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Цель исследования – оценить динамику уровня провоспалительных и противовоспалительных цитокинов в крови животных при продолжительной компрессии конечности после локального введения гиалуроновой кислоты (ГК). Эксперименты выполнены на 66 крысах-самцах линии Вистар, разделенных на группы: основную (n=28), сравнения (n=28), интактную (n=10). животные основной и группы сравнения подвергались продолжительной компрессии мягких тканей бедра (7 ч). Через 3 ч после компрессии животным основной группы локально вводили 1,75%-ный раствор ГК, группы сравнения – 0,9%-ный раствор натрия хлорида. Через 3, 7, 14, 28 сут. после компрессии изучали динамику индекса отека/атрофии, уровень в крови миоглобина, калия, провоспалительных (ФНо-α, ИЛ-1β, ИЛ-6) и противовоспалительных (ИЛ-10) цитокинов. Локальное применение ГК приводило к уменьшению отека мягких тканей бедра в раннем посттравматическом периоде и незначительной атрофии мышц в восстановительном периоде. Через 3–7 сут. после применения ГК в крови у крыс снижался уровень: миоглобина – на 20–31,5% (p, The aim of the study was to evaluate the dynamics of the level of pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines in the blood of animals during prolonged limb compression after a local injection of hyaluronic acid (HA). Experiments were performed on 66 male Wistar rats divided into groups: main (n=28), comparison (n=28), intact (n=10). Animals of the main and comparison groups were subjected to prolonged compression of the soft tissues of the thigh (7 h). 3 hours after compression, the animals of the main group were injected locally with 1.75% HA solution, the comparison group – 0.9% sodium chloride solution. 3, 7, 14, 28 days after compression, the dynamics of the edema/atrophy index, blood levels of myoglobin, potassium, pro-inflammatory (TNF-α, IL-1β, IL-6) and anti-inflammatory (IL-10) cytokines were studied. Local application of HA led to a decrease in edema of the soft tissues of the thigh in the early post-traumatic period and slight muscle atrophy in the recovery period. 3-7 days after the application of HA in the blood of rats, the level decreased; myoglobin – by 20-31.5% (p

The present study was conducted in Department of Forensic Medicine and Toxicology of a Government Medical College and Hospital in year 2017. Total 2781 postmortem examinations were conducted in 2017. Out of that total 2781 cases, 176 compression of neck cases came for postmortem and amongst these 105 cases were studied in detail as per inclusion criteria. Out of 105 cases of compression around neck, which were studied, there were 93 cases of hanging, 10 cases of ligature strangulation, 01 case of manual strangulation and 01 case of accidental strangulation studied. On gross in total 11 cases of strangulation hemorrhage in subcutaneous tissue, strap muscle and sternocleidomastoid muscle observed and in only 20 cases of hanging there was hemorrhage observed in subcutaneous tissue and no hemorrhage observed in strap and sternocleidomastoid muscle in hanging cases. In this present study on histopathology vascular congestion and extravasation of red blood cells observed in 28 cases of compression of neck. These findings indicate the importance of histopathology of underlying neck structure in neck compression cases in documenting antemortem nature of hanging and strangulation in doubtful cases. Keywords: ­ Compression of neck, Strangulation, Throttling, Ligature mark, Histopathology.

Chronic compression injury elevates oxidative stress and inflammation leading to neuropathic pain that is alleviated by rutaecarpine in a dose-dependent manner. To understand the mechanism(s) underlying rutaecarpine effects on this process, changes in the expressions of the proteins and messenger ribonucleic acids for tumor necrosis factor-α, interlukin-6, and interleukin-1β were assessed. Also, the pathology of the sciatic nerve tissue was examined histologically. Furthermore, the expression of the levels of malondialdehyde, superoxide dismutase, and glutathione proteins were evaluated as markers of oxidative stress. Studies aimed at the understanding the mechanisms underlying actions of rutaecarpine suggested it to exert a protective effect on neuropathic pain in a chronic compression injury rat via activating nuclear-factor erythroid 2-related factor 2/Heme oxygenase-1 and inhibiting 6-phosphofructo-2-kinase/fructose-2,6-biphosphatase 3 gene pathways.

Clip compression injury of oculomotor nerve (ON) is a preventable complication of aneurysm microsurgery. The author illustrates this condition in which ON was inadvertently occluded by the clip during repairing posterior communicating artery (PcoA) aneurysm. The report indicates that the surgeon should be meticulous in identifying and protecting ON at clipping stage when PcoA aneurysm prematurely bursts.

Arterial pathology of the axillosubclavian artery primarily consists of acute traumatic injuries, sequelae of repetitive compression injury from arterial thoracic outlet syndrome (TOS) and related axillary compressive syndromes, and degenerative aneurysms. This chapter will focus on the arterial lesions resulting from thoracic outlet compression of the subclavian artery and extrinsic compression of the axillary artery and its branches. Exposure of the axillosubclavian artery requires a detailed understanding of the vascular, nervous, lymphatic, and bony anatomy. This chapter will describe the exposure, repair, and reconstructive techniques to surgically manage these pathologies.

The present study analyzed the effect of therapy with therapeutic ultrasound on the sciatic nerve after compression injury, comparing two similar doses of SATA.In total, 32 Wistar rats were used, divided into the following groups: CG - control; IG - compression injury of the sciatic nerve; IGCU - injury and continuous ultrasound; and IGPU - injury and 20% pulsed ultrasound. The treatment with ultrasound started on the 3rd postoperative day, with a frequency of 1 MHz, 0.4 W/cm² (SATA) for IGCU. IGPU received 2.0 W/cmBoth the Sciatic Functional Index and the withdrawal threshold and grip strength failed to show an advantage of using therapeutic ultrasound. For the morphometric evaluations of nerve fiber diameter and axons, myelin sheath thickness, and G quotient and nerve fiber estimates, IGPU values were estimated to be significantly lower. The morphological analysis revealed intense inflammatory response and neovascularization, as well as degeneration of axons and the myelin sheath, for the injury group and IGCU; however, IGPU showed greater tissue disorganization.There were no significant differences, showing functional or nocicepitive recovery of the treated groups, including with characteristics pointing to the pulsed group with worse results.

Background The role of inflammatory factors in the chronic compression injury of cervical spinal cord has drawn more attenion recently, however, the mechanism of which is still unclear. In this study, microglia/ macrophages polarization in the inflammatory responses to the injury and its regulation by MK2 signaling pathway have been investigated. Methods twy/twy mice at the age of 6-24 weeks were used in the animal model for the chronic compression of cervical spinal cord. ICR (Institute of Cancer Research) mice were used as the control group. MK2 inhibitor (PF-3644022, 30 mg/kg) was administrated intragastrically to twy/twy mice from weeks 20 to 24. The compression of cervical spinal cord was identified by CT/MRI. The cervical spinal cord between C2 and C3 of vertebral segments were investigated by Western blot and Real-time PCR. The animal behaviors were evaluated by BMS score. Results Western blot and Real-time PCR showed that the expressions of iNOS and Arg-1 in the compressed spinal cord of twy/twy mice were significantly higher than those of the control group. After treatment with PF-3644022, the expression of Arg1 was increased while that of iNOS decreased. Realtime PCR revealed the increased expressions of inflammation related factors (such as IL-1β, NF-κB, TNF-α, MK2) and pro-apoptotic gene (Bax) except the decreased expression of anti-apoptotic gene (Bcl-2). Nevertheless, such increases were vanished after treatment of PF-3644022 except an increased expression of Bcl-2. The BMS score showed a reduced motor function of the twy/twy mice. The motor function was enhanced again with the treatment of PF-3644022. Conclusions Microglia/macrophages polarization may be involved in the inflammatory response to the chronic compression of cervical spinal cord. It can be regulated by the MK2 signaling pathway. Therefore, it is possible to relieve the chronic compression of cervical spinal cord by regulating microglia/macrophages polarization through MK2 signaling pathway.

Galantamine is well-known for its neuroprotective effects and is currently used in the treatment of individuals with Alzheimer's disease. In this study, we induced experimental sciatic nerve injury (SCI) in rats to test the beneficial effects of galantamine.Thirty male Wistar albino rats were divided into three groups, as follows: sham, SCI + saline, and SCI + galantamine. After the administration of an intraperitoneal ketamine and xylazine mixture, which was used for anesthesia, SCI was induced by sur-gical clip compression at the midthigh region of the rats. After surgery, a single daily intraperitoneal dose of galantamine was adminis-tered for 7 days, and nerve tissue sections were obtained 1 week after injury. Histopathology studies were performed to assess neural thickness and apoptotic cell counts, and light microscopic morphological examination was used to determine a potential beneficial effect of galantamine on peripheral nerve degeneration.We observed a markedly increased microvasculature, increased nerve fiber thickness, and a statistically significant increase in apoptotic cell counts distal to the level of injury in the saline group compared with the sham group. However, the increases in nerve fiber thickness and apoptotic cell counts were less in the galantamine group compared with the saline group.In our experimental model, pharmacological intervention with galantamine demonstrated a protective effect on degeneration after peripheral nerve injury.

Studies using time-frequency analysis have reported that somatosensory evoked potentials provide information regarding the location of spinal cord injury. However, a better understanding of the time-frequency components derived from somatosensory evoked potentials is essential for developing more reliable algorithms that can diagnosis level (location) of cervical injury. In the present study, we proposed a random forests machine learning approach, for separating somatosensory evoked potentials depending on spinal cord state. For data acquisition, we established rat models of compression spinal cord injury at the C4, C5, and C6 levels to induce cervical myelopathy. After making the compression injury, we collected somatosensory evoked potentials and extracted their time-frequency components. We then used the random forests classification system to analyze the evoked potential dataset that was obtained from the three groups of model rats. Evaluation of the classifier performance revealed an overall classification accuracy of 84.72%, confirming that the random forests method was able to separate the time-frequency components of somatosensory evoked potentials from rats under different conditions. Features of the time-frequency components contained information that could identify the location of the cervical spinal cord injury, demonstrating the potential benefits of using time-frequency components of somatosensory evoked potentials to diagnose the level of cervical injury in cervical myelopathy.

In human spinal cord injury, the most common mechanism is the combination of acute impact and continuing compression. To simulate combined impact-compression, we developed in the 1970s the acute clip impact-compression model, one of the first non-transection models in the rodent. Subsequently, we characterized the relationships between clip strength, duration of compression and neurological recovery, and established dose-response relationships between the forces of clip compression injury, axon evoked potentials, spinal cord blood flow, neurological function, axon counts and retrograde labeling of supraspinal neurons with axonal tracers. In this review, we discuss the defining features of the acute clip impact-compression model of spinal cord injury and outline its advantages and disadvantages. We also briefly discuss other impact-compression/contusion models and non-impact models of spinal cord injury. The method for performing acute impact-compression injury in rats is included. Clip injury is useful for in vitro and in vivo spinal cord injury studies in rats and mice for cervical, thoracic and lumbar injuries, and is consistent, reliable and relatively inexpensive.

Rodents are widespread animal models in spinal cord injury (SCI) research. They have contributed to obtaining important information. However, some treatments only tested in rodents did not prove efficient in clinical trials. This is probably a result of significant differences in the physiology, anatomy, and complexity between humans and rodents. To bridge this gap in a better way, a few research groups use pig models for SCI. Here we report the development of an apparatus to perform biomechanically reproducible SCI in large animals, including pigs. We present the iterative process of engineering, starting with a weight-drop system to ultimately produce a spring-load impactor. This device allows a graded combination of a contusion and a compression injury. We further engineered a device to entrap the spinal cord and prevent it from escaping at the moment of the impact. In addition, it provides identical resistance around the cord, thereby, optimizing the inter-animal reproducibility. We also present other tools to straighten the vertebral column and to ease the surgery. Sensors mounted on the impactor provide information to assess the inter-animal reproducibility of the impacts. Further evaluation of the injury strength using neurophysiological recordings, MRI scans, and histology shows consistency between impacts. We conclude that this apparatus provides biomechanically reproducible spinal cord injuries in pigs.

Objective: Investigation of the state of the lymphocytocirculatory bed directly in the region of compression and in remote organ from it in the early postcompression period of the crush syndrome of severe degree. Materials and methods: The experiments were performed among 60 adult rats weighing 180-250 g, which were divided into 2 groups: I - intact animals (control) - 20 II - model of postcompression period of the crush syndrome of severe degree - 40.Reproduction of the model of crush syndrome of severe degree was achieved by squeezing two pelvic limbs of rats for 8 hours under intramuscular ketamine anesthesia. Results: The overall assessment of changes in the lymphomacirculatory bed during postcompression period of the crush syndrome severe degree has shown a growing in dynamics (after 1 and 3 days) pathological restructuring of the architectonics of microvascular networks, recalibration of diameters of all links in the direction of decrease, which are accompanied by dystrophic changes in histostructure of their walls.The severity of changes in the lymphatic bed of the subcutaneous fascia of the thigh in 1 day after postcompression period of crush syndromeis caused by impaired local hemodynamics.A large degree of changes in the lymphatic bed in the fibrous capsule of the kidney in 3 days postcompression period of the crush syndrome is explained by the maximum accumulation of myoglobin in the blood and urine. Cunclusion: The first day of postcompression period of the crush syndrome of severe degree is accompanied by significant changes in the microangioarchitecture of the lymphatic bed with the recalibration of their diameters downward.In 3 days the progression of these changes is determined on the background of the microcomplex microcomplex dissection., №1(1) (2020)

A 13-year-old male presented with suprapubic pain, hesitancy, and dysuria beginning seven hours prior to arrival. After initial evasiveness, the patient admitted to inserting small, magnetic ball bearings into his penis. Vital signs and physical exam were unremarkable aside from mild suprapubic tenderness to palpation. Pelvic radiograph demonstrated about 45 radiopaque beads within the urethra and bladder. While urethral foreign body (FB) is an uncommon diagnosis, it is essential to identify quickly as lifelong complications can arise. Magnetic FBs are particularly concerning due to possible ischemia from compression injury and difficulty of removal. Safety concerns led to temporary market removal of neodymium magnetic toys, but sales resumed in 2016.

Purpose This preliminary in-vitro study was designed to evaluate the risk factors of compression injury from use of a circular stapler for end-to-end anastomosis. Methods Transparent collagen plates were prepared in dry and wet conditions. Physical properties of collagen plates and porcine colon tissue were examined using a rheometer. Adjustable and fixed-type circular staplers were applied on the collagen plates and the gap distance and compressive pressure were measured during anvil approximation. Tissue injury was evaluated using a compression injury scale. Compression properties were accessed to optimal or overcompression based on gap distance. Results Unacceptable injuries were rarely observed on the dry collagens, regardless of compression device. In the adjustable compression, the compressibility ratio was similar between dry and wet collagen. Overcompression and unacceptable injury increased on the wet collagens. In the fixed compression, the compressibility ratio increased significantly and unacceptable injuries were observed in more than 50% of wet collagens. Peak pressure was significantly higher in the fixed-compression types than those of adjustable type. On bivariate correlation analysis, fixed-compression type and wet collagens were respectively associated with overcompression. On multivariate analysis, edematous collagen condition was the most important risk factor and proximal anvil side, fixed compression type, and overcompression were also independent risk factors for unacceptable compression injury. Conclusion In the edematous tissue condition, unintentional overcompression could be increased and result in tissue injury on the compression line of the circular stapler.

Background Recurrent laryngeal nerve (RLN) injury during surgery may reveal differences in electromyographic (EMG) changes after sustained compression or traction. Methods In 20 pigs with the NIM-FLEX EMG-endotracheal tube, EMG was recorded at baseline, during sustained RLN compression, or traction until 70% amplitude decrease and during 30 minutes of recovery. Results Seventy percent amplitude decrease from baseline was reached after 110 ± 98 seconds (compression group) and 2034 ± 2108 seconds (traction group). Traction induced a pronounced latency increase, peaking at 122 ± 8% in contrast to compression with 106 ± 5% (P < .001). The EMG amplitude recovery to ≥50% of baseline failed in 7 nerves after compression and 8 nerves after traction. Conclusion Compression caused a fast decrease of EMG amplitude with minor effects on latency. In contrast, RLN traction showed early and significant latency increase preceding a delayed amplitude decrease. Recovery rate of the EMG signals were similar in both groups.

The conception and evaluation indices of the bearing capacity of the concrete pavement field floor are analyzed in this paper. In order to get the damage process of the concrete panel, its tension and compression injury factors are derived, and a field floor structural dynamic model with concrete damage constitutive relation is built based on ABAQUS, and the influence of thickness and Young’s modulus of the concrete panel to the vehicular missile launching is comparatively analyzed.

To evaluate the degree of acute or progressive lateral compression needed to cause neurologic injury to the spinal cord assessed by electrophysiological monitoring. In five domestic pigs, the spinal cord was exposed and compressed between T8-T9 roots using a precise compression device. Two sticks placed on both sides of the spinal cord were sequentially brought together (0.5 mm every 2 min), causing progressive spinal cord compression. Acute compression was reproduced by a 2.5-mm displacement of the sticks. Cord-to-cord evoked potentials were obtained with two epidural catheters. Increasing latency and decreasing amplitude of the evoked potentials were observed after a mean progressive displacement of the sticks of 3.2 +/- 0.9 mm, disappearing after a mean displacement of 4.6 +/- 1.2 mm. The potential returned after compression removal (16.8 +/- 3.2 min). The potentials disappeared immediately after an acute compression of 2.5 +/- 0.3 mm, without any sign of recovering after 30 min. The experimental model replicates the mechanism of a spinal cord injury caused by medially displaced screws into the spinal canal. The spinal cord had more ability for adaptation to progressive and slow compression than to acute mechanisms.

Changes of Compound Muscle Action Potential in Short-term Steroid Therapy for Compression Injury of Rat Sciatic Nerve So-Hyun Kim, Kwang-Won Park, Joon-Seok Baek, Tae-Young Jung, Me e-Lee Kim, Sang-Jun Park Department of Dentistry, Busan Paik Hospital, Inje University College of MedicinePurpose: Many surgical procedures in oral and maxillofacial area can in duce trauma to the peripheral nerve. The aim of the study is to evaluate the effects of short-term steroid therapy on nerve recovery after crush injury.Methods: Sixteen rats were randomly divided into two groups. The right sciatic nerves were exposed, crushed, and sutured. The control group was not given steroids. The test group was in jected with dexamethasone disodium phosphate (2 mg/kg body weight/day) for 7 days. In all animals, compound muscle ac tion potential (CMAP) was recorded before and at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injury. Results: The amplitude of the CMAP before and at 1, 7, 14, 21, and 28 days after injury were 53.20±4.80 mV, 20.12±5.38 mV, 30.01±14.15 mV, 31.14±13.56 mV, 31.73±16.33 mV, and 37.23±1 6.98 mV in the control group, and 55.25±6.72 mV, 18.62±6.26 mV, 29.50±13.06 mV, 32.90±13.226 mV, 30.17±11.80 mV, and 38.41±12.27 mV in the test group, respectively. The nerve conduction velocity was 18.82±3.94 m/s, 16.73±3.48 m/ s, 19.60±2.45 m/s, 18.68±3.94 m/s, 18.02±3.51 m/s, and 19.25±3.88 m/s in the control group, and 18.94±3.48 m/s, 17 .28±2.53 m/s, 17.57±2.54 m/s, 18.77±2.12 m/s, 19.48±1.55 m/s, and 19.22±2.97 m/s in the test group, respectively. There was no significant difference between both groups ( P＞0.05).Conclusion: This study did not show any therapeutic effect of short-term a dministration of steroids on injured rat sciatic nerve. Further studies are needed.Key words:Nerve injury, Steroid, Compound muscle action potential

After spinal cord injury (SCI), precise assessment of motor recovery is essential to evaluate the outcome of new therapeutic approaches. Very little is known on the recovery of kinematic parameters after clinically-relevant severe compressive/contusive incomplete spinal cord lesions in experimental animal models. In the present study we evaluated the time-course of kinematic parameters during a 6-week period in rats walking on a treadmill after a severe thoracic clip compression SCI. The effect of daily treadmill training was also assessed. During the recovery period, a significant amount of spontaneous locomotor recovery occurred in 80% of the rats with a return of well-defined locomotor hindlimb pattern, regular plantar stepping, toe clearance and homologous hindlimb coupling. However, substantial residual abnormalities persisted up to 6 weeks after SCI including postural deficits, a bias of the hindlimb locomotor cycle toward the back of the animals with overextension at the swing/stance transition, loss of lateral balance and impairment of weight bearing. Although rats never recovered the antero-posterior (i.e. homolateral) coupling, different levels of decoupling between the fore and hindlimbs were measured. We also showed that treadmill training increased the swing duration variability during locomotion suggesting an activity-dependent compensatory mechanism of the motor control system. However, no effect of training was observed on the main locomotor parameters probably due to a ceiling effect of self-training in the cage. These findings constitute a kinematic baseline of locomotor recovery after clinically relevant SCI in rats and should be taken into account when evaluating various therapeutic strategies aimed at improving locomotor function.