os metadados e bancos de dados estão disponíveis no dataverse do CIRAD.

This data paper presents a survey conducted in a participatory manner in the territory of Santarém, in the Brazilian Amazon. The aim is to understand how global changes are affecting family farmers. In the study area, family farming has been confronted over the past 20 years with the rapid expansion of large-scale monocultures, especially soybean. As part of the Odyssea socio-environmental observatory, academic researchers and family farming organizations entered into a partnership to co-produce data that could be strategically useful for these organizations. A process of co-construction of the expectations allowed priorities to be established and the data collection strategy to be defined. Three levels of analysis were chosen in order to allow an integrated understanding of the dynamics of change: the Santarem Plateau territory, the rural community level (living place recognized by the farmers) and the farmers' households. Twenty-one farmers, called community researchers, organized in 3 teams, applied a questionnaire through the KoboCollect smartphone application to 544 families in the municipalities of Santarém, Mojuí dos Campos and Belterra. Meetings were previously held in the rural communities and questionnaires were applied with representatives of 32 communities. Data was collected between April and June 2019. The community researchers and academic researchers then came together for two collective sessions of data analysis and interpretation in July and October 2019. Data was standardized and cleaned using SPSS software, between September and December 2019. The metadata and databases are available on the CIRAD dataverse.

To better understand the ways farmers interact with trees is key to any action-oriented research process aiming at supporting sustainable agroforestry management. Agroforestry systems are particularly complex agricultural systems involving diverse activities as well as covering a large biological diversity. Supporting the development of sustainable agroforestry systems hence requires specific tools for the exchanges of knowledge and discussion between the different actors, such as farmers, scholars, and extension workers. Serious games are commonly used either for collecting information and data (games for research) or for education and training (games for knowledge transfer). Using games to trigger and facilitate transformative changes represents a third way that has been promoted by specific participatory modelling approaches such as companion modelling. The game serves as an intermediate object allowing exchanges of viewpoints among participants. It builds on reality in a stylized form so that each user can find ways to project features of the socio-ecosystem that make sense for her/him. In contrast to the "expert system" vision where the tool is supposed to provide elements for selecting the best decision, here the game seeks rather to encourage exchanges between participants so as to share points of view and opinions on the functioning of the system represented. Finding a good balance to represent complex agroforestry systems with multiple activities and a high biological diversity while keeping this representation simple and easy to catch for participants is particularly challenging. In this communication, we describe and compare two serious games on agroforestry systems in the Brazilian Amazon and in Madagascar. Despite the specificities of both contexts, common mechanisms have been identified and formalised. We discuss the generic scope of these mechanisms and describe the outline of an “Agroforestry Systems Modelling Toolkit” that could be used in a wide va

This paper investigates the perceptions of a diversity of stakeholders supporting smallholders in the eastern Brazilian Amazon about ecosystem services and agricultural practices. Our results come from 30 semi-structured interviews with key stakeholders in two contrasting municipalities in this region (Paragominas and Irituia). We identified 17 different ecosystem services and 15 agricultural practices. Using a multidimensional scaling (MDS), we differentiated the stakeholders' perceptions of co-production of ecosystem services. The most mentioned ecosystem services are food supply, regulation of water cycles, soil fertility and erosion prevention. Overall, there is a positive perception that agricultural practices are providing ecosystem services. Biodiversity-based practices are associated with the provision of a broad range of ecosystem services whereas mechanical-chemical practices are mainly linked to food supply. Use of fire, deforestation and use of chemical pesticides are perceived as having most negative effects on the provision of ecosystem services. The type of activity performed by the stakeholders and their municipality are the main factors influencing their perception of ecosystem services co-production. In conclusion, the concept of co-production of ecosystem services related to agroecosystems is relevant as local actors recognize a diversity of effects of agricultural practices on service provision.

Em zonas de colonização antiga da Amazônia, como o Nordeste do Pará, os sistemas de produção agrícola, baseados principalmente em cultivos anuais em sistemas de corte e queima, enfrentam desafios para se manter. Nesse contexto, atores estão promovendo Sistemas Agroflorestais (SAF) para viabilizar a restauração das áreas degradadas, geração de renda e soberania alimentar das famílias agrícolas. Essa transição requer a transformação de todo o sistema agrário. Neste artigo objetiva-se identificar os eventos históricos e as mudanças nos fatores externos ao sistema de produção que condicionaram as transformações para a introdução/modificação dos SAF em Irituia –PA. Utilizou-se a abordagem sistêmica, entrevistas históricas, questionários, análise documental e análise de paisagem. Os incentivos públicos locais foram os principais precursores da consolidação dos SAFs dentro dos sistemas de produção familiares. Com essas iniciativas, que proporcionaram mudanças estruturais multiescalares, a trajetória dos sistemas de produção indica uma perspectiva diferenciada, com incremento de sustentabilidade.

A região do Planalto Santareno, constituída por áreas dos municípios de Santarém, Belterra e Mojuí dos Campos, estado do Pará, Brasil, tem emergido como caso emblemático da relação de conflito entre agronegócio e agricultura familiar. Neste artigo, apresentamos as formas de interação entre estes dois modelos produtivos, a partir dos resultados de Zoneamento Participativo da Agricultura Familiar no Planalto Santareno, realizado junto a atores locais como parte de um esforço de co-construção de um Observatório das Dinâmicas Socioambientais na Amazônia. Os resultados mostram que diante de uma de uma lógica relativamente homogênea de expansão do agronegócio no planalto santareno a agricultura familiar se configura e interage com o agronegócio de diversas formas nesse território. Argumentamos que essa diversidade da agricultura familiar, caracterizada por zonas distintas, reflete trajetórias locais que variam de acordo com uma série de fatores operantes de forma contextual, como histórico de ocupação, atributos físicos da paisagem, acesso a mercados, infraestrutura, organização social, proximidade com os centros urbanos, entre outros. Levando em conta essa diversidade propomos reflexões a respeito da relação entre os diferentes modelos de produção abordados, apontando possíveis estratégias de fortalecimento da agricultura familiar.