Search

We present a detailed study of the gas and galaxy properties of the cluster PSZ2 G282.28+49.94 detected in the Planck all-sky survey. The intracluster medium (ICM) of this object at z=0.56 exhibits a cometary-like shape. Combining Chandra and TNG observations, we characterised the spatially resolved thermodynamical properties of the gas and the spatial and velocity distribution of 73 galaxy members. The cluster structure is quite complex with an elongated core region containing the two brightest cluster galaxies and one dense group to the south-east. Since there is no velocity difference between the core and the south-east group, we suggest the presence of a merger along the plane of the sky. This structure is related to complex X-ray and radio features, and thus the merger has likely been caught during the post-merger phase. Comparing the distribution of the ICM and of member galaxies, we find a large offset of $\sim 350$ kpc between the position of the X-ray peak and the centre of a concentration of galaxies, preceding it in the likely direction of motion. This configuration is similar to the famous Bullet Cluster, leading us to dub PSZ2 G282.28+49.94 the "Planck bullet", and represents an ideal situation to provide astrophysical constraints to the self-interaction cross-section ($\sigma/m$) of dark matter particles. These results illustrate the power of a multi-wavelength approach to probe the merging scenario of such complex and distant systems., Comment: Accepted for publication in A&A

Investigating the metal enrichment in the early universe helps us constrain theories about the first stars and study the ages of galaxies. The lensed galaxy MACS0647$-$JD at $z=10.17$ is the brightest galaxy known at $z > 10$. Previous work analyzing JWST NIRSpec and MIRI data yielded a direct metallicity $\rm{12+log(O/H)}=7.79\pm0.09$ ($\sim$ 0.13 $Z_\odot$) and electron density $\rm{log}(n_e / \rm{cm^{-3}}) = 2.9 \pm 0.5$, the most distant such measurements to date. Here we estimate the direct C/O abundance for the first time at $z > 10$, finding a sub-solar ${\rm log(C/O)}=-0.44^{+0.06}_{-0.07}$. This is higher than other $z>6$ galaxies with direct C/O measurements, likely due to higher metallicity. It is also slightly higher than galaxies in the local universe with similar metallicity. This may suggest a very efficient and rapid burst of star formation, a low effective oxygen abundance yield, or the presence of unusual stellar populations including supermassive stars. Alternatively, the strong CIII]${\rm {\lambda}{\lambda}}$1907,1909 emission ($14\pm 3\,{\r{A}}$ rest-frame EW) may originate from just one of the two component star clusters JDB ($r \sim 20$ pc). Future NIRSpec IFU spectroscopic observations of MACS0647$-$JD will be promising for disentangling C/O in the two components to constrain the chemistry of individual star clusters just 460 Myr after the Big Bang., Comment: 9 pages, 2 figures, submitted

CXOU J005245.0-722844 is an X-ray source in the Small Magellanic Cloud (SMC) that has long been known as a Be/X-ray binary (BeXRB) star, containing an OBe main sequence star and a compact object. In this paper, we report on a new very fast X-ray outburst from CXOU J005245.0-722844. X-ray observations taken by Swift constrain the duration of the outburst to less than 16 days and find that the source reached super-Eddington X-ray luminosities during the initial phases of the eruption. The XRT spectrum of CXOU J005245.0-722844 during this outburst reveals a super-soft X-ray source, best fit by an absorbed thermal blackbody model. Optical and Ultraviolet follow-up observations from the Optical Gravitational Lensing Experiment (OGLE), Asteroid Terrestrial-impact Last Alert System (ATLAS), and Swift identify a brief ~0.5 magnitude optical burst coincident with the X-ray outburst that lasted for less than 7 days. Optical photometry additionally identifies the orbital period of the system to be 17.55 days and identifies a shortening of the period to 17.14 days in the years leading up to the outburst. Optical spectroscopy from the Southern African Large Telescope (SALT) confirms that the optical companion is an early-type OBe star. We conclude from our observations that the compact object in this system is a white dwarf (WD), making this the seventh candidate Be/WD X-ray binary. The X-ray outburst is found to be the result of a very-fast, ultra-luminous nova similar to the outburst of MAXI J0158-744.

We present in this paper the discovery, properties, and a catalog of 1165 high redshift $6.5 < z < 18$ galaxies found in deep JWST NIRCam imaging from the GTO PEARLS survey combined with data from JWST public fields. We describe our bespoke homogeneous reduction process and our analysis of these areas including the NEP, CEERS, GLASS, NGDEEP, JADES, and ERO SMACS-0723 fields with over 214 arcmin$^{2}$ imaged to depths of $\sim 30$ mag. We describe our rigorous methods for identifying these galaxies, involving the use of Lyman-break strength, detection significance criteria, visual inspection, and integrated photometric redshifts probability distributions predominately at high redshift. Our sample is a robust and highly pure collection of distant galaxies from which we also remove brown dwarf stars, and calculate completeness and contamination from simulations. We include a summary of the basic properties of these $z > 6.5$ galaxies, including their redshift distributions, UV absolute magnitudes, and star formation rates. Our study of these young galaxies reveals a wide range of stellar population properties as seen in their colors and SED fits which we compare to stellar population models, indicating a range of star formation histories, dust, AGN and/or nebular emission. We find a strong trend exists between stellar mass and $(U-V)$ color, as well as the existence of the `main-sequence' of star formation for galaxies as early as $z \sim 12$. This indicates that stellar mass, or an underlying variable correlating with stellar mass, is driving galaxy formation, in agreement with simulation predictions. We also discover ultra-high redshift candidates at $z > 12$ in our sample and describe their properties. Finally, we note a significant observed excess of galaxies compared to models at $z > 12$, revealing a tension between predictions and our observations., Comment: Submitted to AAS Journals, 37 pages

We present a full analysis of galaxy major merger pair fractions, merger rates, and mass accretion rates, thus uncovering the role of mergers in galaxy formation at the earliest previously unexplored epoch of $4.5

New JWST/NIRCam wide-field slitless spectroscopy provides redshifts for four z>8 galaxies located behind the lensing cluster MACS J0416.1-2403. Two of them, "Y1" and "JD", have previously reported spectroscopic redshifts based on ALMA measurements of [OIII] 88 $\mu$m and/or [CII] 157.7 $\mu$m lines. Y1 is a merging system of three components, and the existing redshift z=8.31 is confirmed. However, JD is at z=8.34 instead of the previously claimed z=9.28. JD's close companion, "JD-N", which was a previously discovered z>8 candidate, is now identified at the same redshift as JD. JD and JD-N form an interacting pair. A new candidate at z>8, "f090d_018", is also confirmed and is at z=8.49. These four objects are likely part of an overdensity that signposts a large structure extending ~165 kpc in projected distance and ~48.7 Mpc in radial distance. They are magnified by less than one magnitude and have intrinsic $M_{UV}$ ranging from -19.57 to -20.83 mag. Their spectral energy distributions show that the galaxies are all very young with ages ~ 4-18 Myr and stellar masses about $10^{7-8}$ ${\rm M_\odot}$. These infant galaxies have very different star formation rates ranging from a few to over a hundred $\rm{M_\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$, but only two of them (JD and f090d_018) have blue rest-frame UV slopes $\beta<-2.0$ indicative of a high Lyman-continuum photon escape fraction that could contribute significantly to the cosmic hydrogen-reionizing background. Interestingly, these two galaxies are the least massive and least active ones among the four. The other two systems have much flatter UV slopes largely because of their high dust extinction ($A_{\rm V}$=0.9-1.0 mag). Their much lower indicated escape fractions show that even very young, actively star-forming galaxies can have negligible contribution to reionization when they quickly form dust throughout their bodies., Comment: 18 pages, 6 figures, after addressing the referee report

With stunning clarity, JWST has revealed the Universe's first billion years. The scientific community is analyzing a wealth of JWST imaging and spectroscopic data from that era, and is in the process of rewriting the astronomy textbooks. Here, 1.5 years into the JWST science mission, we provide a snapshot of the great progress made towards understanding the initial chapters of our cosmic history. We highlight discoveries and breakthroughs, topics and issues that are not yet understood, and questions that will be addressed in the coming years, as JWST continues its revolutionary observations of the Early Universe. While this compendium is written by a small number of authors, invited to ISSI Bern in March 2024 as part of the 2024 ISSI Breakthrough Workshop, we acknowledge the work of a large community that is advancing our collective understanding of the evolution of the Early Universe., Comment: review article written by the attendees of the 2024 ISSI breakthrough workshop "The first billion year of the Universe", submitted. Comments welcome

Dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) contribute significantly to the stellar buildup at cosmic noon. Major mergers and gas accretion are often invoked to explain DSFGs' prodigious star-formation rates (SFRs) and large stellar masses. We conducted a spatially-resolved morphological analysis of the rest-frame UV/NIR emission in three DSFGs at z~2.5. Initially discovered as CO emitters by NOEMA observations of a bright Herschel source, we observed them with the JWST/NIRCam as part of the PEARLS program. The NIRCam data reveal the galaxies' stellar populations and dust distributions on scales of 250 pc. Spatial variations in stellar mass, SFR, and dust extinction are determined in resolved maps obtained through pixel-based SED fitting. The CO emitters are massive, dusty starburst galaxies with SFRs=340-2500 Msun/yr, positioning them among the most active SFGs at 2

We present JWST/NIRSpec high-resolution spectroscopy G395H/F290LP of MACS0647-JD, a gravitationally lensed galaxy merger at $z=10.167$. The new spectroscopy, which is acquired for the two lensed images (JD1 and JD2), detects and resolves emission lines in the rest-frame ultraviolet (UV) and blue optical, including the resolved [OII]3726,3729 doublet, [NeIII]3870, [HeI]3890, H$\delta$, H$\gamma$, and [OIII]4363. This is the first observation of the resolved [OII]3726,3729 doublet for a galaxy at $z>8$. We measure a line flux ratio [OII]3729/3726 $= 0.9 \pm 0.3$, which corresponds to an estimated electron density of $\log(n_{e} / \rm{cm}^{-3}) = 2.9 \pm 0.5$. This is significantly higher than the electron densities of local galaxies reported in the literature. We compile the measurements from the literature and further analyze the redshift evolution of $n_{e}$. We find that the redshift evolution follows the power-law form of $n_{e} = A\times (1+z)^{p}$ with $A=54^{+31}_{-23}$ cm$^{-3}$ and $p=1.2^{+0.4}_{-0.4}$. This power-law form may be explained by a combination of metallicity and morphological evolution of galaxies, which become, on average, more metal-poor and more compact with increasing redshift., Comment: 20 pages, 11 figures. Accepted for publication in ApJ

JWST spectroscopy has revolutionized our understanding of galaxies in the early universe. Covering wavelengths up to $5.3\,{\rm \mu m}$, NIRSpec can detect rest-frame optical emission lines H$\alpha$ out to $z = 7$ and [O III] to $z = 9.5$. Observing these lines in more distant galaxies requires longer wavelength spectroscopy with MIRI. Here we present MIRI MRS IFU observations of the lensed galaxy merger MACS0647$-$JD at $z = 10.165$. With exposure times of 4.2 hours in each of two bands, we detect H$\alpha$ at $9\sigma$, [O III]$\,\lambda5008$ at $11\sigma$, and [O III]$\,\lambda4960$ at $3\sigma$. Combined with previously reported NIRSpec spectroscopy that yields seven emission lines including the auroral line [O III]$\,\lambda4363$, we present the first direct metallicity measurement of a $z > 10$ galaxy: $12+{\rm log(O/H)}= 7.79\pm0.09$, or $0.13^{+0.02}_{-0.03}\,Z_{\odot}$. This is similar to galaxies at $z \sim 4 - 9$ with direct metallicity measurements, though higher than expected given the high specific star formation rate ${\rm log(sSFR / yr^{-1})} = -7.4 \pm 0.3$. We further constrain the ionization parameter ${\rm log}(U)$ = $-1.9 \pm 0.1$, ionizing photon production efficiency ${\rm log}(\xi_{\rm ion})$ = $25.3\pm0.1$, and star formation rate $5.0\pm0.6\,M_{\odot}/{\rm yr}$ within the past $10\,{\rm Myr}$. These observations demonstrate the combined power of JWST NIRSpec and MIRI for studying galaxies in the first $500$ million years., Comment: 16 pages, 8 figures, accepted for publication in ApJ

We consider the 1-dimensional cubic Szeg\H{o} equation with data distributed according to the Gaussian measure with inverse covariance operator $(1-\partial_x^2)^\frac s2$, where $s>\frac12$. We show that, for $s>1$, this measure is quasi-invariant under the flow of the equation, while for $s<1$, $s\neq \frac34$, the transported measure and the initial Gaussian measure are mutually singular for almost every time. This is the first observation of a transition from quasi-invariance to singularity in the context of the transport of Gaussian measures under the flow of Hamiltonian PDEs., Comment: 59 pp

We present recent JWST NIRCam imaging observations of SPT0615-JD (also known as the Cosmic Gems Arc), lensed by the galaxy cluster SPT-CL J0615-5746. The 5-arcsec-long arc is the most highly magnified $z>10$ galaxy known, straddling the lensing critical curve and revealing five star clusters with radii $\sim 1$ pc or less. We measure the full arc to have F200W 24.5 AB mag, consisting of two mirror images, each 25.3 AB mag with a magnification $\mu \sim 60$ (delensed 29.7 AB mag, $M_{UV} = -17.8$). The galaxy has an extremely strong Lyman break F115W$-$F200W $>3.2$ mag ($2\sigma$ lower limit), is undetected in all bluer filters ($< 2\sigma$), and has a very blue continuum slope redward of the break ($\beta = -2.7 \pm 0.1$), resulting in a photometric redshift $z_{phot} = 10.2 \pm 0.2$ (95% confidence) with no significant likelihood below $z < 9.8$. Based on SED fitting to the total photometry, we estimate an intrinsic stellar mass of $M_{*} \sim 2.4 - 5.6 \times 10^{7} M_{\odot}$, young mass-weighted age of $\sim 21 - 79$ Myr, low dust content ($A_V < 0.15$), and a low metallicity of $\lesssim 1\%~Z_{\odot}$. We identify a fainter third counterimage candidate within 2.2 arcsec of the predicted position, lensed to AB mag 28.4 and magnified by $\mu \sim 2$, suggesting the fold arc may only show $\sim60$% of the galaxy. SPT0615-JD is a unique laboratory to study star clusters observed within a galaxy just 460 Myr after the Big Bang., Comment: 22 pages, 8 figures, 4 tables, submitted to ApJ

We present an analysis of rest-frame UV continuum slopes, $\beta$, using a sample of 1011 galaxies at $6.5

The first public 0.9-4.4{\mu}m NIRCam images of the North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) Time Domain Field (TDF) uncovered galaxies displaying point-source features in their cores as seen in the longer wavelength filters. We visually identified a sample of 66 galaxies (~1 galaxy per arcmin2) with point-like cores and have modeled their two-dimensional light profiles with GalFit, identifying 16 galactic nuclei with measurable point-source components. GalFit suggests the visual sample is a mix of both compact stellar bulge and point-source galaxy cores. This core classification is complemented by spectral energy distribution (SED) modeling to infer the sample's active galactic nucleus (AGN) and host-galaxy parameters. For galaxies with measurable point-source components, the median fractional AGN contribution to their 0.1-30.0{\mu}m flux is 0.44, and 14/16 are color-classified AGN. We conclude that near-infrared point-source galaxy cores are signatures of AGN. In addition, we define an automated sample-selection criterion to identify these point-source features. These criteria can be used in other extant and future NIRCam images to streamline the search for galaxies with unresolved IR-luminous AGN. The James Webb Space Telescope's superb angular resolution and sensitivity at infrared wavelengths is resurrecting the morphological identification of AGN., Comment: 17 pages, 9 figures, 2 tables

We present a new parametric lens model for the G165.7+67.0 galaxy cluster, which was discovered with $Planck$ through its bright submillimeter flux, originating from a pair of extraordinary dusty star-forming galaxies (DSFGs) at $z\approx 2.2$. Using JWST and interferometric mm/radio observations, we characterize the intrinsic physical properties of the DSFGs, which are separated by only $\sim 1^{\prime\prime}$ (8 kpc) and a velocity difference $\Delta V \lesssim 600~{\rm km}~{\rm s}^{-1}$ in the source plane, and thus likely undergoing a major merger. Boasting intrinsic star formation rates ${\rm SFR}_{\rm IR} = 320 \pm 70$ and $400 \pm 80~ M_\odot~{\rm yr}^{-1}$, stellar masses ${\rm log}[M_\star/M_\odot] = 10.2 \pm 0.1$ and $10.3 \pm 0.1$, and dust attenuations $A_V = 1.5 \pm 0.3$ and $1.2 \pm 0.3$, they are remarkably similar objects. We perform spatially-resolved pixel-by-pixel SED fitting using rest-frame near-UV to near-IR imaging from JWST/NIRCam for both galaxies, resolving some stellar structures down to 100 pc scales. Based on their resolved specific SFRs and $UVJ$ colors, both DSFGs are experiencing significant galaxy-scale star formation events. If they are indeed interacting gravitationally, this strong starburst could be the hallmark of gas that has been disrupted by an initial close passage. In contrast, the host galaxy of the recently discovered triply-imaged SN H0pe has a much lower SFR than the DSFGs, and we present evidence for the onset of inside-out quenching and large column densities of dust even in regions of low specific SFR. Based on the intrinsic SFRs of the DSFGs inferred from UV through FIR SED modeling, this pair of objects alone is predicted to yield an observable $1.1 \pm 0.2~{\rm CCSNe~yr}^{-1}$, making this cluster field ripe for continued monitoring., Comment: 47 pages, 21 figures, 5 tables. Submitted to ApJ, comments welcome!

One of the daunting challenges in modern low temperature scanning tunneling microscopy (STM) is the difficulty of combining atomic resolution with cryogen free cooling. Further functionality needs, such as ultra-high vacuum (UHV), high magnetic field, and compatibility with {\mu}m-sized samples, pose additional challenges to an already ambitious build. We present the design, construction, and performance of a cryogen free, UHV, low temperature, and high magnetic field system for modular STM operation. An internal vibration isolator reduces vibrations in this system allowing atomic resolution STM imaging while maintaining a low base temperature of ~4K and magnetic fields up to 9T. Samples and tips can be conditioned in-situ utilizing a heating stage, an ion sputtering gun, an e-beam evaporator, a tip treater, and sample exfoliation. In-situ sample and tip exchange and alignment are performed in a connected UHV room temperature stage with optical access. Multisite operation without breaking vacuum is enabled by a unique quick-connect STM head design. A novel low-profile vertical transfer mechanism permits transferring the STM between room temperature and the low temperature cryostat., Comment: 13 pages, 11 figures

Supernova (SN) H0pe is a gravitationally lensed, triply-imaged, Type Ia SN (SN Ia) discovered in James Webb Space Telescope imaging of the PLCK G165.7+67.0 cluster of galaxies. Well-observed multiply-imaged SNe provide a rare opportunity to constrain the Hubble constant ($H_0$), by measuring the relative time delay between the images and modeling the foreground mass distribution. SN H0pe is located at $z=1.783$, and is the first SN Ia with sufficient light curve sampling and long enough time delays for an $H_0$ inference. Here we present photometric time-delay measurements and SN properties of SN H0pe. Using JWST/NIRCam photometry we measure time delays of $\Delta t_{ab}=-116.6^{+10.8}_{-9.3}$ and $\Delta t_{cb}=-48.6^{+3.6}_{-4.0}$ observer-frame days relative to the last image to arrive (image 2b; all uncertainties are $1\sigma$), which corresponds to a $\sim5.6\%$ uncertainty contribution for $H_0$ assuming $70 \rm{km s^{-1} Mpc^{-1}}$. We also constrain the absolute magnification of each image to $\mu_{a}=4.3^{+1.6}_{-1.8}$, $\mu_{b}=7.6^{+3.6}_{-2.6}$, $\mu_{c}=6.4^{+1.6}_{-1.5}$ by comparing the observed peak near-IR magnitude of SN H0pe to the non-lensed population of SNe Ia., Comment: Accepted in ApJ

We report on the discovery of Swift J010902.6-723710, a rare eclipsing Be/X-ray Binary system by the Swift SMC Survey (S-CUBED). Swift J010902.6-723710 was discovered via weekly S-CUBED monitoring observations when it was observed to enter a state of X-ray outburst on 10 October 2023. X-ray emission was found to be modulated by a 182s period. Optical spectroscopy is used to confirm the presence of a highly-inclined circumstellar disk surrounding a B0-0.5Ve optical companion. Historical UV and IR photometry are then used to identify strong eclipse-like features re-occurring in both light curves with a 60.623 day period, which is adopted as the orbital period of the system. Eclipsing behavior is found to be the result of a large accretion disk surrounding the neutron star. Eclipses are produced when the disk passes in front of the OBe companion, blocking light from both the stellar surface and circumstellar disk. This is only the third Be/X-ray Binary to have confirmed eclipses. We note that this rare behavior provides an important opportunity to constrain the physical parameters of a Be/X-ray Binary with greater accuracy than is possible in non-eclipsing systems., Comment: 10 pages, 12 figures. To be published in the Astrophysical Journal Letters

We utilize deep JWST NIRCam observations for the first direct constraints on the Galaxy Stellar Mass Function (GSMF) at z>10. Our EPOCHS v1 sample includes 1120 galaxy candidates at 6.5 9 than some studies predict, suggesting a rapid buildup of stellar mass in the early Universe. We find no incompatibility between our results and those of standard cosmological models, as suggested previously, although the most massive galaxies may require a high star formation efficiency. We find that the 'Little Red Dot' galaxies dominate the z=7 GSMF at high-masses, necessitating a better understanding of the relative contributions of AGN and stellar emission. We show that assuming a theoretically motivated top-heavy IMF reduces stellar mass by 0.5 dex without affecting fit quality, but our results remain consistent with existing cosmological models with a standard IMF., Comment: 40 pages, 15 figures. Submitted to ApJ. Data is avaible on Github: https://github.com/tHarvey303/EpochsIV. Comments to corresponding author welcome at thomas.harvey-3@manchester.ac.uk

To meet changing research demands, new scanning tunneling microscope (STM) features must constantly evolve. We describe the design, development, and performance of a modular plugin STM which is compact and stable. The STM head is equipped with a quick-connect socket that is matched to a universal connector plug, enabling it to be transferred between systems. This head can be introduced into a vacuum system via a load-lock and transferred to various sites equipped with the connector plug, permitting multi site STM operation. Its design allows reliable operation in a variety of experimental conditions, including a broad temperature range, ultrahigh vacuum, high magnetic fields, and closed-cycle pulse-tube cooling. The compact size of the STM is achieved by a novel nested piezoelectric coarse walker design which allows for large orthogonal travel in the X, Y, and Z directions, ideal for a studying both bulk and thin film samples ranging in size from mm to micrometers. Its stability and noise tolerance is demonstrated by achieving atomic resolution in ambient conditions on a laboratory desktop with no vibrational or acoustic isolation., Comment: 9 pages, 6 figures

SMC X-2 exhibits X-ray outburst behaviour that makes it one of the most luminous X-ray sources in the Small Magellanic Cloud. In the last decade it has undergone two such massive outbursts - in 2015 and 2022. The first outburst is well reported in the literature, but the 2022 event has yet to be fully described and discussed. That is the goal of this paper. In particular, the post-peak characteristics of the two events are compared. This reveals clear similarities in decay profiles, believed to be related to different accretion mechanisms occurring at different times as the outbursts evolve. The H{\alpha} emission line indicates that the Be disc undergoes complex structural variability, with evidence of warping as a result of its interaction with the neutron star. The detailed observations reported here will be important for modelling such interactions in this kind of binary systems., Comment: Accepted for publication in MNRAS

YbB$_6$ is a predicted topological insulator, with experimental evidence for conducting surface states of yet-unproven origin. However, its lack of a natural cleavage plane, and resultant surface-dependent polarity, has obscured its study. We use scanning tunneling microscopy to image the cleaved surface of YbB$_6$, exhibiting several coexisting terminations with distinct atomic structures. Our spectroscopic measurements show band-bending between the terminations, resulting in both conducting and fully-gapped regions. In the conductive regions, we observe spectral peaks that are suggestive of van Hove singularities arising from Rashba spin-split quantum well states. The insulating regions rule out the possibility that YbB$_6$ is a strong topological insulator, while the spin-polarized conducting regions suggest possible utility for spintronic devices., Comment: Submitted to Physical Review Letters

The JWST North Ecliptic Pole (NEP) Time Domain Field (TDF) is a $>$14 arcmin diameter field optimized for multi-wavelength time-domain science with JWST. It has been observed across the electromagnetic spectrum both from the ground and from space, including with the Hubble Space Telescope (HST). As part of HST observations over 3 cycles (the "TREASUREHUNT" program), deep images were obtained with ACS/WFC in F435W and F606W that cover almost the entire JWST NEP TDF. Many of the individual pointings of these programs partially overlap, allowing an initial assessment of the potential of this field for time-domain science with HST and JWST. The cumulative area of overlapping pointings is ~88 arcmin$^2$, with time intervals between individual epochs that range between 1 day and 4$+$ years. To a depth of $m_{AB}$ $\simeq$ 29.5 mag (F606W), we present the discovery of 12 transients and 190 variable candidates. For the variable candidates, we demonstrate that Gaussian statistics are applicable, and estimate that ~80 are false positives. The majority of the transients will be supernovae, although at least two are likely quasars. Most variable candidates are AGN, where we find 0.42% of the general $z$ $<$ 6 field galaxy population to vary at the $~3\sigma$ level. Based on a 5-year timeframe, this translates into a random supernova areal density of up to ~0.07 transients per arcmin$^2$ (~245 deg$^{-2}$) per epoch, and a variable AGN areal density of ~1.25 variables per arcmin$^2$ (~4500 deg$^{-2}$) to these depths., Comment: 32 pages, 11 figures, 5 tables, 1 Appendix

The Cosmic Gems arc is among the brightest and highly magnified galaxies observed at redshift $z\sim10.2$. However, it is an intrinsically UV faint galaxy, in the range of those now thought to drive the reionization of the Universe. Hitherto the smallest features resolved in a galaxy at a comparable redshift are between a few hundreds and a few tens of parsecs. Here we report JWST observations of the Cosmic Gems. The light of the galaxy is resolved into five star clusters located in a region smaller than 70 parsec. They exhibit minimal dust attenuation and low metallicity, ages younger than 50 Myr and intrinsic masses of $\sim10^6$ M$_{\odot}$. Their lensing-corrected sizes are approximately 1 pc, resulting in stellar surface densities near $10^5$~M$_{\odot}$/pc$^2$, three orders of magnitude higher than typical young star clusters in the local universe. Despite the uncertainties inherent to the lensing model, they are consistent with being gravitationally bound stellar systems, i.e., proto-globular clusters. We conclude that star cluster formation and feedback likely contributed to shape the properties of galaxies during the epoch of reionization. [Abridged], Comment: Accepted for publication

Optical illumination of quantum-dot qubit devices at cryogenic temperatures, while not well studied, is often used to recover operating conditions after undesired shocking events or charge injection. Here, we demonstrate systematic threshold voltage shifts in a dopant-free, Si/SiGe field effect transistor using a near infrared (780 nm) laser diode. We find that illumination under an applied gate voltage can be used to set a specific, stable, and reproducible threshold voltage that, over a wide range in gate bias, is equal to that gate bias. Outside this range, the threshold voltage can still be tuned, although the resulting threshold voltage is no longer equal to the applied gate bias during illumination. We present a simple and intuitive model that provides a mechanism for the tunability in gate bias. The model presented also explains why cryogenic illumination is successful at resetting quantum dot qubit devices after undesired charging events., Comment: 8 pages, 6 figures

We present a new lens model for the $z=0.396$ galaxy cluster MACS J0416.1$-$2403 based on a previously known set of 77 spectroscopically confirmed, multiply imaged galaxies plus an additional set of 42 candidate multiply imaged galaxies from past HST and new JWST data. The new galaxies lack spectroscopic redshifts but have geometric and/or photometric redshift estimates that are presented here. The new model predicts magnifications and time delays for all multiple images. The full set of constraints totals 343, constituting the largest sample of multiple images lensed by a single cluster to date. Caustic-crossing galaxies lensed by this cluster are especially interesting. Some of these galaxies show transient events, most of which are interpreted as micro-lensing of stars at cosmological distances. These caustic-crossing arcs are expected to show similar events in future, deeper JWST observations. We provide time delay and magnification models for all these arcs. The time delays and the magnifications for different arcs are generally anti-correlated, as expected from $N$-body simulations. In the major sub-halos of the cluster, the dark-matter mass from our lens model correlates well with the observed number of globular clusters. This confirms earlier results, derived at lower redshifts, which suggest that globular clusters can be used as powerful mass proxies for the halo masses when lensing constraints are scarce or not available., Comment: 21 pages and 11 figures. Accepted for publication in A&A

We propose a new method for estimating causal effects in longitudinal/panel data settings that we call generalized difference-in-differences. Our approach unifies two alternative approaches in these settings: ignorability estimators (e.g., synthetic controls) and difference-in-differences (DiD) estimators. We propose a new identifying assumption -- a stable bias assumption -- which generalizes the conditional parallel trends assumption in DiD, leading to the proposed generalized DiD framework. This change gives generalized DiD estimators the flexibility of ignorability estimators while maintaining the robustness to unobserved confounding of DiD. We also show how ignorability and DiD estimators are special cases of generalized DiD. We then propose influence-function based estimators of the observed data functional, allowing the use of double/debiased machine learning for estimation. We also show how generalized DiD easily extends to include clustered treatment assignment and staggered adoption settings, and we discuss how the framework can facilitate estimation of other treatment effects beyond the average treatment effect on the treated. Finally, we provide simulations which show that generalized DiD outperforms ignorability and DiD estimators when their identifying assumptions are not met, while being competitive with these special cases when their identifying assumptions are met.

JWST has revealed a class of numerous, extremely compact sources, with rest-frame red optical/near-infrared (NIR) and blue ultraviolet (UV) colours, nicknamed "little red dots". We present one of the highest signal-to-noise ratio JWST NIRSpec/PRISM spectra of a little red dot, J0647_1045 at $z = 4.5321 \pm 0.0001$, and examine its NIRCam morphology, to differentiate the origin of the UV and optical/NIR emission, and elucidate the nature of the little red dot phenomenon. J0647_1045 is unresolved ($r_e < 0.17$ kpc) in the three NIRCam long-wavelength filters, but significantly extended ($r_e = 0.45 \pm 0.06$ kpc) in the three short-wavelength filters, indicating a red compact source in a blue star-forming galaxy. The spectral continuum shows a clear change in slope, from blue in the optical/UV, to red in the restframe optical/NIR, consistent with two distinct components, fit by power-laws with different attenuation: $A_V = 0.54 \pm 0.01$ (UV) and $A_V = 5.7 \pm 0.2$ (optical/NIR). Fitting the H$\alpha$ line requires both broad (full width at half-maximum $\sim 4300 \pm 300 km s^{-1}$) and narrow components, but none of the other emission lines, including H$\beta$, show evidence of broadness. We calculate $A_V = 1.1 \pm 0.2$ from the Balmer decrement using narrow H$\alpha$ and H$\beta$, and $A_V > 4.1 \pm 0.2$ from broad H$\alpha$ and upper limit on broad H$\beta$, consistent with the blue and red continuum attenuation respectively. Based on single-epoch H$\alpha$ linewidth, the mass of the central black hole is $8 \pm 1 \times 10^8 M_\odot$. Our findings are consistent with a multi-component model, where the optical/NIR and broad lines arise from a highly obscured, spatially unresolved region, likely a relatively massive active galactic nucleus, while the less obscured UV continuum and narrow lines arise, at least partly, from a small but spatially resolved star-forming host galaxy., Comment: 13 pages, 10 figures. Submitted to A&A. Comments welcome

The Prime Extragalactic Areas for Reionization and Lensing Science (PEARLS), a JWST GTO program, obtained a set of unique NIRCam observations that have enabled us to significantly improve the default photometric calibration across both NIRCam modules. The observations consisted of three epochs of 4-band (F150W, F200W, F356W, and F444W) NIRCam imaging in the Spitzer IRAC Dark Field (IDF). The three epochs were six months apart and spanned the full duration of Cycle 1. As the IDF is in the JWST continuous viewing zone, we were able to design the observations such that the two modules of NIRCam, modules A and B, were flipped by 180 degrees and completely overlapped each other's footprints in alternate epochs. We were therefore able to directly compare the photometry of the same objects observed with different modules and detectors, and we found significant photometric residuals up to ~ 0.05 mag in some detectors and filters, for the default version of the calibration files that we used (jwst_1039.pmap). Moreover, there are multiplicative gradients present in the data obtained in the two long-wavelength bands. The problem is less severe in the data reduced using the latest pmap (jwst_1130.pmap as of September 2023), but it is still present, and is non-negligible. We provide a recipe to correct for this systematic effect to bring the two modules onto a more consistent calibration, to a photometric precision better than ~ 0.02 mag., Comment: 12 pages, 8 figures, 3 tables. Accepted to PASP

James Webb Space Telescope NIRCam images have revealed 154 reliable globular cluster (GC) candidates around the $z = 0.0513$ elliptical galaxy VV~191a after subtracting 34 likely interlopers from background galaxies inside our search area. NIRCam broadband observations are made at 0.9-4.5 $\mu$m using the F090W, F150W, F356W, and F444W filters. Using PSF-matched photometry, the data are analyzed to present color-magnitude diagrams (CMDs) and color distributions that suggest a relatively uniform population of GCs, except for small fractions of reddest (5-8%) and bluest (2-4%) outliers. GC models in the F090W vs. (F090-F150W) diagram fit the NIRCam data well and show that the majority of GCs detected have a mass of approximately $\sim$$10^{6.5}$$M_{\odot}$, with metallicities [Fe/H] spanning the typical range expected for GCs (-2.5$\le$ [Fe/H]$\le$ 0.5). However, the models predict $\sim$0.3-0.4 mag bluer (F356W-F444W) colors than the NIRCam data for a reasonable range of GC ages, metallicities, and reddening. Although our data does not quite reach the luminosity function turnover, the measured luminosity function is consistent with previous measurements, suggesting an estimated peak at $m_{\rm AB}$$\sim$-9.4 mag, $\pm$0.2 mag in the F090W filter., Comment: 11 pages, 7 figures

The recent UNCOVER survey with the James Webb Space Telescope (JWST) exploits the nearby cluster Abell 2744 to create the deepest view of our universe to date by leveraging strong gravitational lensing. In this work, we perform photometric fitting of more than 50,000 robustly detected sources out to $z \sim 15$. We show the redshift evolution of stellar ages, star formation rates, and rest-frame colors across the full range of $0.2 \lesssim z \lesssim 15$. The galaxy properties are inferred using the Prospector Bayesian inference framework using informative Prospector-$\beta$ priors on masses and star formation histories to produce joint redshift and stellar population posteriors, and additionally lensing magnification is performed on-the-fly to ensure consistency with the scale-dependent priors. We show that this approach produces excellent photometric redshifts with $\sigma_{\rm NMAD} \sim 0.03$, of a similar quality to the established photometric redshift code EAzY. In line with the open-source scientific objective of the Treasury survey, we publicly release the stellar population catalog with this paper, derived from the photometric catalog adapting aperture sizes based on source profiles. This release includes posterior moments, maximum-likelihood spectra, star-formation histories, and full posterior distributions, offering a rich data set to explore the processes governing galaxy formation and evolution over a parameter space now accessible by JWST., Comment: Corrected typos: Eq.1 should've been (1-kappa)^2, and the lens maps are normalized to D_ds/D_s=1. These errors were only in the writing; no data products or results were affected. The SPS catalogs are accessible via the UNCOVER survey webpage: https://jwst-uncover.github.io/DR2.html#SPSCatalogs, with a copy deposited to Zenodo: https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.8401181

A wealth of observations have long suggested that the vast majority of isolated classical dwarf galaxies ($M_*=10^7$-$10^9$ M$_\odot$) are currently star-forming. However, recent observations of the large abundance of "Ultra-Diffuse Galaxies" beyond the reach of previous large spectroscopic surveys suggest that our understanding of the dwarf galaxy population may be incomplete. Here we report the serendipitous discovery of an isolated quiescent dwarf galaxy in the nearby Universe, which was imaged as part of the PEARLS GTO program. Remarkably, individual red-giant branch stars are visible in this near-IR imaging, suggesting a distance of $30\pm4$ Mpc, and a wealth of archival photometry point to an sSFR of $2\times10^{-11}$ yr$^{-1}$ and SFR of $4\times10^{-4}$ M$_\odot$ yr$^{-1}$. Spectra obtained with the Lowell Discovery Telescope find a recessional velocity consistent with the Hubble Flow and ${>}1500$ km/s separated from the nearest massive galaxy in SDSS, suggesting that this galaxy was either quenched from internal mechanisms or had a very high-velocity ($>1000$ km/s) interaction with a nearby massive galaxy in the past. This analysis highlights the possibility that many nearby quiescent dwarf galaxies are waiting to be discovered and that JWST has the potential to resolve them., Comment: Accepted to ApJ Letters

The Time Domain Field (TDF) near the North Ecliptic Pole in JWST's continuous-viewing zone will become a premier "blank field" for extragalactic science. JWST/NIRCam data in a 16 arcmin$^2$ portion of the TDF identify 4.4 $\mu$m counterparts for 62 of 63 3 GHz sources with S(3 GHz) > 5 {\mu}Jy. The one unidentified radio source may be a lobe of a nearby Seyfert galaxy, or it may be an infrared-faint radio source. The bulk properties of the radio-host galaxies are consistent with those found by previous work: redshifts range from 0.14 to 4.4 with a median redshift of 1.33. The radio emission arises primarily from star formation in $\sim 2/3$ of the sample and from an active galactic nucleus in $\sim 1/3$, but just over half the sample shows evidence for an AGN either in the spectral energy distribution or by radio excess. All but three counterparts are brighter than magnitude 23 AB at 4.4 $\mu$m, and the exquisite resolution of JWST identifies correct counterparts for sources for which observations with lower angular resolution would mis-identify a nearby bright source as the counterpart when the correct one is faint and red. Up to 11% of counterparts might have been unidentified or misidentified absent NIRCam observations., Comment: Accepted for publication in ApJ. V2 adds an author and some acknowledgments inadvertently omitted

A Type Ia supernova (SN) at $z=1.78$ was discovered in James Webb Space Telescope Near Infrared Camera imaging of the galaxy cluster PLCK G165.7+67.0 (G165; $z = 0.35$). The SN is situated 1.5-2 kpc from the host-galaxy nucleus and appears in three different locations as a result of gravitational lensing by G165. These data can yield a value for Hubble's constant using time delays from this multiply-imaged SN Ia that we call "SN H0pe." Over the cluster, we identified 21 image multiplicities, confirmed five of them using the Near-Infrared Spectrograph, and constructed a new lens model that gives a total mass within 600 kpc of ($2.6 \pm 0.3) \times 10^{14}$ $M_{\odot}$. The photometry uncovered a galaxy overdensity coincident with the SN host galaxy. NIRSpec confirmed six member galaxies, four of which surround the SN host galaxy with relative velocity $\lesssim$900 km s$^{-1}$ and projected physical extent $\lesssim$33 kpc. This compact galaxy group is dominated by the SN host galaxy, which has a stellar mass of $(5.0 \pm 0.1) \times 10^{11}$ $M_{\odot}$. The group members have specific star-formation rates of 2-260 Gyr$^{-1}$ derived from the H$\alpha$-line fluxes corrected for stellar absorption, dust extinction, and slit losses. Another group centered on a strongly-lensed dusty star forming galaxy is at $z=2.24$. The total (unobscured and obscured) SFR of this second galaxy group is estimated to be ($\gtrsim$100 $M_{\odot}$ yr$^{-1}$), which translates to a supernova rate of $\sim$1 SNe yr$^{-1}$, suggesting that regular monitoring of this cluster may yield additional SNe., Comment: 29 pages, Accepted to ApJ on November 24, 2023

Standard models of structure formation allow us to predict the cosmic timescales relevant for the onset of star formation and the assembly history of galaxies at high redshifts ($z > 10$). The strength of the Balmer break represents a well-known diagnostic of the age and star formation history of galaxies, which enables us to compare observations with contemporary simulations - thus shedding light on the predictive power of our current models of star formation in the early universe. Here, we measure the Balmer break strength for 23 spectroscopically confirmed galaxies at redshifts $6 \lesssim z \lesssim 12$ using public JWST NIRSpec data from the cycle 1 GO 1433 and GO 2282 programs (PI Coe), as well as public spectroscopic data from the JWST Deep Extragalactic Survey (JADES). We find that the range of observed Balmer break strengths agree well with that of current simulations given our measurement uncertainties. No cases of anomalously strong Balmer breaks are detected, and therefore no severe departures from the predictions of contemporary models of star formation. However, there are indications that the number of outliers in the observed distribution, both in direction of strong and weak Balmer breaks, is higher than that predicted by simulations., Comment: 9 pages, 9 figures, 1 table. v2: Edited metadata and format errors