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The focus of this study was to examine the surface, mechanical, corrosion, and bioactive characteristics of TiO2coatings doped with different grams of nanoparticles of MoS2, which were fabricated using the plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) technique, and the structure, morphology, surface characteristics, and corrosion resistance of MoS2and TiO2coatings were assessed. The coatings were fabricated on the Ti-6Al-4V alloy substrate using a PEO setup, with varying concentrations of MoS2nanoparticles incorporated into the electrolyte solution. FESEM, XRD, and AFM were utilized to analyze the surface characteristics of the coatings. Also, PDP and AC impedance tests were done to check corrosion properties. Raman analysis, XPS, and cell tests were also done. The findings demonstrated that incorporating MoS2nanoparticles resulted in creating a composite coating characterized by adequately increased surface energy, wettability, and improved adhesion to the substrate. The FESEM analysis revealed a uniform dispersion of MoS2throughout the TiO2matrix forming a homogeneous and compact coating structure and also doping inside the PEO pores. XRD analysis confirmed the presence of TiO2, and the addition of MoS2nanoparticles further improved the crystallinity of the TiO2coating. AFM measurements demonstrated a slight increase in surface roughness and an increase in surface hardness upon the inclusion of MoS2. Compared to pure TiO2, the TiO2coating doped with MoS2displayed superior electrochemical corrosion resistance and cell proliferation properties. Alazirin staining, ALP, and mRNA activity showed that lower MoS2content such as P–2MoS2to P–6MoS2showed better cellular differentiation properties.

The study demonstrated the Ca, P, and Zn-doped ZrO2/TiO2coating layer via plasma electrolytic oxidation (PEO) and radiofrequency magnetron sputtering (RF-MS) for improving surface characteristics and biocompatibility of Ti–6Al–4V alloy. The process involved sandblasting (SB) to create micro-scale irregularities on the alloy surface, followed by RF-MS and PEO. The coating's morphology, elemental composition, phase composition, and chemical analysis were examined by FE-SEM with energy-dispersive spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and Raman analysis. The dual surface treatment resulted in the formation of composite coatings with TiO2, ZnO, ZrO2,and HA presence and displayed anisotropic multi-scale porous morphology while the surface texturing created by the SB process facilitated mechanical interlocking during the oxide layer growth. In the SB-Zr + PEO-Zn sample, the phase analysis indicated the strain-induced stabilization of t-ZrO2in the PEO coating layer due to the incorporation of Ca2+ions, and the formation of zinc-substituted hydroxyapatite was observed that showed enhanced roughness and wettability. Also, reduced hardness and elastic modulus (comparable to that of cortical bone) were observed due to transformation toughening under stress from t-ZrO2to m-ZrO2. The presence of TiO2, ZrO2,ZnO, and HA within the coating, all act as protective barriers in effectively reducing corrosion rates. The biological analysis demonstrated better biocompatibility, including promoting cell proliferation, cell adhesion, osteoblast differentiation, ALP activity, and mRNA expression of several osteogenic markers of the cells cultured on the SB-Zr + PEO-Zn sample. These results demonstrated the higher potential of the PEO coating system with higher biocompatibility and osseointegration ability for dental implants.