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The synthesis, structural characterization, and binding properties of two unprecedented multitopic receptors for ion-pair recognition are described. We isolated two of the six possible diastereomeric deep cavitand receptors resulting from the installation of four phosphonate groups at the upper rim of a calix[4]pyrrole-resorcin[4]arene hybrid scaffold. The isolated tetra-phosphonate receptors display either three (iooo) or four (oooo) of their P=O groups oriented away from the deep and functionalized aromatic cavity. In contrast to analogous tetra-phosphonate resorcin[4]arene cavitands, the 14-membered macrocyclic rings that contain the P=O groups in the tetra-phosphonate calix[4]pyrrole cavitands are conformationally flexible, always adopting a conformation locating the phenyl substituents in equatorial position. The tetra-phosphonate calix[4]pyrroles exhibited larger affinity constants than the previously reported bis-phosphonate calix[4]pyrrole counterparts in the complexation of both tetramethylphosphonium and octylammonium chloride salts in nonpolar solvents. We demonstrated that the iooo diastereoisomer was able to function as a multitopic receptor for organic chloride salts by switching the geometry of the 1:1 ion-paired complex from receptor-separated to close-contact depending on the quaternary or primary nature of the cobound organic cation. The ion-paired 1:1 complexes formed between the diastereomeric receptors and organic chloride salts were studied and thermodynamically characterized in solution. The determined stability constant values were compared to those obtained for the bis-phosphonate counterparts. The structure of the TMPCl⊂7iooo complex was determined by X-ray structure, and its formation was also evidenced in the gas phase

The combination of a practical and highly enantioselective organocatalytic reaction, which allows the stereoselective introduction of a benzodithiol group, with a fluorination step, gives a new and effective strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of difluorinated building blocks. The benzodithiol group is a versatile and chameleonic group that can be further functionalized before fluorination, giving customized and tailored useful synthetic strategies. As an example of the application of this facile strategy, the effective enantioselective synthesis of difluoroarundic acid is described. All you need is fluor! The combination of a practical and highly enantioselective organocatalytic reaction with a fluorination step provides a new and effective strategy for the stereoselective synthesis of enantioenriched difluorinated building blocks (see scheme).

The work developed during the PhD thesis deals mainly with the design and synthesis ofSupramolecular Hosts. In particular, we present new aryl-extended calix[4]pyrroleswith two or four phosphonate groups as heteroditopic receptors for the complexation of ion-pairs and that result important for the extraction of salts and for the transportof ions through membranes. Likewise, derivativesofcalix[4]pyrroles have been prepared for the selective inclusionofN-oxides in high energy conformation.The importance of the inclusion has been demonstrated by the change of the reactivity of the N-oxide in reactions in which it is commonly used as co-catalyst. Finally, we present derivatives ofresorcin[4]arenes with ethyl groups at the lower rim of thereceptor and a mobile wall in the upper rim as potential ligands for Supramolecular catalysis., El trabajo de tesis doctoral ha consistido en el diseño y síntesis de diferentes receptores moleculares. En particular, de nuevos derivados calix[4]pirrolaril-extendidos con dos y cuatro grupos fosfonatocomo receptores ditópicos para la complejación de pares iónicos,importantes para la extracción de sales y para el transporte de iones a través de las membranas celulares. Asimismo, derivados de calix[4]pirrol han sido preparados para la inclusión de N-óxidos en conformación de alta energía.La importancia de la inclusiónha sido demostrada en la modificación dela reactividad químicatípica delN-óxidoenreacciones en las queel mismo seutilizacomo co-oxidante. Porúltimo, se presentan derivados de resorcin[4]areno con grupos etilo en la parte inferior y una pared móvil en la parte superior como potenciales ligandos para catálisis supramolecular.