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BACKGROUND: Ozanimod, a high selective sphingosine 1 phosphate (S1P) receptor (S1PR) 1/5 modulator was approved by the Food and Drug Administration for the treatment of adult patients with moderately to severely active ulcerative colitis. Additional S1PR modulators are being tested in clinical development programs for both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease. AIM: To provide an overview of advances in understanding S1PRs biology and summarize preclinical and clinical investigations of S1P receptor modulators in chronic inflammatory disease with special emphasis on inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). METHODS: We performed a narrative review using PubMed and ClinicalTrials.gov. RESULTS: Through S1PRs, S1P regulates multiple cellular processes, including proliferation, migration, survival, and vascular barrier integrity. The S1PRs function of regulating lymphocyte trafficking is well known, but new functions of S1PRs expand our knowledge of S1PRs biology. Several S1PR modulators are in clinical development for both ulcerative colitis and Crohn’s disease and have shown promise in phase II and III studies with Ozanimod now being approved for ulcerative colitis. CONCLUSIONS: S1P receptor modulators constitute a novel, promising, safe, and convenient strategy for the treatment of IBD.

Many diseases that affect modern humans fall in the category of complex diseases, thus called because they result from a combination of multiple aetiological and pathogenic factors. Regardless of the organ or system affected, complex diseases present major challenges in diagnosis, classification, and management. Current forms of therapy are usually applied in an indiscriminate fashion based on clinical information, but even the most advanced drugs only benefit a limited number of patients and to a variable and unpredictable degree. This ‘one measure does not fit all’ situation has spurred the notion that therapy for complex disease should be tailored to individual patients or groups of patients, giving rise to the notion of ‘precision medicine’ [PM]. Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is a prototypical complex disease where the need for PM has become increasingly clear. This prompted the European Crohn’s and Colitis Organisation to focus the Seventh Scientific Workshop on this emerging theme. The articles in this special issue of the Journal address the various complementary aspects of PM in IBD, including what PM is; why it is needed and how it can be used; how PM can contribute to prediction and prevention of IBD; how IBD PM can aid in prognosis and improve response to therapy; and the challenges and future directions of PM in IBD. This first article of this series is structured on three simple concepts [what, why, and how] and addresses the definition of PM, discusses the rationale for the need of PM in IBD, and outlines the methodology required to implement PM in IBD in a correct and clinically meaningful way.

OBJECTIVE: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) cause chronic intestinal damage and extracellular matrix (ECM) remodeling. The ECM may play an active role in inflammation by modulating immune cell functions, including cell adhesion, but this hypothesis has not been tested in IBD. DESIGN: Primary human intestinal myofibroblast (HIMF)-derived ECM from IBD and controls, 3D decellularized colon or ECM molecule-coated scaffolds were tested for their adhesiveness for T cells. Matrisome was analysed via proteomics. Functional integrin blockade was used to investigate the underlying mechanism. Analysis of the pediatric Crohn’s disease (CD) RISK inception cohort was used to explore an altered ECM gene expression as a potential predictor for a future complicated disease course. RESULTS: HIMF-derived ECM and 3D decellularized colonic ECM from IBD bound more T cells compared to control. Control HIMFs exposed to the pro-inflammatory cytokines Iinterleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF) increased, and to transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) decreased ECM adhesiveness to T cells. Matrisome analysis of the HIMF-derived ECM revealed collagen VI as a major culprit for differences in T cell adhesion. Collagen VI knockdown in HIMF reduced adhesion T cell as did the blockage of integrin αvβ1. Elevated gene expression of collagen VI in biopsies of pediatric CD patients was linked to risk for future stricturing disease. CONCLUSION: HIMF-derived ECM in IBD binds a remarkably enhanced number of T cells, which is dependent on Collagen VI and integrin αvβ1. Collagen VI expression is a risk factor for a future complicated CD course. Blocking immune cells retention may represent a novel approach to treatment in IBD.

Increased knowledge of the intricate pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis has triggered an advance in drug development during the past two decades, resulting in the advent of several biological agents and small-molecule therapies. Although the increase in therapeutic options is positive, remission rates of patients with ulcerative colitis given new therapeutic agents in induction trials remain at a modest 20-30%, seemingly facing a so-called therapeutic ceiling. This therapeutic ceiling requires a critical appraisal and highlights the need for alternative strategies for drug development. In this Review, we objectively itemise the boundaries of therapeutic efficacy in ulcerative colitis, provide possible explanations for the shortcomings of current strategies, and propose solutions to achieve better therapeutic outcomes in ulcerative colitis. ispartof: LANCET GASTROENTEROLOGY & HEPATOLOGY vol:6 issue:7 pages:S89-S95 ispartof: location:Netherlands status: published

ObjectiveCreeping fat, the wrapping of mesenteric fat around the bowel wall, is a typical feature of Crohn’s disease, and is associated with stricture formation and bowel obstruction. How creeping fat forms is unknown, and we interrogated potential mechanisms using novel intestinal tissue and cell interaction systems.DesignTissues from normal, UC, non-strictured and strictured Crohn’s disease intestinal specimens were obtained. The muscularis propria matrisome was determined via proteomics. Mesenteric fat explants, primary human preadipocytes and adipocytes were used in multiple ex vivo and in vitro cell migration systems on muscularis propria muscle cell derived or native extracellular matrix. Functional experiments included integrin characterisation via flow cytometry and their inhibition with specific blocking antibodies and chemicals.ResultsCrohn’s disease muscularis propria cells produced an extracellular matrix scaffold which is in direct spatial and functional contact with the immediately overlaid creeping fat. The scaffold contained multiple proteins, but only fibronectin production was singularly upregulated by transforming growth factor-β1. The muscle cell-derived matrix triggered migration of preadipocytes out of mesenteric fat, fibronectin being the dominant factor responsible for their migration. Blockade of α5β1 on the preadipocyte surface inhibited their migration out of mesenteric fat and on 3D decellularised intestinal tissue extracellular matrix.ConclusionCrohn’s disease creeping fat appears to result from the migration of preadipocytes out of mesenteric fat and differentiation into adipocytes in response to an increased production of fibronectin by activated muscularis propria cells. These new mechanistic insights may lead to novel approaches for prevention of creeping fat-associated stricture formation.

Background: Intestinal fibrosis leading to strictures remains a significant clinical problem in inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD). The role of bacterial components in activating intestinal mesenchymal cells and driving fibrogenesis is largely unexplored. Methods: Tamoxifen inducible α-SMA promoter Cre mice crossed with floxed MyD88 mice were subjected to chronic dextran sodium sulfate colitis. MyD88 was deleted prior to or after induction of colitis. Human intestinal myofibroblasts (HIMF) were exposed to various bacterial components and assessed for fibronectin (FN) and collagen I (Col1) production. RNA sequencing was performed. Post-transcriptional regulation was assessed by polysome profiling assay. Results: Selective deletion of MyD88 in α-SMA positive cells prior to, but not after induction of experimental colitis decreased the degree of intestinal fibrosis. HIMF selectively responded to flagellin with enhanced FN or Col1 protein production in a MyD88 dependent manner. RNA sequencing suggested minimal transcriptional changes induced by flagellin in HIMF. Polysome profiling revealed higher proportions of FN and Col1 mRNA in the actively translated fractions of flagellin exposed HIMF, which was mediated by eIF2 alpha and 4EBP1. Conclusions: Selectivity of flagellin-induced ECM secretion in HIMF is post-transcriptionally regulated. The results may represent a novel and targetable link between the gut microbiota and intestinal fibrogenesis.

Background The epidemiology of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) in developing countries may uncover etiopathogenic factors. We investigated IBD prevalence in Brazil by investigating its geographic, spatial, and temporal distribution, and attempted to identify factors associated with its recent increase. Methods A drug prescription database was queried longitudinally to identify patients and verify population distribution and density, race, urbanicity, sanitation, and Human Development Index. Prevalence was calculated using the number of IBD patients and the population estimated during the same decade. Data were matched to indices using linear regression analyses. Results We identified 162 894 IBD patients, 59% with ulcerative colitis (UC) and 41% with Crohn’s disease (CD). The overall prevalence of IBD was 80 per 100 000, with 46 per 100 000 for UC and 36 per 100 000 for CD. Estimated rates adjusted to total population showed that IBD more than triplicated from 2008 to 2017. The distribution of IBD demonstrated a South-to-North gradient that generally followed population apportionment. However, marked regional differences and disease clusters were identified that did not fit with conventionally accepted IBD epidemiological associations, revealing that the rise of IBD was variable. In some areas, loss of biodiversity was associated with high IBD prevalence. Conclusions When distribution is considered in the context of IBD prevalence, marked regional differences become evident. Despite a background of Westernization, hotspots of IBD are recognized that are not explained by population density, urbanicity, sanitation, or other indices but apparently are explained by biodiversity loss. Thus, the rise of IBD in developing countries is not uniform, but rather is one that varies depending on yet unexplored factors like geoecological conditions.

Inflammatory bowel disease [IBD] is a complex chronic disorder with no clear aetiology and no known cure. Despite recent advances in overall disease management and improved therapeutics, patients with IBD still experience a substantial burden. Furthermore, as the incidence continues to increase in developing areas of the world, it is expected that the burden of IBD to society will increase and exert tremendous pressure on health care systems worldwide. Therefore, new strategies to prevent the global increase of IBD are urgently required. Data are being progressively acquired on the period preceding disease diagnosis, which support the concept that IBD has a preclinical period that may reveal the triggers of disease and may be amenable to early intervention. Having a better knowledge of this preclinical period will increase the potential not only for improved understanding of disease pathogenesis and improved therapeutics, but also for disease prediction and prevention. ispartof: JOURNAL OF CROHNS & COLITIS vol:15 issue:9 pages:1443-1454 ispartof: location:England status: published

Scientific research into the effects and mechanisms of acupuncture for gastrointestinal diseases including inflammatory bowel disease has been rapidly growing in the past several decades. In this review, we discuss the history, theory, and methodology of acupuncture and review potentially beneficial mechanisms of action of acupuncture for managing inflammatory bowel disease. Acupuncture has been shown to decrease disease activity and inflammation via increase of vagal activity in inflammatory bowel disease. Acupuncture has demonstrated beneficial roles in the regulation of gut dysbiosis, intestinal barrier function, visceral hypersensitivity, gut motor dysfunction, depression/anxiety, and pain, all of which are factors that can significantly impact quality of life in patients with inflammatory bowel disease. A number of clinical trials have been performed to investigate the therapeutic effects of acupuncture in ulcerative colitis and Crohn's disease. Although the data from these trials are promising, more studies are needed given the heterogeneous and multifactorial aspects of inflammatory bowel disease. There is also an important need to standardize acupuncture methodology, study designs, and outcome measurements.

The incidence of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) worldwide has resulted in a global public health challenge. Intestinal fibrosis leading to stricture formation and bowel obstruction is a frequent complication in Crohn's disease (CD), and the lack of anti-fibrotic therapies makes elucidation of fibrosis mechanisms a priority. Progress has shown that mesenchymal cells, cytokines, microbial products, and mesenteric adipocytes are jointly implicated in the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis. This recent information puts prevention or reversal of intestinal strictures within reach through innovative therapies validated by reliable clinical trial endpoints. Here, we review the role of immune and non-immune components of the pathogenesis of intestinal fibrosis, including new cell clusters, cytokine networks, host-microbiome interactions, creeping fat, and their translation for endpoint development in anti-fibrotic clinical trials.

Inflammatory bowel diseases [IBD] are a heterogeneous spectrum with two extreme phenotypes, Crohn's disease [CD] and ulcerative colitis [UC], which both represent numerous phenotypical variations. Hence, we should no longer approach all IBD patients similarly, but rather aim to rethink clinical classifications and modify treatment algorithms to usher in a new era of precision medicine in IBD. This scientific ECCO workshop aims to provide a state-of-the-art overview on prognostic and predictive markers, shed light on key questions in biomarker development, propose best practices in IBD biomarker development [including trial design], and discuss the potential for multi-omic data integration to help drive further advances to make precision medicine a reality in IBD. ispartof: JOURNAL OF CROHNS & COLITIS vol:15 issue:9 pages:1431-1442 ispartof: location:England status: published

IL-36 is a member of the IL-1 superfamily and consists of three agonists and one receptor antagonist (IL-36Ra). The three endogenous agonists, IL-36α, -β, and -γ, act primarily as proinflammatory cytokines, and their signaling through the IL-36 receptor (IL-36R) promotes immune cell infiltration and secretion of inflammatory and chemotactic molecules. However, IL-36 signaling also fosters secretion of profibrotic soluble mediators, suggesting a role in fibrotic disorders. IL-36 isoforms and IL-36 have been implicated in inflammatory diseases including psoriasis, arthritis, inflammatory bowel diseases, and allergic rhinitis. Moreover, IL-36 has been connected to fibrotic disorders affecting the kidney, lung, and intestines. This review summarizes the expression, cellular source, and function of IL-36 in inflammation and fibrosis in various organs, and proposes that IL-36 modulation may prove valuable in preventing or treating inflammatory and fibrotic diseases and may reveal a mechanistic link between inflammation and fibrosis.

Background Hypertrophy of visceral adipose tissue (VAT) is a hallmark of Crohn disease (CD). The VAT produces a wide range of adipokines, biologically active factors that contribute to metabolic disorders in addition to CD pathogenesis. The study aim was to concomitantly evaluate serum adipokine profiles and VAT volumes as predictors of disease outcomes and treatment course in newly diagnosed pediatric patients with CD. Methods Pediatric patients ages 6 to 20 years were enrolled, and their clinical data and anthropometric measurements were obtained. Adipokine levels were measured at 0, 6, and 12 months after CD diagnosis and baseline in control patients (CP). The VAT volumes were measured by magnetic resonance imaging or computed tomography imaging within 3 months of diagnosis. Results One hundred four patients undergoing colonoscopy were prospectively enrolled: 36 diagnosed with CD and 68 CP. The serum adipokine resistin and plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1 levels were significantly higher in patients with CD at diagnosis than in CP. The VAT volume was similar between CD and CP. Baseline resistin levels at the time of diagnosis in patients with CD who were escalated to biologics was significantly higher than in those not treated using biologic therapy by 12 months (29.8 ng/mL vs 13.8 ng/mL; P = 0.004). A resistin level of ≥29.8 ng/mL at the time of diagnosis predicted escalation to biologic therapy in the first year after diagnosis with a specificity of 95% (sensitivity = 53%; area under the curve = 0.82; P = 0.015 for model with log-scale). There was a significantly greater reduction in resistin (P = 0.002) and PAI-1 (P = 0.010) at the 12-month follow-up in patients on biologics compared with patients who were not treated using biologics. Conclusions Serum resistin levels at diagnosis of pediatric CD predict the escalation to biologic therapy at 12 months, independent of VAT volumes. Resistin and PAI-1 levels significantly improved in patients with CD after treatment using biologics compared with those not on biologics. These results suggest the utility of resistin as a predictive biomarker in pediatric CD.

Background Systems biology is a rapidly advancing field of science that allows us to look into disease mechanisms, patient diagnosis and stratification, and drug development in a completely new light. It is based on the utilization of unbiased computational systems free of the traditional experimental approaches based on personal choices of what is important and what select experiments should be performed to obtain the expected results. Methods Systems biology can be applied to inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) by learning basic concepts of omes and omics and how omics-derived “big data” can be integrated to discover the biological networks underlying highly complex diseases like IBD. Once these biological networks (interactomes) are identified, then the molecules controlling the disease network can be singled out and specific blockers developed. Results The field of systems biology in IBD is just emerging, and there is still limited information on how to best utilize its power to advance our understanding of Crohn disease and ulcerative colitis to develop novel therapeutic strategies. Few centers have embraced systems biology in IBD, but the creation of international consortia and large biobanks will make biosamples available to basic and clinical IBD investigators for further research studies. Conclusions The implementation of systems biology is indispensable and unavoidable, and the patient and medical communities will both benefit immensely from what it will offer in the near future.

The global coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic, caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has led to unprecedented social and economic consequences. The risk of morbidity and mortality due to COVID-19 increases dramatically in the presence of coexisting medical conditions, while the underlying mechanisms remain unclear. Furthermore, there are no approved therapies for COVID-19. This study aims to identify SARS-CoV-2 pathogenesis, disease manifestations, and COVID-19 therapies using network medicine methodologies along with clinical and multi-omics observations. We incorporate SARS-CoV-2 virus–host protein–protein interactions, transcriptomics, and proteomics into the human interactome. Network proximity measurement revealed underlying pathogenesis for broad COVID-19-associated disease manifestations. Analyses of single-cell RNA sequencing data show that co-expression of ACE2 and TMPRSS2 is elevated in absorptive enterocytes from the inflamed ileal tissues of Crohn disease patients compared to uninflamed tissues, revealing shared pathobiology between COVID-19 and inflammatory bowel disease. Integrative analyses of metabolomics and transcriptomics (bulk and single-cell) data from asthma patients indicate that COVID-19 shares an intermediate inflammatory molecular profile with asthma (including IRAK3 and ADRB2). To prioritize potential treatments, we combined network-based prediction and a propensity score (PS) matching observational study of 26,779 individuals from a COVID-19 registry. We identified that melatonin usage (odds ratio [OR] = 0.72, 95% CI 0.56–0.91) is significantly associated with a 28% reduced likelihood of a positive laboratory test result for SARS-CoV-2 confirmed by reverse transcription–polymerase chain reaction assay. Using a PS matching user active comparator design, we determined that melatonin usage was associated with a reduced likelihood of SARS-CoV-2 positive test result compared to use of angiotensin II receptor blockers (OR = 0.70, 95% CI 0.54–0.92) or angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (OR = 0.69, 95% CI 0.52–0.90). Importantly, melatonin usage (OR = 0.48, 95% CI 0.31–0.75) is associated with a 52% reduced likelihood of a positive laboratory test result for SARS-CoV-2 in African Americans after adjusting for age, sex, race, smoking history, and various disease comorbidities using PS matching. In summary, this study presents an integrative network medicine platform for predicting disease manifestations associated with COVID-19 and identifying melatonin for potential prevention and treatment of COVID-19., This study uses network medicine methodologies along with multiomic observations (including SARS-CoV-2 and human interactome, transcriptome, and proteome) to identify widespread disease manifestations and drug repurposing candidates (including melatonin) for COVID-19, validating these findings using a large-scale patient registry database.

Tight junction proteins are critical in maintaining homeostatic intestinal permeability. Multiple intestinal inflammatory diseases are correlated with reduced expression of tight junction proteins. We have recently reported that oral treatment of mice with Hyaluronan 35 kDa (HA35) increases colonic expression of tight junction protein zonula occludens-1 (ZO-1). Here, we investigate whether HA35 treatment enhances ZO-1 expression by direct interaction with intestinal epithelium in vitro and have identified the HA receptor responsible for HA35-mediated ZO-1 induction in colonic epithelium in vitro and in vivo. Our results reveal that HA35 treatment increases ZO-1 expression in mouse intestinal epithelial organoids, while large HA 2000 kDa is not internalized into the cells. Our immunofluorescence data indicate that layilin, but neither toll-like receptor-4 (TLR-4) nor CD44, mediate the HA35-induced ZO-1 expression in colonic epithelium in vitro and in vivo. Additionally, using layilin null mice we have determined that layilin mediates HA35 induction of ZO-1 in healthy mice and during dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced colitis. Furthermore, we find that while ZO-1 expression levels are reduced, layilin expression levels are equivalent in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) patients and non-IBD controls. Together, our data suggest that layilin is an important HA receptor, that mediates the effect of oral HA35 treatment on intestinal epithelium. HA35 holds promise as a simple dietary supplement to strengthen gut barrier defense.

peer-reviewed Background and Aims: Inclusion of the mesentery during resection for colorectal cancer is associated with improved outcomes but has yet to be evaluated in Crohn’s disease. This study aimed to determine the rate of surgical recurrence after inclusion of mesentery during ileocolic resection for Crohn’s disease. Methods: Surgical recurrence rates were compared between two cohorts. Cohort A [n = 30] underwent conventional ileocolic resection where the mesentery was divided flush with the intestine. Cohort B [n = 34] underwent resection which included excision of the mesentery. The relationship between mesenteric disease severity and surgical recurrence was determined in a separate cohort [n = 94]. A mesenteric disease activity index was developed to quantify disease severity. This was correlated with the Crohn’s disease activity index and the fibrocyte percentage in circulating white cells. Results: Cumulative reoperation rates were 40% and 2.9% in cohorts A and B [P = 0.003], respectively. Surgical technique was an independent determinant of outcome [P = 0.007]. Length of resected intestine was shorter in cohort B, whilst lymph node yield was higher [12.25 ± 13 versus 2.4 ± 2.9, P = 0.002]. Advanced mesenteric disease predicted increased surgical recurrence [Hazard Ratio 4.7, 95% Confidence Interval: 1.71–13.01, P = 0.003]. The mesenteric disease activity index correlated with the mucosal disease activity index [r = 0.76, p < 0.0001] and the Crohn’s disease activity index [r = 0.70, p < 0.0001]. The mesenteric disease activity index was significantly worse in smokers and correlated with increases in circulating fibrocytes. Conclusions: Inclusion of mesentery in ileocolic resection for Crohn’s disease is associated with reduced recurrence requiring reoperation. PUBLISHED peer-reviewed

Background and Aims Creeping fat, the wrapping of mesenteric fat around the bowel wall, is a typical feature of Crohn’s disease, and is associated with stricture formation and bowel obstruction. How creeping fat forms is unknown, and we interrogated potential mechanisms using novel intestinal tissue and cell interaction systems. Methods Tissues from normal, ulcerative colitis, non-strictured and strictured Crohn’s disease intestinal specimens were obtained. Fresh and decellularized tissue, mesenteric fat explants, primary human adipocytes, pre-adipocytes, muscularis propria cells, and native extracellular matrix were used in multiple ex vivo and in vitro systems involving cell growth, differentiation and migration, proteomics, and integrin expression. Results Crohn’s disease muscularis propria cells produced an extracellular matrix scaffold which is in direct spatial and functional contact with the immediately overlaid creeping fat. The scaffold contained multiple proteins, but only fibronectin production was singularly upregulated by TGF-b1. The muscle cell-derived matrix triggered migration of pre-adipocytes out of mesenteric fat, fibronectin being the dominant factor responsible for their migration. Blockade of α5β1 on the pre-adipocyte surface inhibited their migration out of mesenteric fat and on 3D decellularized intestinal tissue extracellular matrix. Conclusion Crohn’s disease creeping fat appears to result from the migration of pre-adipocytes out of mesenteric fat and differentiation into adipocytes in response to an increased production of fibronectin by activated muscularis propria cells. These new mechanistic insights may lead to novel approaches for prevention of creeping fat-associated stricture formation.

Background Intestinal fibrosis is a severe complication of inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) leading to intestinal strictures and need for surgery. No effective anti-fibrotic therapy is available. Cadherin-11 (Cad-11) is an adherens junction protein, which is upregulated in rheumatoid arthritis (RA), idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and skin fibrosis. Inhibition of cadherin-11 has shown beneficial effects in RA and IPF animal models. A phase II clinical trial of cadherin-11 inhibition in RA has shown a good safety profile. Our aim was to evaluate the expression levels and function of Cad-11 in IBD patients using intestinal tissues, primary human intestinal cells, and the murine dextran sulfate sodium (DSS)-induced chronic colitis model. Methods IBD (Crohn’s disease (CD) n=20; Ulcerative colitis (UC) (n=10) and control (n=10) full thickness resected intestinal tissues were procured from adults in accordance with IRB approval. Protein and mRNA were extracted for western blot (WB) and quantitative polymerase chain reaction (qPCR). Distribution of Cad-11 was evaluated by immunofluorescence (IF) and RNA hybridization in frozen and formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded (FFPE) tissue sections, respectively. Primary human intestinal myofibroblasts (HIMF) were used in functional experiments. Recombinant human Fc and Cad-11 extracellular domain (hCAD-11-Fc) was used as activator and siRNA as inhibitor of Cad-11 in HIMF. Murine chronic colitis was induced in wildtype BALB/c mice and cadherin-11 knockout mice by DSS. Anti-Cad-11 monoclonal antibody (H1M1) was used for the treatment of BALB/c mouse colitis. Results Increased gene and protein expression levels of Cad-11 were found in intestinal full thickness IBD tissue compared to controls (45-fold, p Conclusions Cad-11 expression is increased in CD stricture tissues and its blockade reduces profibrotic effects in HIMF in vitro. Inhibition of Cad-11 in vivo reduces clinical severity and fibrosis of experimental colitis.

A number of environmental factors have been associated with the development of IBD. Alteration of the gut microbiota, or dysbiosis, is closely linked to initiation or progression of IBD, but whether dysbiosis is a primary or secondary event is unclear. Nevertheless, early-life events such as birth, breastfeeding and exposure to antibiotics, as well as later childhood events, are considered potential risk factors for IBD. Air pollution, a consequence of the progressive contamination of the environment by countless compounds, is another factor associated with IBD, as particulate matter or other components can alter the host's mucosal defences and trigger immune responses. Hypoxia associated with high altitude is also a factor under investigation as a potential new trigger of IBD flares. A key issue is how to translate environmental factors into mechanisms of IBD, and systems biology is increasingly recognized as a strategic tool to unravel the molecular alterations leading to IBD. Environmental factors add a substantial level of complexity to the understanding of IBD pathogenesis but also promote the fundamental notion that complex diseases such as IBD require complex therapies that go well beyond the current single-agent treatment approach. This Review describes the current conceptualization, evidence, progress and direction surrounding the association of environmental factors with IBD.

Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis are prototypical complex diseases characterized by chronic and heterogeneous manifestations, induced by interacting environmental, genomic, microbial and immunological factors. These interactions result in an overwhelming complexity that cannot be tackled by studying the totality of each pathological component (an '-ome') in isolation without consideration of the interaction among all relevant -omes that yield an overall 'network effect'. The outcome of this effect is the 'IBD interactome', defined as a disease network in which dysregulation of individual -omes causes intestinal inflammation mediated by dysfunctional molecular modules. To define the IBD interactome, new concepts and tools are needed to implement a systems approach; an unbiased data-driven integration strategy that reveals key players of the system, pinpoints the central drivers of inflammation and enables development of targeted therapies. Powerful bioinformatics tools able to query and integrate multiple -omes are available, enabling the integration of genomic, epigenomic, transcriptomic, proteomic, metabolomic and microbiome information to build a comprehensive molecular map of IBD. This approach will enable identification of IBD molecular subtypes, correlations with clinical phenotypes and elucidation of the central hubs of the IBD interactome that will aid discovery of compounds that can specifically target the hubs that control the disease.

Small bowel transplant is an acceptable procedure for intractable Crohn’s disease (CD). Some case reports and small series describe the apparent recurrence of CD in the transplanted bowel. This commentary discusses evidence in favor of and against this alleged recurrence and argues that a molecular characterization is needed to prove or disprove that inflammation emerging in the transplanted bowel is a true recurrence of the original CD.

Crohn’s disease (CD) is a chronic inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) of the digestive tract in humans. There is evidence that Parabacteroides distasonis could contribute to IBD. Here, we present the complete genome sequence of a strain designated CavFT-hAR46, which was isolated from a gut intramural cavernous fistulous tract (CavFT) microlesion in a CD patient.

The challenges posed by complex diseases such as chronic inflammatory, autoimmune, metabolic, and neoplastic disorders are many, ranging from correct clinical diagnosis to proper classification, precise and effective therapy, long-term monitoring, and prediction of ultimate outcome. This is certainly the case for the two main forms of inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), Crohn’s disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC), despite the considerable progress witnessed in the last couple of decades. Facing the above challenges, it is not surprising that physicians and patients alike yearn for objective and highly specific tests that can provide clear answers to what is the correct diagnosis, what is the best treatment, and how the patient will fare in the long run. The quest for simple answers to complicated questions is intrinsic to human nature, but in biology and medicine, expectations are seldom matched by reality. Nevertheless, the medical community is still searching for ideal biomarkers [1], traditionally defined as “cellular, biochemical or molecular alterations that are measurable in human tissues, cells, or fluids” [2] and more recently including “biological characteristics measured as indicators of normal and pathogenic processes, or pharmacological responses to a therapeutic intervention” [3]. These are broad and ambitious definitions that reflect the desire of having tests that can inform about all aspects of a disease like IBD, as denoted in the preceding chapters of this book.