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The development of cost-effective bifunctional catalysts for the hydrogen evolution reaction (HER) and oxygen evolution reaction (OER) is critical to realize the commercialization of electrocatalytic water splitting. Herein, an effective defect engineering strategy, Ar plasma treatment, was adopted to promote both the HER and OER activity of pre-synthesized Fe-doped Ni3S2 nano-pyramid arrays on nickel foam. The abundant sulfur vacancies endow the Fe-doped Ni3S2 nano-pyramid arrays with a low overpotential of 171 mV at 10 mA cm−2 and a small Tafel slope of 49 mV dec−1 to drive the OER in 1.0 M KOH. Density functional theory (DFT) calculations reveal that sulfur vacancies together with Fe doping can effectively regulate the electronic structure of Ni3S2, resulting in increased electrical conductivity and a reduced energy barrier, as well as enhanced reaction kinetics through weakening the binding strength between active sites and intermediates. Such defect-rich hetero-metal doped catalyst also delivers enhanced HER activity. As a result, a cell assembled using defect-rich Fe-Ni3S2 nano-pyramid arrays as both the anode and cathode needs a low applied voltage of 1.63 V to reach a current density of 10 mA cm−2, and exhibits outstanding long-term stability up to 60 h.

It is important to explore novel therapeutic targets and develop an effective strategy for the treatment of anorexia nervosa. In this work, serum samples were analyzed using ultra-performance liquid chromatography coupled with quadrupole time-of flight mass spectrometry (UPLC/Q-TOF MS) coupled with chemometric analysis and multivariate analysis to obtain the metabolites and their corresponding pathways. In addition, knock-in and knock-down of the key enzyme in vivo was performed to verify the reliability of the obtained metabolic pathway, which is closely associated with the anorexia nervosa pathomechanism and the potential targets. There were significant differences in the biochemical parameters between the model group and the control group. A total of 26 potential biomarkers were identified to resolve the difference between the control and model rats, which were closely related to amino acid metabolism, sphingolipid metabolism, arachidonic acid metabolism, the citrate cycle, and so forth. According to the ingenuity pathway analysis, we further elucidated the relationship between the gene, protein, and metabolite alteration in anorexia nervosa, which are involved in cellular compromise, lipid metabolism, small molecule biochemistry, cell signaling, molecular transport, nucleic acid metabolism, cell morphology, cellular function and maintenance. Arginosuccinate synthetase (ASS) deficiency was accompanied by a significant downregulation of the β-endorphin and ghrelin in the animal models. The metabolites and pathways obtained using the metabolomics strategy may provide valuable information for the early treatment for anorexia nervosa.

Chronic inflammation plays an important role in the progression of vascular calcification (VC). This study was designed to explore the effects and underlying mechanisms of inflammation on VC in the radial arteries of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) with arteriovenostomy. Forty-eight ESRD patients were divided into control (n = 25) and inflammation groups (n = 23) according to plasma C-reactive protein (CRP) level. Surgically removed tissues from the radial arteries of patients receiving arteriovenostomy were used in this study. Alizarin Red S staining was used to examine calcium deposition. The expression of inflammation markers, bone structure-associated proteins and mammalian target of rapamycin complex1 (mTORC1) pathway-related proteins was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. The expression of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1) was increased in the radial arteries of the inflammation group. Additionally, Alizarin Red S staining revealed a marked increase in calcium deposition in the inflammation group compared to controls. Further analysis by immunohistochemical staining demonstrated that the deposition was correlated with the increased expression of bone-associated proteins such as bone morphogenetic proteins-2 (BMP-2) and osteocalcin and collagen I, which suggested that inflammation induces osteogenic differentiation in vascular tissues and that osteogenic cells are the main cellular components involved in VC. Interestingly, there was a parallel increase in the expression of phosphorylated mTOR (p-mTOR) and pribosomal protein S6 kinase 1 (p-S6K1) in the inflammation group. Furthermore, mTORC1 pathway-related proteins were significantly associated with the enhanced expression of bone formation biomarkers. Inflammation contributed to VC in the radial arteries of ESRD patients via the induction of osteogenic differentiation in vessel walls, which could be regulated by the activation of the mTORC1 pathway.

Idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis (IPF) and tumor are highly similar to abnormal cell proliferation that damages the body. This malignant cell evolution in a stressful environment closely resembles that of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT). As a popular EMT-inducing factor, TGFβ plays an important role in the progression of multiple diseases. However, the drugs that target TGFB1 are limited. In this study, we found that triptolide (TPL), a Chinese medicine extract, exerts an anti-lung fibrosis effect by inhibiting the EMT of lung epithelial cells. In addition, triptolide directly binds to TGFβ and subsequently increase E-cadherin expression and decrease vimentin expression. In in vivo studies, TPL improves the survival state and inhibits lung fibrosis in mice. In summary, this study revealed the potential therapeutic effect of paraquat induced TPL in lung fibrosis by regulating TGFβ-dependent EMT progression.

In the present study, the levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), and erythropoietin (EPO) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) in children with idiopathic epilepsy were measured to illuminate the relationships between these markers with idiopathic epilepsy. Eighty-five children from 6 months to 12.5 years of age with single, previously undiagnosed, and untreated idiopathic epilepsy were participated in this study. The concentrations of CSF NSE, 1L-1β, and EPO were measured by specific ELISA methods. The mean concentrations of CSF NSE, IL-1β, and EPO in the epileptic groups showed a significant increase (P < 0.01) compared with those in the control groups. Besides, the mutual correlations of NSE, 1L-1β, and EPO were also analyzed. Results showed that there were positive correlations between the levels of IL-1β, NSE, and EPO. The changes of NSE, 1L-1β, and EPO level in CSF may be beneficial for the pathophysiology study of epileptic seizures and the identification and diagnosis of a seizure clinically.

BACKGROUND Oral fluconazole is used to treat vulvovaginal candidiasis during pregnancy. However, there are concerns regarding the pregnancy outcomes following exposure to fluconazole. OBJECTIVES To evaluate the pregnancy outcomes associated with exposure to oral fluconazole during the first trimester of pregnancy. SEARCH STRATEGY A systematic literature search was conducted to identify relevant studies published from inception until April 2019. SELECTION CRITERIA Relevant English-language citations using the terms oral fluconazole and pregnancy in humans. DATA COLLECTION Two reviewers independently abstracted data and assessed study quality. MAIN RESULTS Oral fluconazole use during the first trimester of pregnancy was marginally associated with an increased risk of congenital malformations (odds ratio [OR] 1.09, 95% CI 0.99-1.2, P = 0.088; n = 6 studies), whereas in the subgroup analysis, this association existed only for high-dose users (>150 mg) (OR 1. 19, 95% CI 1.01-1.4, P = 0.039; n = 2). Exposure to fluconazole also increased the risk of heart malformations (OR 1.31, 95% CI 1.09-1.57, P = 0.003; n = 4), cardiac septal defects (OR 1.3, 95% CI 1.1-1.67, P = 0.047; n = 3), and tetralogy of Fallot (OR 3.39 95% CI 1.71-6.74, P

Peritoneal fibrosis (PF) is characterized by progressive accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) components in the peritoneum under high glucose conditions. Rapamycin has previously been shown to inhibit ECM accumulation of peritoneal mesothelial cells (PMCs) and prevent PF. Here we explored the undefined mechanisms by which rapamycin inhibits ECM accumulation of PMCs. We used high-glucose peritoneal dialysis solution (PDS) in a mouse peritoneal dialysis model to induce in vivo PF and in human PMCs in vitro to stimulate ECM accumulation. The mice that received chronic PDS infusions showed typical features of PF, including markedly increased peritoneal thickness, excessive matrix deposition, increased peritoneal permeability, and higher expressions of α-smooth muscle actin and collagen I. Rapamycin significantly ameliorated these pathological changes. There was a parallel decrease in lipid accumulation in the peritoneum of rapamycin-treated mice. Rapamycin significantly inhibited high-glucose PDS-induced ECM accumulation and reduced the lipid droplet in human PMCs in the presence of PDS. The effects of rapamycin on intracellular lipid metabolism correlated with a series of steps in lipid homeostasis; namely, a decrease in low density lipoprotein receptor-mediated lipid influx, which was mediated through the downregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 (SREBP-2) and SREBP cleavage-activating protein (SCAP), and an increase in adenosine triphosphate-binding cassette transporter A1-mediated lipid efflux, which was mediated through the upregulation of the liver X receptor α and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor α. We conclude that rapamycin shows a clear protective effect on high-glucose PDS-induced PF by improving the disruption of intracellular lipid homeostasis.

Introduction Human papillomavirus (HPV) vaccination has been proven to effectively protect against HPV infection and infection-associated cancer. However, there are concerns about the relationship between HPV vaccination and the risk of autoimmune disorders (ADs). Therefore, we performed a systematic review and meta-analysis to comprehensively evaluate the relationship between HPV vaccination and ADs risk. Methods To identify relevant studies, we conducted a systematic search in EMBASE and PubMed databases of scientific articles published through June 2018. Fixed or random effects models were adopted to estimate overall relative risk. Results In total, 20 studies (12 cohort studies, 6 case-control studies, and 2 randomized controlled trials) involving more than 169,000 AD events were included in our meta-analysis. Our results show that HPV vaccination was not associated with an increased risk of subsequent ADs (odds ratio [OR] = 1.003, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.95–1.06), particularly among those with a prior ADs (OR = 0.82, 95% CI: 0.7–0.96). Most of the subgroup analysis results based on the location or type of ADs were consistent with the overall results. Conclusion No evidence of an association between HPV vaccination and ADs was found. Given the low number of estimates for individual AD, additional and larger observational studies are needed to verify our findings.

The aim of this paper was to explore the effects and possible mechanisms in vitro of tea polyphenols (TP) delaying human glomerular mesangial cells (HGMCs) senescence induced by high glucose (HG). HGMCs were cultured in vitro and divided into the normal group (N, 5.5 mmol·L⁻¹ glucose), the mannitol group(MNT, 5.5 mmol·L⁻¹ glucose plus 24.5 mmol·L⁻¹ mannitol), the high dose of D-glucose group (HG, 30 mmol·L⁻¹ glucose), the low dose of TP group (L-TP, 30 mmol·L⁻¹ glucose plus 5 mg·L⁻¹ TP) and the high dose of TP group (H-TP, 30 mmol·L⁻¹ glucose plus 20 mg·L⁻¹ TP), which were cultured in 5% CO₂ at 37 °C, respectively. Firstly, the effects of TP on the cell morphology of HGMCs were observed after 72 h-intervention. Secondly, the cell cycle, the positive rate of senescence-associated-β-galactosidase (SA-β-gal) staining and the telomere length were detected, respectively. Finally, the protein expressions of p53, p21 and Rb in the p53-p21-Rb signaling pathway were investigated, respectively. And the expressions of p-STAT3 and miR-126 were examined severally. The results indicated that HG not only arrested the cell cycle in G₁ phase but also increased the positive rate of SA-β-gal staining, and shortened the telomere length. HG led to the protein over-expressions of p53, p21 and Rb and HGMCs senescence by activating the p53-p21-Rb signaling pathway. In addition, L-TP delayed HGMCs senescence by improving the cell cycle G₁ arrest, reducing SA-β-gal staining positive rate and lengthening the telomere length. L-TP reduced the protein over-expressions of p53, P21 and Rb induced by HG and inhibited the telomere-p53-p21-Rb signaling pathway. Moreover, the expression of p-STAT3 was increased and the expression of miR-126 was decreased in HGMCs induced by HG. L-TP reduced the expression of p-STAT3 and increased the expression of miR-126 in HGMCs. In conclusion, HG could induce HGMCs senescence by activating the telomere-p53-p21-Rb signaling pathway in vitro. L-TP could delay HGMCs senescence through regulating STAT3/miR-126 expressions and inhibiting the telomere-p53-p21-Rb signaling pathway activation. These findings could provide the effective interventions in clinic for preventing and treating renal cell senescence in diabetic kidney disease.

The purpose of present research was to investigate how different fertilization regimes altered soil organic nitrogen fractions and their inter-annual dynamics based on a series of long-term experiment (initiated at 1990), including: CK (non-fertilization); M (recycled pig manure); NPK (chemical fertilizer NPK); NPK + M (recycled pig manure with chemical fertilizer NPK). The results showed that soil organic nitrogen components under the different fertilization treatments presented contrastive patterns from the establishment the experiments to 2015. Generally, acid hydrolysable organic nitrogen content increased year by year. The amino acid nitrogen content under CK and NPK treatments consistently declined, although amino acid nitrogen for M and NPK+M treatments showed a increasing trend. These phenomena were probably ascribed to the utilization of soil amino acids by microbes. From 1990 to 2015, NPK treatment substantially elevated the content of acid-released ammonium nitrogen by 31.1% compared with CK (mean value across the experiment), and for the treatments using organic manure (M and NPK+M), the contents of all fractions of soil organic nitrogen increased. Notably, the increase magnitudes for NPK+M were more dramatic than those of M. These results demonstrated that combined use of organic and inorganic fertilizers could more effectively elevate soil organic nitrogen, subsequently helping to improve the capacity of soil nitrogen supply and enhance the soil fertility.依托长期定位试验(从1990年开始)的4个施肥处理(CK,不施肥;M,循环猪圈肥;NPK,单施化肥;NPK+M,化肥配施循环猪圈肥),探讨了长期施肥对潮棕壤有机氮各组分的影响并揭示了其年际变化特征.结果表明: 从试验开始至2015年,不同施肥模式下各有机氮组分呈现不同的变化趋势,其中酸解有机氮基本上表现为逐年增加的趋势;M和NPK+M处理氨基酸态氮也逐年上升,而CK和NPK处理氨基酸态氮持续下降,这可能与微生物对土壤中氨基酸的利用有关.在整个试验过程中(1990—2015年的平均值),NPK处理酸解铵态氮大幅度增加,比CK增加31.1%;在施加有机肥的2个处理中(M和NPK+M)有机氮各组分均有所提高.与M相比,NPK+M处理各有机氮组分增加的幅度更加明显,这表明有机无机肥配施能有效增加土壤有机氮,进而增强土壤供氮能力,提高土壤肥力水平.

Objective: Calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) regulate systemic calcium homeostasis. Intracellular calcium concentration changes are initiating factors of endoplasmic reticulum stress and cell autophagy. Recent research has revealed that CaSRs play an important role in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and other cardiovascular diseases. However, it remains unclear whether CaSRs are involved in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced cardiomyocyte injury. Methods: Cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes were treated with LPS, with or without pretreatment by a CaSR specific agonist SC-211006 or CaSR specific antagonist SC-207394. The ultrastructure of cardiomyocytes was observed using a transmission electron microscope, and the expression of CaSR, GRP78, LC3B, CytC and Bcl-2 proteins were detected by western blot. Results: Compared with the control group, LPS increased cardiomyocyte injury and the expression of CaSR, GRP78, LC3B and CytC proteins, but decreased the expression of Bcl-2. Compared with the LPS group, pretreatment with SC-211006 further enhanced cardiomyocyte damage and the expression of CaSR, GRP78, LC3B and CytC, but reduced the expression of Bcl-2. Conversely, pretreatment with SC-207394 decreased cardiomyocyte injury and the protein expression of CaSR, GRP78, LC3B and CytC, but increased the expression of Bcl-2. Conclusion: Our results suggest that CaSRs are involved in LPS-induced rat cardiomyocyte injury via the activation of endoplasmic reticulum stress and autophagy.

Based on an 11-year fertilizer field trial (located at the lower liaohe river plain), the effects of different organic manure application rates on the accumulations of heavy metals (Cu, Zn, Cd and Cr) in surface soil (0-20 cm), and the leaching characteristic and vertical migration pattern of heavy metal have been investigated in this rainfed agro-ecosystem using undisturbed soil columns. The result showed that the content of heavy metal in surface soil was elevated with the increase of manure application. The increasing magnitude was in the order of CdCuZnCr. According to the Chinese soil quality standard (GB15618-1995), the application of manure (not exceeding 50 t · ha⁻¹) did not result in serious heavy metal pollution in the surface soil. Chromium met the Grade I , and Cu and Zn met the Grade II; whereas, Cd was almost exceeded the threshold of Grade III. The potential risk of Cd in soil should be paid more attentions in future research. According to the National water quality standard (GB/T14848-93), the Cu and Cd concentrations in leachate samples were up to the Grade II except only a few samples that fell in Grade III. Furthermore, Cr in the leachate all matched Grade I water quality standard. These results indicated long-term application of manure (not exceeding 50 t · ha⁻¹) in our site had not induced contaminant risks of heavy metals in underground water. In addition, the Cu, Zn and Cd (except Cr) in leachate all declined with the increase of soil depth, indicating the low capacity of vertical migration of heavy metal. Among the four heavy metals, Zn and Cr tended to be leached into deep soil, whereas Cu and Cd were more prone to be accumulated in surface soil.

Based on a long-term experiment in Shenyang Experimental Station, the effect of manure application on the contents and budgets of Cu, Zn and Cd in the arable soil was studied. The experiment included four treatments: no mature addition (CK), mature addition 10 t · ha⁻¹ year⁻¹(M1), 25 t · ha⁻¹ year⁻¹ (M2), and 50 t · ha⁻¹ year⁻¹(M3). The result showed that Cu, Zn and Cd in soil were accumulated with manure application and prolongation of experiment, and the accumulative magnitude increased with increasing of manure application. The average annual growth rates of the heavy metals in the four treatments (CK, M1, M2, M3) were 2.83%, 6.56%, 7.54%, 8.96%; 0.03%, 3.44%, 4.53%, 6.64% and 1.51%, 8.01%, 10. 27%, 16. 08% for Cu, Zn and Cd, respectively. After six years of the experiment, the content of Cd in the M3 treatment was quite close to the threshold of Chinese Soil Quality Standard Grade III (1 mg · kg⁻¹, GB15618-1995). After 12 years of the experiment, the contents of Cu in the mature-amended treatments fell in the Chinese Soil Quality Standard Grade III, which should be paid more attention. Although the heavy metals in soil were gradually accumulated, the Cu, Zn and Cd levels in crop grain were still below the National Food Contamination Standards (GB2762-2005; GB13106-91; GB15199-94), indicating the contents of heavy metals in crop produced from contaminated soil might not exceed the corresponding standards. The contents of Cu, Zn and Cd in the straw were much greater than those in the grain. The removal of heavy metal by crop was in the order of M3M2M1CK. The average amounts of Cu, Zn and Cd annually removed from the soil in the four treatments (CK, M1, M2 and M3) were 35.68, 47.80, 63.65, 69.64; 249.14, 375.22, 375.16, 444.44, and 0.83, 1.39, 1.64, 1.66 g · ha⁻¹, respectively. The contents of heavy metals in organic manure varied in different years: the contents of Cu and Zn increased year by year, while Cd presented a decreasing trend. The average amounts of Cu, Zn and Cd annually remained in the soil in the treatments M1, M2 and M3 were 2 283.0, 5 763.7, 11585.4; 2 483.3, 6 771.4, 13 849.2 and 4.8, 13.9, 29.5 g · ha⁻¹, respectively. Since the heavy metals in organic manure markedly fluctuated in different years, the average residuals can only reflect the changing trend. Therefore, the residuals of heavy metals in the soil could be accurately predicted only according to status of manure in a given year.

Dopamine receptors exist in many tissues, including rat cardiac tissue. However, the physiological importance of dopamine receptors in the homeostatic regulation of cardiac function is unclear. In this study, a model of ischaemia/reperfusion was established by culturing primary neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in ischaemia-mimetic solution for 2 hr, followed by incubation in normal culture medium for 24 hr. Lactate dehydrogenase activity, superoxide dismutase activity and malondialdehyde content were determined colorimetrically with a spectrophotometer. Apoptotic cell death was assayed by 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labelling staining and flow cytometry, and morphological alterations were observed with transmission electron microscopy. The intracellular free calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) was measured by confocal laser scanning microscopy. Finally, the expression of dopamine receptor 1 (DR1), caspase-3, -8 and -9, Fas, Fas ligand and Bcl-2 and the release of cytochrome c were analysed by Western blot. The results showed that DR1 expression was increased markedly during ischaemia/reperfusion. Treatment with 10 microM SKF-38393 (DR1 agonist) significantly increased lactate dehydrogenase activity, decreased superoxide dismutase activity and increased malondialdehyde content in the culture medium. The DR1 agonist promoted the release of cytochrome c, accumulation of [Ca2+]i, and apoptosis induced by ischaemia/reperfusion. Furthermore, SKF-38393 up-regulated the expression of caspase-3, -8 and -9, Fas and Fas ligand, and down-regulated Bcl-2 expression. In contrast, 10 microM SCH-23390 (DR1 antagonist) had no significant effects on the above indicators. In conclusion, DR1 activation is involved in the apoptosis of cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in simulated ischaemia/reperfusion through the mitochondrial and death receptor pathways.

The transcription factor, interferon regulatory factor 5 (IRF5), is important in the induction of type I interferon, proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines, and is involved in autoimmune diseases and tumourigenesis. However, the mechanisms underlying the transcriptional regulation of wild‑type IRF5 remain to be fully elucidated. The present study was primarily designed to clarify whether specificity protein 1 (Sp1) was involved in the regulation of IRF5. Initially, the IRF5 promoter region was cloned and its promoter activity was examined using Hela and HEK 293 cells. Deletion analyses revealed that the region spanning ‑179 to +62 was the minimal promoter of IRF5. Bioinformatics analyses showed that this region contained three putative Sp1 binding sites, and mutational analyses revealed that all the Sp1 sites contributed to transcriptional activity. Secondly, the overexpression of Sp1 was found to increase the activity of the IRF5 promoter and the mRNA level of IRF5, determined using reporter gene assays and polymerase chain reaction analysis, respectively. By contrast, treatment with mithramycin and Sp1 small interfering RNA significantly reduced the activity of the IRF5 promoter and the mRNA level of IRF5. Finally, the results of an electrophoretic mobility shift assay and a chromatin immunoprecipitation assay demonstrated that Sp1 bound to the promoter region of IRF5 in vitro and in vivo. These results suggested that the Sp1 transcription factor is the primary determinant for activating the basal transcription of the IRF5.

Glioma represents one of the main causes of cancer-related death worldwide. Unfortunately, its exact molecular mechanisms remain poorly understood, which limits the prognosis and therapy. This study aimed to identify the critical genes, transcription factors and the possible biochemical pathways that may affect glioma progression at transcription level. After downloading micro-array data from Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO), the differentially expressed genes (DEGs) between glioma and normal samples were screened. We predicted novel glioma-related genes and carried on online software DAVID to conduct GO enrichment and transcription factor analysis of these selected genes. String software was applied to construct a PPI protein interaction network, as well as to find the key genes and transcription factors in the regulation of glioma. A total of 97 DEGs were identified associated with cancer, the GO enrichment analysis indicated these DEGs were mainly relevant to immune responses as well as regulation of cell growth. In addition, the transcription factor analysis showed these DEGs were regulated by the binding sites of transcription factors GLI2, SP1, SMAD7, SMAD3, RELA, STAT5B, CTNNB1, STAT5A, TFAP2A and SP3. PPI protein interaction network analysis demonstrated the hub nodes in the interaction network were EGFR, TGFB1, FN1 and MYC. The hub DEGs may be the most critical in glioma and could be considered as drug targets for glioma therapy after further exploration. Besides, with the identification of regulating transcription factors, the pathogenesis of glioma at transcription level might be brought to light.

Polyaniline(PANI) was prepared by adding three different quaternary ammonium salts to H 2 SO 4 electrolyte and the effect of the cations on the electrochemical degradation of PANI film was researched. The electro-polymerized films were characterized by cyclic voltammetry, UV-vis spectroscopy and scanning electron microscopy. The result showed that quaternary cations hindered gradually the polymerization of aniline with increase of the size, which made the porosity of the film smaller and the morphology more compact compared with pure PANI films. Although the cations didn't change the electrode reactive process of PANI, they affected the oxidation velocity of the films and the degradation rate of PANI in the following order: Bu 4 N + > Et 4 N + > Mc 4 N + , and the stability of the films was enhanced.

Atmospheric nitrogen (N) deposition, including dry and wet deposition, is an important inorganic and organic N source for ecosystems, and also a key link of the N biogeochemical cycle. Recently, considerable active nitrogen has been emitted into the atmosphere due to enhanced human activities. High N emission leads to high deposition which has caused a series of environment risks, and more attentions have been focused on this issue. This article gave an overview of the basic content about the present N deposition research, such as the component, process, spatial and temporal variation, as well as ecological effect. Then the sampling methods of wet and dry deposition in the field, analysis methods in laboratory and primary techniques of N source identification were summarized. The N deposition research trend in the future was emphasized.

The concentration and distribution of Mn and Zn in soil and soybean in lower reach of Liaohe River Plain were investigated with ICP-AES analysis. The results showed that the available Zn in soils was close to the critical value and the monitoring should be strengthened. Zn concentration in seed and stalk, coupled with Mn in stalk, was not affected by fertilization types, while Mn concentration in seed under NPK and NPKO treatments was significantly higher than that with O and CK treatments. Application of organic and inorganic fertilizer increased crop biomass, and consequently increased Mn and Zn storage in soybean. In soil-crop system, Mn and Zn under different fertilization regimes showed budget deficit, with the deficit order of NPKOOCKNPK, indicating that nutrient cycling could decrease the deficit significantly and keep the ecological systems more sustainable.

High plasma copeptin level has been associated with clinical outcomes after acute illness. The present study was undertaken to investigate the plasma copeptin concentrations in preschool children with community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) and to analyze the correlations of copeptin with CAP-related complications and pleural effusion. Plasma copeptin concentrations of 100 healthy children and 165 preschool children with CAP were measured. 35 children (21.2%) presented with complicated CAP and 28 children (17.0%) presented with pleural effusion. The admission copeptin levels were significantly increased in all patients (49.7 ± 21.4 pmol/L), children with complicated CAP (73.0 ± 16.9 pmol/L), those with uncomplicated CAP (43.4 ± 17.8 pmol/L), those with pleural effusion (70.9 ± 17.4 pmol/L) and those without pleural effusion (45.3 ± 19.5 pmol/L) compared with healthy control individuals (9.0 ± 2.7 pmol/L, all P0.001). Multivariate logistic regression analysis showed that plasma copeptin levels were independently related to CAP-related complications (odds ratio 1.214, 95% confidence interval 1.104-1.872, P0.001) and pleural effusion (odds ratio 1.226, 95% confidence interval 1.109-1.917, P0.001). A receiver operating characteristic curve analysis showed plasma copeptin level better predicted CAP-related complications (area under curve 0.876, 95% confidence interval 0.815-0.922) and pleural effusion (area under curve 0.831, 95% confidence interval 0.765-0.885). Thus, plasma copeptin level may represent a novel biomarker for predicting CAP-related complications in preschool children.

One hundred and twelve sampling sites in the forest ecosystems along the North-South Transect of Eastern China (NSTEC) were selected to study the stoichiometric characteristics and variability of leaf carbon (C), nitrogen (N), and phosphorous (P) of 102 dominant species. The contents of leaf C (Cmass), leaf N (Nmass), and leaf P (Pmass) ranged in 374.1-646.5 mg x g(-1), 8.4-30.5 mg x g(-1), and 0.6-6.2 mg x g(-1), with the arithmetic mean (AM) being 480.1, 18.3 and 2.0 mg x g(-1), and the variation coefficient (CV) being 11.1%, 27.5%, and 56.4%, respectively. The leaf C/N, C/P and N/P ranged from 14.1 to 64.1, from 70.9 to 838.6, and from 1.5 to 21.2, with the AM being 29.1, 313.9 and 11.5, and the CV being 32.8%, 48.3% and 44.1%, respectively. The mass ratio of C:N:P was 313.9:11.5:1, and the atom ratio was 810.9:25.4:1. As compared with those at global scale, the tree leaf Cmass and C/N in the study area were significantly higher, Nmass and N/P were significantly lower, while Pmass and C/P had less differences.

The recycling rate and budget of Mn and Cu under different fertilization regimes by using long-term field experiment and ICP-AES analysis were investigated in the present paper. The results showed that the recycling rates of Mn and Cu were greater than 80% because of sediment recycling type, and the values increased with the amount of feed stuffs increasing. Both the two elements under different fertilization regimes showed budget deficit, with the deficit order of M(oror =)NPK + MCKNPK, showing that chemical fertilizer application might induce severe deficit, while application of recycling organic matter might minimize the unbalance.

To observe the expression of GRP78 (glucose regulated protein, GRP78), Caspase-12 and the change of neuron apoptosis in the juvenile rat hippocampus after status convulsive (SC), and to explore the effect of edaravone on them.One hundred and ninety-five juvenile male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into normal saline control group (NS group), status convulsive group (SC group) and edaravone treatment group (ED group). Each group was further divided into five subgroups in different executed time points after SC. The rats in status convulsive group were kindled into epilepsy by lithium-pilocarpine method. Expression of GRP78 mRNA and caspase-12 mRNA was detected with reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) method. Expressions of GRP78 and caspase-12 protein were detected with immunohistochemical methods. The neuron apoptosis was observed by TdT-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL).(1) Measured by immunohistochemistry the value of OD of GRP78 (0.1480 ± 0.0164, 0.1682 ± 0.0114, and 0.1540 ± 0.0102, respectively, 12 h - 48 h points) and caspase-12 (0.1325 ± 0.0165, 0.1794 ± 0.0213, 0.1525 ± 0.0423, and 0.1309 ± 0.0199, respectively, 12 h-72 h points) positive cells in the SC group increased, there was a significant difference compared with NS group (GRP78: 0.1214 ± 0.0147, 0.1272 ± 0.0177, and 0.1260 ± 0.0157, respectively, 12 h-72 h points. Caspase-12: 0.1050 ± 0.0121, 0.1041 ± 0.0151, 0.1058 ± 0.0222, and 0.1036 ± 0.0186, respectively, 12 h - 72 h points) (P0.01, or P0.05). By ED intervention GRP78 (0.1550 ± 0.0131, 0.1886 ± 0.0154, and 0.1721 ± 0.0151, respectively, 12 h - 48 h points) positive cells value of the OD increased as compared with SC group (P0.01, or P0.05). and caspase-12 (0.1211 ± 0.0184, 0.1545 ± 0.0205, and 0.1085 ± 0.0219, respectively, 12 h, 24 h and 72 h points) positive cells value of the A decreased as compared with SC group (P0.01, or P0.05). (2) Measured by RT-PCR, the expression of GRP78 mRNA and caspase-12 mRNA trend was similar to protein. (3) The TUNEL positive cells in hippocampus CA(1) of SC group (11.41 ± 2.37) were more than that of NS group after the SC 12 h (P0.01), reached its highest level at 48 h (28.78 ± 5.11), after the intervention with edaravone (8.98 ± 2.22, 13.09 ± 2.54 and 20.57 ± 4.89, respectively, 12 h-48 h points), TUNEL positive cells showed a significant drop in SC group at 12 h-48 h time points (P0.01, or P0.05), but still significantly higher than that of the NS group (6.22 ± 1.50, 6.57 ± 1.61 and 6.72 ± 1.14, respectively) (P0.01, or P0.05), at the 4 h time point (NS group 6.29 ± 1.49, SC group 6.61 ± 1.71, ED group 5.75 ± 1.41) among the three groups, no significant difference in TUNEL positive cells was found (P = 0.759).The expression of GRP78 and caspase-12 increased after SC. Edaravone increased expression of GRP78 and decreased expression of caspase-12 in hippocampus rat with pilocarpine-induced seizures, reduced the number of neuronal apoptosis. These results suggest that edaravone may have protective effect against the hippocampal damage caused by status convulsive.

Background Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury is the major cause of morbidity and mortality for cardiovascular diseases. Dopamine D2 receptors are expressed in cardiac tissues. However, the roles of dopamine D2 receptors in myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury and cardiomyocyte apoptosis are unclear. Here we investigated the effects of both dopamine D2 receptors agonist (bromocriptine) and antagonist (haloperidol) on apoptosis of cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. Methods Myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury was simulated by incubating primarily cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in ischemic (hypoxic) buffer solution for 2 h. Thereafter, these cells were incubated for 24 h in normal culture medium. Results Treatment of the cardiomyocytes with 10 μM bromocriptine significantly decreased lactate dehydrogenase activity, increased superoxide dismutase activity, and decreased malondialdehyde content in the culture medium. Bromocriptine significantly inhibited the release of cytochrome c, accumulation of [Ca2+]i, and apoptosis induced by ischemia/reperfusion injury. Bromocriptine also down-regulated the expression of caspase-3 and -9, Fas and Fas ligand, and up-regulated Bcl-2 expression. In contrast, haloperidol (10 μM) had no significant effects on the apoptosis of cultured cardiomyocytes under the aforementioned conditions. Conclusions These data suggest that activation of dopamine D2 receptors can inhibit apoptosis of cardiomyocytes encountered during ischemia/reperfusion damage through various pathways.

This study examined the effect of recombinant human erythropoietin (r-HuEPO) on the serum levels of neuron-specific enolase (NSE), S-100β protein and myelin basic protein (MBP) in young rats 24 hrs after lithium-pilocarpine-induced status epilepticus (SE) in order to study the potential role of r-HuEPO in epileptic brain damage.Forty 19-21-day-old male Sprague-Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=10): normal control group, SE, r-HuEPO pretreated-SE and r-HuEPO. SE was induced by lithium-pilocarpine. R-HuEPO (500 IU/kg) was intraperitoneally injected in the r-HuEPO pretreated-SE and r-HuEPO groups 4 hrs before SE. Serum levels of NSE, S-100β and MBP were determined 24 hrs after the SE event.Serum levels of NSE, S-100β and MBP in the SE group increased significantly compared with those in the normal control and the r-HuEPO groups (P＜0.05). The r-HuEPO pretreated-SE group showed significantly decreased serum levels of NSE, S-100β and MBP compared with the SE group (P＜0.05).r-HuEPO may reduce the expression of NSE, S-100β and MBP and thus might provide an early protective effect against epileptic brain injury.

To detect unilateral spatial neglect phenomenon in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) and to test the hypothesis that the phenomenon is associated with ADHD.Thirty two boys met with ADHD diagnostic criteria of DSM-IV(TM) (ADHD group) and the 32 healthy boys without ADHD as control group participated in this study. All the participants received the flowing managements. The spatially sensitive tools of the Line Bisection test and the Star Cancellation test and some general measures (non-spatial) were used to evaluate spatial attention.(1) The score of Line Bisection test of boys with ADHD was (-9.37 +/- 6.57), and that of the control group was (-5.46 +/- 4.69), the difference between two groups was significant (t = -2.735, P0.01); the difference in left side score of the Star Cancellation test was statistically significant (t = -3.78, P0.01) in the ADHD group versus the control group (11.44 +/- 5.55 vs. 16.34 +/- 4.82), and the left side score was also lower than the right side one (17.13 +/- 6.36), the difference was significant (t = -3.09, P0.01). (2) Both groups' scores of the Line Bisection test were biased to the right side of "0" value respectively (ADHD group: t = -8.064, P0.01; control group: t = -6.585, P0.01), each side of which was lower versus "expected value" "27/27" on right side (ADHD group: t = -8.78, P0.01; control group: t = -7.39, P0.01) and left side (ADHD group: t = 15.85, P0.01; control group: t = -12.52, P0.01).The results suggest that left spatial neglect may be a common general phenomenon of school age boys. Compared with normal children, children with ADHD may have obvious left spatial neglect, which suggest that there be a common neurophysiologic mechanism between left spatial bias and ADHD.

To observe the polyamines metabolism changes in rat cardiomyocytes underwent ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury.A branch of the descending left coronary artery was occluded to induce rat myocardial I/R injury (30 min ischemia followed by 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h reperfusion). RT-PCR and Western blot were performed to detect the expression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC), the concentrations of polyamines were measured with high performance liquid chromatography in hearts with or without I/R.The myocardial transcription and expression of SSAT and ODC were significantly upregulated. Compared with the sham group, ODC mRNA and SSAT mRNA respectively increased 3.1 fold and 3.8 fold and their proteins respectively increased 3.1 fold and 2.9 fold at 24 h of reperfusion (P0.01); the concentrations of spermidine, spermine and the total polyamine pool respectively decreased by 33.6%, 35.3% and 32.9% while putrescine concentration increased by 58.9% at 24 h of reperfusion (P0.01).Our results suggest that ischemia-reperfusion in the heart may affect polyamine metabolism and the disturbance of polyamine metabolism might thus play a critical role in myocardial I/R injury in this model.

To observe the effect of artemisinin on the ischemia/reperfusion injury of the iisolated rat myocardium and to preliminarily study the possible mechanism.Fifty Wistar rats were randomly divided into 5 groups: a control group, an ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) group, and 3 artemisinin (AS) groups (10, 100, 1000 micromol x L(-1)), 10 rats in each group. Ischemia/reperfusion injury of the isolated rat myocardium was induced by a Langendorff system. The electrocardiogram, the cardiac functional parameters, coronary flow, and the activities of LDH (lactate dehydrogenase), CPK (creatine phosphokinase), SOD (superoxide dis-mutase) and the level of malondiadehyde (MDA) in myocardial tissue, and the myocardial ultrastructures were investigated.AS (10,100 micromol x L(-1)) could significantly improve the index of the myocardial function (+/- dp/dt(max), LVSP) after the ischemia/reperfusion, increase the coronary flow, decrease the leakage of LDH and CPK, and increase the SOD activity and decrease the MDA level in cardiac tissues, and alleviate the myocardial ultrastructure injury. But, AS (1000 micromo x L(-1)) did not have the above effects.AS (10, 100 micromol x L(-1)) alleviate the myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury in rats. The mechanism may be related to its functions of antioxidation and scavenging free radicals.

Calcium-sensing receptors (CaSRs) are G-protein coupled receptors which regulate systemic calcium homeostasis and also participate in cell proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis. We have previously shown that CaSR can induce apoptosis in isolated rat adult hearts and in normal rat neonatal cardiomyocytes. However, no knowledge exists concerning the role of CaSR in apoptosis induced by ischemia and reperfusion in neonatal cardiac myocytes. Therefore, in the present study, we incubated primary neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes in ischemia-mimetic solution for 2 h, then re-incubated them in a normal culture medium for 24 h to establish a model of simulated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R). We assayed the apoptotic ratio of the cardiomyocytes by flow cytometry; observed morphological alterations by transmission electron microscope; analyzed the expression of caspase-3, Bcl-2, CaSR, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinase (ERK), and Fas/Fas ligand (FasL) by Western blotting; and measured the concentration of intracellular calcium by Laser Confocal Scanning Microscopy. The results showed that simulated I/R increased the expression of CaSR and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. GdCl3, a specific activator of CaSR, further enhanced CaSR expression, along with increases in intracellular calcium and apoptosis in cardiomyocytes during I/R. Activation of CaSR down-regulated Bcl-2 expression, up-regulated caspase-3 and Fas/FasL expression and stimulated ERK1/2 phosphorylation. In summary, CaSR is involved in I/R injury and apoptosis of neonatal rat ventricular cardiomyocytes by inhibiting Bcl-2, inducing calcium overload and activating the Fas/FasL death receptor pathway.

This study was focused on investigating the involvement of polyamine metabolism in the myocardial ischemia-reperfusion injury (MIRI) in an in vivo rat model. A branch of the descending left coronary artery was occluded for 30 min followed by 2 h, 6 h, 12 h, and 24 h reperfusion. Then the expression of spermidine/spermine N1-acetyltransferase (SSAT) and ornithine decarboxylase (ODC) and the concentrations of polyamines were assessed. It was found that the expression of SSAT and ODC were upregulated after reperfusion and the concentrations of spermidine and spermine were significantly decreased, while putrescine concentration was significantly increased. The results suggest that MIRI may cause disturbance of polyamine metabolism, and it may play a critical role in MIRI.

We incubated neonatal Sprague-Dawley rat cardiomyocytes in primary culture in a medium simulating ischemia (consisting of hypoxia plus serum deprivation) for 2 h, then re-incubated them for 24 h in normal culture medium to establish a model of simulated ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. Apoptotic cell death was measured by MTT assay, TUNEL staining and flow cytometry. Morphological alterations were assessed by transmission electron microscopy, the expression of caspases-3 and -9 and Bcl-2 and the release of cytochrome c by Western blotting, and the intracellular free-calcium concentration ([Ca2+]i) by laser confocal scanning microscopy. The results showed that pretreatment with 10 micromol/l spermine or spermidine significantly inhibited apoptosis in the I/R cells, suppressed the expression of caspases-3 and -9 and cytochrome c release, up-regulated Bcl-2 expression and decreased [Ca2+]i. However, pretreatment with 10 micromol/l putrescine had the opposite effects. Evidence for this "double-edged" effect of polyamines on apoptosis in I/R-injured cardiomyocytes is presented for the first time. It may suggest a novel pharmacological target for preventing and treating cardiac ischemia/reperfusion injury.

To investigate the relationship between calcium-sensing receptor protein (CaSR) expression and rat cardiomyocyte apoptosis and related signal transduction pathways.The CaSR, BCl2, Caspase3 protein and ERK1/2 phosphorylation or non-phosphorylation were detected by Western blot. Cardiomyocyte apoptosis was detected by flow cytometry and immunofluorescence.CaSR protein was detected in rat cardiac tissue and CaSR activator gadolinium (GdCl3) induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and increased ERK1/2 phosphorylation and expression of BCl2 and activated Caspase3. The selective mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) inhibitor PD98059 abolished gadolinium -induced ERK1/2 activation and BCl2 expression, further increased the activation of Caspase3 and cardiomyocyte apoptosis.Our results demonstrate the CaSR existence in cardiomyocytes and CaSR activation by gadolinium can induce myocyte apoptosis by activating Caspase3 and tyrosine protein kinase pathway.

Kinetic degradation process of PAn films during aniline polymerization was in situ monitored by UV-Visible absorption spectrum. The effects of anodic potential, acidity and monomer concentration on the degradation process were also investigated. The experiment results displayed that the more positive the anodic potential, the higher the acidity of the solution, the higher the concentration of aniline, the faster the PAn films degradation speed. Which was similar to the results obtained when the kinetic degradation process of PAn films was studied in blank solutions by cyclic voltammetry.