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Trends in the developing era to discover and design peptide-based treatments throughout an epidemic infection scenario such as COVID-19 could progress into a more efficient and low-cost therapeutic environment. However, the weakening of proteolysis is one downside of natural peptide drugs. But, peptidomimetics may help resolve this issue. In this review, peptide and peptide-based drug discovery were summarized to target one key entry mechanism of severe coronavirus pulmonary emboli syndrome (SARS-CoV-2), which encompasses the association of the host angiotensin-converting enzyme-2 (ACE2) receptor and viral spike (S) protein. Furthermore, the benefits of proteins, peptides and other possible actions that have been studied for COVID-19 through new peptide-based treatments are discussed in the review. Lastly, an overview of the peptide-based drug therapy environment is comprised of an evolutionary viewpoint, structural properties, operational thresholds, and an explanation of the therapeutic area.

In addition to the ubiquitous roles of cellular RNA in genetic regulations, gene expression and phenotypic variations in response to environmental cues and chemotactic signals, the regulatory roles of a new type of RNA called extracellular RNAs (exRNAs) are an up-and-coming area of research interest. exRNA is transported outside the cell through membrane blebs known as membrane vesicles or extracellular vesicles (EVs). EV formation is predominant and conserved among all microbial forms, including prokaryotes, eukaryotes, and archaea. This review will focus on the three major topics concerning bacterially derived exRNAs, i.e., 1) the discovery of exRNA and influence of extraneous RNA over bacterial gene regulations, 2) the known secretion mechanism for the release of exRNA, and 3) the possible applications that can be devised with these exRNA secreted by different gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria. Further, this review will also provide an opinion on exRNA- and EV-derived applications such as the species-specific exRNA markers for diagnostics and the possible roles of exRNA in probiotics and the epigenetic regulations of the gut microbiome.

In the aquaculture industry, the biological treatment using probiotics for eliminating hydrogen sulfide, ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen is receiving attention. In this study, Bacillus sp. TO-3, Bacillus sp. TO-10 and Bacillus sp. TO-12 were isolated from the west coast of Korea and oxidation ability of hydrogen sulfide, ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen were analyzed. Bacillus sp. TO-10 had high oxidation toward hydrogen sulfide by oxidizing 100% and Bacillus sp. TO-3 and TO-12 each had hydrogen sulfide oxidation of 49.53% and 69.03%. Bacillus sp. TO-10 and Bacillus sp. TO-12 had ammonia nitrogen oxidation approximately of 32.7 mg/L, while Bacillus sp. TO-3 had 11.4 mg/L of ammonia nitrogen oxidation. Bacillus sp. TO-3, Bacillus sp. TO-10 and Bacillus sp. TO-12 all had high oxidation toward nitrite nitrogen by oxidizing 100% of 137.46 mg/L nitrite nitrogen. Therefore, Bacillus sp. TO-3, Bacillus sp. TO-10 and Bacillus sp. TO-12 are possible probiotics used as water quality improvement of eliminating hydrogen sulfide, ammonia nitrogen and nitrite nitrogen.

The spread of antibiotic-resistant strains of

Signal amplification strategies are essential for sensitive and efficient detection. Among the recent amplification strategies, the hybridization chain reaction has been intensively studied because it has advantages of reaction at constant temperature and detection at low cost without specialized equipment. In this review, we have discussed how to adjust experimental conditions of the hybridization chain reaction and attractive signal amplification techniques including colorimetric, fluorescence, and electrochemistry. As a result, many studies using the hybridization chain reaction have been successful in detecting sensitive signals by enhancing the signaling of the various targets. These exciting features of the hybridization chain reaction have the potential to be widely used in many areas such as in situ disease diagnosis, food, and environmental analysis. Therefore, various platforms developed by applying this technology are expected to play an essential role as an efficient biosensor in many fields in the near future.

On-site genetic detection needs to develop a sensitive and straightforward biosensor without special equipment, which can detect various genetic biomarkers. Hybridization chain reaction (HCR) amplifying signal isothermally could be considered as a good candidate for on-site detection. Here, we developed a novel genetic biosensor on the basis of enzyme-free dual-amplification of universal hybridization chain reaction (uHCR) and hemin/G-quadruplex horseradish peroxidase (HRP)-mimicking DNAzyme. The uHCR is the strategy which enables simple design for multiple target detection by the introduction of target-specific trigger hairpin without changing the whole system according to a target change. Also, HRP-mimicking DNAzyme could produce a sensitive and quantitative colorimetric signal with increased stability with a limit of detection (LOD) of 5.67 nM. The universality of the uHCR biosensor was proven by the detection of four different targets (miR-21, miR-125b, KRAS-Q61K, and BRAF-V600E) for cancer diagnosis. The uHCR biosensor showed specificity that could discriminate single-nucleotide polymorphism. Moreover, the uHCR biosensor could detect targets in the diluted serum sample. Overall, the uHCR biosensor demonstrated the potential for field testing with a simple redesign without complicated steps or special equipment using a universal hairpin system and enzyme-free amplification. This strategy could enable stable and sensitive detection of a variety of targets. Therefore, it could be applied to urgent detection of various pathogens, remote diagnosis, and self-screening of diseases.