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Subsequent to the COVID-19 pandemic, waste management posed escalating challenges attributed to the imprudent disposal of medical waste, notably surgical masks. Hence, the present investigation was undertaken concomitantly to confront the dual concerns of mitigating environmental pollution and managing discarded face masks. The experimental methodology entailed the utilization of filtration chambers featuring surgical mask layers of distinct thicknesses, labeled as Treatment-0 (no mask layer), Treatment-1 (5 mm mask layer), Treatment-2 (10 mm mask layer), and Treatment-3 (15 mm mask layer), to eliminate pathogenic microorganisms from contaminated river water, Buriganga. At the end of the observation, Treatment-3 exhibited the most significant declination (88.15%) of the bacterial population. This treatment also removed most pathogens, including E. Coli (19.85%), total coliform (16.42%), and fecal coliform (12.02%). The findings underscore the significance of modern filtration systems and the efficient, ecologically viable recycling of medical waste, with a specific focus on surgical masks. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study investigated the antibacterial efficacy of Moringa oleifera (M.oleifera) seeds as a natural coagulant for water purification, addressing the critical need for clean water due to its significant impact on human health and disease prevalence linked to contaminated water. The research was carried out to observe the effect of M. oleifera on the microbial load of Raw Water (RW) and treated water (TW) sourced from the Ibn Ziad wastewater treatment facility in Constantine. Results of bacteriological analyses show that the raw water is heavily polluted with high levels of the targeted bacteria: 4.4 × 109 CFU/ml in total germs, 2.4 × 104 CFU/100 ml in total coliforms and total streptococci, and 1.1 × 104 CFU/100ml in fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and fecal streptococci, with no decrease observed for sulfite-reducing clostridia. However, the water treated with M. oleifera, at a dose of 20 g·L-1, demonstrates a significant reduction of 99% in total germs, 96% in total coliforms, and 98% in fecal coliforms, with a complete absence of Escherichia coli, streptococci, as well as a complete elimination of total sulfite-reducing clostridia, which falls with the standard guidelines for using this water in irrigation. The obtained results confirmed that M. oleifera seeds positively impact the reduction of pathogenic microorganisms found in wastewater. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Groundwater analysis across the Oum Rbia watershed is currently hampered by technical constraints and high costs. This research aimed to produce comprehensive groundwater quality maps throughout the basin aquifers by integrating the water quality index (WQI) and microbiological quality index (MQI) with GIS-Pro for a spatiotemporal assessment of water quality. Twenty physicochemical parameters, including pH, temperature, conductivity, total dissolved solids, permanganate index, ammonium (NH4+), major cations (Na+, K+, Ca²+, Mg²+, Mn²+), major anions (Cl-, HCO3-, NO2-, NO3-, CO3²-, SO4²-), total hardness (TH), total alkalinity (TAC), and total iron (FeT) concentration were analyzed. Additionally, the microbiological parameters, such as the fecal streptococci, fecal coliforms, and total coliforms were investigated. Fieldwork conducted over twelve campaigns during the 2021 and 2022 seasons involved sample collection from fifty-four locations across the six aquifers of the watershed. The comprehensive database facilitated the calculation of both MQI and WQI. Kriging interpolation was utilized to create spatial estimates of these indices beyond the sampling points, enabling the generation of maps that visualize water quality across the study area. WQI indicated that groundwater in most of the studied basin is of excellent quality, though water quality deteriorates in the areas receiving wastewater discharge from urban, industrial, and agricultural activities. The MQI results revealed significant pathogenic germ contamination across a substantial portion of the watershed, intensifying during the summer due to such factors as temperature, river flow, human activities, and seasonal pollution sources. These maps enhance the understanding of water table information for non-experts as well as aid decision-makers in identifying critical areas and developing effective management strategies. However, complexities in water quality and training data influence the accuracy of ArcGIS-Pro predictions, potentially overlooking key factors if the data is insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Vascular tubules in natural leaves form quasi-fractal networks that can be metallized. Traditional metallization techniques for these lignocellulose structures are complex, involving metal sputtering, nanoparticle solutions, or multiple chemical pretreatments. Here we present a novel, facile, and reliable method for metallizing leaf-derived lignocellulose scaffolds using silver microparticles. The method achieves properties on-par with the state-of-the-art, such as broadband optical transmittance of over 80%, sheet resistances below 1 Ω/sq., and a current-carrying capacity exceeding 6 A over a 2.5 × 2.5 cm² quasi-fractal electrode. We also demonstrate copper electrodeposition as a cost-effective approach towards fabricating such conductive, biomimetic quasi-fractals. Additionally, we show that these metallized structures can effectively eliminate pathogenic microorganisms like fecal coliforms and E. coli, which are bacterial indicators of microbiological contamination of water. We finally show that these oligodynamic properties can be significantly enhanced with a small externally applied voltage, indicating the noteworthy potential of such structures for water purification and pollution control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

For a sustainable ecology, slaughterhouse sludge must be managed effectively in preview of the parasitic or coliforms' spill over to the community. In order to determine the effectiveness of a customized biological decomposer solution in lowering the parasitic eggs and coliform bacteria, three composting units (Unit 1, Unit 2, and Unit 3) were treated with its different amounts. Over a period of 60 days, pH, temperature, humidity, number of the parasitic eggs per gram (EPG) of faecal material, viability of eggs, and coliform counts were evaluated. By the fifth day of the composting process, pH had significantly (P < 0.05) increased across all the treatments and then decreased gradually. Also on the 5th day, all three units entered the thermophilic range (> 45 °C), which persisted for 20 days for Unit 3 and 15 days for Units 1 and 2. Humidity levels initially increased significantly (P < 0.05) in all three units (Unit 3 = 71%, Unit 2 = 64%, and Unit 1 = 55%) but then gradually decreased. On day 5, no decrease in EPG in Unit 1 was detected; however, a non-significant (P > 0.05) 12.5% decline in EPG in Unit 2 and Unit 3 was recorded. After that, a significant (P < 0.05) reduction in EPG was observed in all the three treatments until day 25. By day 5, decreased egg viability was significantly (P < 0.05) recorded in Unit 3 (21.43%); in Unit 1 and Unit 2, the decrease was 6.25% and 14.29%, respectively. Additionally, all units showed a significant (P < 0.05) decrease in total coliforms, meeting minimum allowable limit in Unit 2 and 3 on day 10 and on day 15 in Unit 1. The most substantial reduction in faecal coliforms was observed in Unit 3 (from 2.6 log₁₀ to 1.3 log₁₀), followed by Unit 2 (from 2.6 log₁₀ to 1.5 log₁₀), and then Unit 1 (from 2.6 log₁₀ to 1.6 log₁₀). The results of this study support recommendation of advanced composting techniques to eradicate or reduce the abundance of pathogens (parasites and coliforms). Hence, we endorse the value of careful composting procedures in environment-friendly abattoir waste management and agricultural practices through creating pathogen-free, eco-friendly fertilizers to promote both agricultural and environmental sustainability. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The primary objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of liquid (Fructose-added lactic acid bacteria, F-LAB) and commercial (Commercial LAB, C-LAB) probiotics sourced from Rye-Grass Lactic Acid Bacteria (LAB) on broiler chickens experiencing heat stress (HS). The research involved 240 broiler chicks, divided into six groups: control, F-LAB, C-LAB (raised at 24 °C), HS, F-LAB/HS, and C-LAB/HS (exposed to 5–7 h of 34–36 °C daily). The study followed a randomized complete block design, with each group consisting of 40 chicks. F-LAB and HS/F-LAB groups received a natural probiotic added to their drinking water at a rate of 0.5 ml/L, while C-LAB and HS/C-LAB groups were supplemented with a commercial probiotic at the same dosage. Control and HS groups received no probiotic supplementation. The duration of the study was 42 days, with data collected on growth performance, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, and health parameters. Statistical analyses were performed using ANOVA, and significant differences between groups were determined using post hoc tests. The results revealed that without probiotic supplementation, heat stress led to a decrease in body weight gain, T3 levels, citrulline, and growth hormone levels, along with an increase in the feed conversion ratio, serum corticosterone, HSP70, ALT, AST, and leptin levels (p < 0.05 for all). Heat stress also adversely affected cecal microbiota, reducing lactic acid bacteria count (LABC) while increasing Escherichia coli and coliform bacteria (CBC) counts. However, in the groups receiving probiotic supplementation under heat stress (F-LAB/HS and C-LAB/HS), these effects were alleviated (p < 0.05 for all). Particularly noteworthy was the observation that broiler chickens supplemented with natural lactic acid bacteria (F-LAB) exhibited greater resilience to heat stress compared to those receiving the commercial probiotic, as evidenced by improvements in growth, liver function, hormonal balance, intestinal health, and cecal microbiome ecology (p < 0.05). These findings suggest that the supplementation of naturally sourced probiotics (F-LAB) may positively impact the intestinal health of broiler chickens exposed to heat stress, potentially supporting growth and health parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The Guanabara Bay hydrographic region (GBHR) has served as a central hub for human settlement and resource utilization throughout Brazil's history. However, the region's high population density and intense industrial activity have come at a cost, leading to a significant decline in water quality. This work aimed to identify homogeneous regions in GBHR according to water quality parameters in dry and rainy periods. The following water quality monitoring variables were monitored at 49 gauge stations: total phosphorus (TP), nitrate (NO3−), dissolved oxygen (DO), hydrogenionic potential (pH), turbidity (Turb), thermotolerant coliforms (TCol), total dissolved solids (TDS), biochemical oxygen demand (BOD), water temperature (Tw), and air temperature (Ta). The statistical analysis consisted of determining principal components, cluster analysis, seasonal differences, and Spearman's correlation. The water quality parameter correlations were not expressively influenced by seasonality, but there are differences in the concentrations of these parameters in the dry and rainy periods. In the dry period, urban pressure on water quality is mainly due to fecal coliforms. The resulting clusters delimited areas under urban, agricultural, and forestry influence. Clusters located in areas with high demographic density showed high concentrations of TCol and TP, while clusters influenced by forestry and agriculture had better water quality. In the rainy season, clusters with urban influence showed problems with TCol and TP, in addition to some characteristics in each group, such as high TDS, NO3−, and BOD. Forested areas showed high DO, and clusters under agricultural influence had higher concentrations of TCol, BOD, and NO3− concerning forested regions. The troubling state of sanitation in GBHR occurs in metropolitan regions due to lack of a formal sanitation system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Composite produce leaf samples from commercial production rarely test positive for pathogens, potentially due to low pathogen prevalence or the relatively small number of plants sampled. Aggregative sampling may offer a more representative alternative. This pilot study investigated whether aggregative swab samples performed similarly to produce leaf samples in their ability to recover quality indicators (APCs and coliforms), detect Escherichia coli, and recover representative microbial profiles. Aggregative swabs of the outer leaves of romaine plants (n = 12) and composite samples consisting of various grabs of produce leaves (n = 14) were collected from 60 by 28 ft sections of a one-acre commercial romaine lettuce field. Aerobic plate counts were 9.17 ± 0.43 and 9.21 ± 0.42 log(CFU/g) for produce leaf samples and swabs, respectively. Means and variance were not significantly different (p = 0.38 and p = 0.92, respectively). Coliform recoveries were 3.80 ± 0.76 and 4.19 ± 1.15 log(CFU/g) for produce leaf and swabs, respectively. Means and variances were not significantly different (p = 0.30 and p = 0.16, respectively). Swabs detected generic E. coli in 8 of 12 samples, more often than produce leaf samples (3 of 14 positive, Fisher's p = 0.045). Full-length 16S rRNA microbial profiling revealed that swab and produce leaf samples did not show significantly different alpha diversities (p = 0.75) and had many of the most prevalent bacterial taxa in common and in similar abundances. These data suggest that aggregative swabs perform similarly to, if not better than, produce leaf samples in recovering indicators of quality (aerobic and coliform bacteria) and food safety (E. coli), justifying further method development and validation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality is a fundamental aspect of public health and environmental sustainability. In rural areas, the physicochemical and microbiological quality of drinking water depends not only on hydrogeological conditions but also on anthropogenic activities carried out on the surface of the basin. This study aimed to identify natural and anthropogenic influences related to the quality of drinking water in rural areas of southern Chile. In order to perform this, six rural drinking water systems were evaluated. A total of two types of catchment sources (groundwater and surface water) that were located in a longitudinal gradient were used, where coverage and sequences of rocks and soils could be differentiated. The results show that the water delivered by the majority of rural drinking water systems studied was of good quality, meeting the standards of Chilean and international regulations. No fecal coliforms or Escherichia coli were recorded. In addition, we recorded that turbidity, color, pH, concentration of total dissolved solids and fecal coliforms showed significant differences between groundwater and surface water. We also recorded that in two groundwater systems, iron and manganese levels slightly exceeded the regulations, endangering the acceptability of the water. These increases can be related to the natural origins of the metals, linked to the presence of oxides in Andisol- and Utisol-type volcanic soils. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The variation in the population of pathogenic microorganisms in wastewater over time can be predicted by single-spectral analysis, which outperforms conventional multivariate methods. This type of information is important for the performance of sewage treatment plants. The objective of this study was to monitor the variability of the population of microorganisms and the removal of microbiological attributes of sanitary wastewater in a treatment plant equipped with a septic tank and solar reactor. Effluent samples were collected monthly upstream of the septic tank and inside the solar reactor, and the effluent was exposed to solar radiation. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli were analyzed by means of descriptive analysis and singular spectrum analysis. Solar disinfection obtained bacterial inactivation levels of 99.94%, equivalent to 4 log units for the Escherichia coli population, and 99.45%, equivalent to 3 log units for the total coliform population. For the inlet effluent, the prediction showed a trend of growth alternating with periods of stability. For the outlet effluent, the prediction was able to provide regular data up to the first six months, showing error and overestimation of the data for the final six months of the study. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerobic composting is one of the primary steps for the resource utilization and harmless treatment of rural kitchen waste. The treatment device of food waste is ever increasingly needed for single or multiple households, as the development of separate waste collection and promotion of on-the-spot organic waste disposal and utilization. In this study, an aerobic composting device was designed to consider segmented fermentation for composting material, precise aeration and turning control, and multi-function integration. According to the four-stage aerobic composting, four chambers of sequential fermentation were utilized to achieve the separate fermentation of materials in different stages for the harmless treatment of the product. This integrated system also incorporated the agitation apparatus, aeration equipment, control devices, leachate collection mechanisms, and odor control systems. Continuous feeding was employed to introduce the kitchen waste and sawdust daily at a wet-to-weight 10:3. The aeration strategy was set at one minute of aeration every 10 min, and an aeration rate of 10L/min. The stirring frequency was positive for 4 min, reverse for 6 min, and stop for 240 min. The mixing performance simulation and composting experiment were conducted using kitchen waste and pine sawdust as the feedstock. In the simulation test: a fermentation tank and material particle model were constructed and calibrated the simulation parameters of kitchen waste and pine sawdust. The mixing state was simulated to explore the effect of kitchen waste and pine sawdust in four fermentation tanks using the discrete element simulation software EDEM. The mixing degree was calculated for the two kinds of materials in the fermentation tank using the coefficient of variation. The working performance of the equipment was verified in the test. In the composting experiment, solid samples were collected on days 21, 23, and 25 of the composting process, termed as the feeding port (P1), discharge port (P6), and the mid-sections of the first to fourth fermentation tanks (P2 to P5). Physical and chemical properties were determined for the maturity indices of the fermented products. The gas samples were analyzed using portable gas detectors to measure the concentrations of ammonia (NH3) and hydrogen sulfide (H2S) within the first, second, third, and fourth fermentation chambers, as well as at the outlet of the deodorization unit (P7). The results show that the mixing uniformity of materials in the fermentation bin was about 94%, which fully met the requirement that the mixing degree of fermentation materials reached 90%. Furthermore, the color of the fermented material was gradually darkened, the unpleasant odor gradually dissipated, and the fermented material was loose and granular after aerobic fermentation. The compost experienced a high-temperature phase exceeding 55°C for over 5 d, and following 20 d of continuous fermentation. The number of fecal coliforms reached the hygienic safety standard. And egg mortality rate reached 100% for Ascaris lumbricoides. The seed germination index was 73%, fully meeting the requirements of the National Standard for Organic Fertilizer (NY/T 525-2021). In summary, continuous composting and independent fermentation control can be expected to effectively enhance the quality of the fermentation product in different stages. This research can also provide technical references for local resource utilization, fertilizer application, and harmless disposal of kitchen waste in rural regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Ensuring the availability of safe drinking water remains a critical challenge in developing countries, including Ethiopia. Therefore, this paper aimed to investigate the prevalence of fecal coliform and E. coli bacteria and, geographical, children availability, and seasonal exposure assessment through a meta-analysis. Methods: Two independent review groups extensively searched internet databases for English-language research articles published between 2013 and 2023. This systematic review and meta-analysis followed PRISMA guidelines. The methodological quality of each included study was evaluated using the STROBE guidelines. Publication bias was assessed by visual inspection of a funnel plot and then tested by the Egger regression test, and meta-analysis was performed using DerSimonian and Laird random-effects models with inverse variance weighting. Subgroup analyses were also conducted to explore heterogeneity. Results: Out of 48 potentially relevant studies, only 21 fulfilled the inclusion criteria and were considered for meta-analysis. The pooled prevalence of fecal coliform and E. coli was 64% (95% CI: 56.0–71.0%, I2 = 95.8%) and 54% (95% CI: 45.7–62.3%, I2 = 94.2%), respectively. Subgroup analysis revealed that the prevalence of fecal coliform bacteria increased during the wet season (70%) compared to the dry season (60%), particularly in households with under-five children (74%) compared to all households (61%), in rural (68%) versus urban (66%) areas, and in regions with high prevalence such as Amhara (71%), Gambela (71%), and Oromia (70%). Similarly, the prevalence of E. coli was higher in households with under-five children (66%) than in all households (46%). Conclusions: The analysis highlights the higher prevalence of fecal coliform and E. coli within households drinking water, indicating that these bacteria are a significant public health concern. Moreover, these findings emphasize the critical need for targeted interventions aimed at improving drinking water quality to reduce the risk of fecal contamination and enhance public health outcomes for susceptible groups, including households with under-five children, in particular geographical areas such as the Amhara, Gambela, and Oromia regions, as well as rural areas, at point-of-use, and during the rainy season. Registration: This review was registered on PROSPERO (registration ID - CRD42023448812). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study was conducted in Ekpoma, a town dependent on rainwater and river water from nearby areas because of a lack of groundwater sources, and the physicochemical and bacteriological (heterotrophic plate count [HPC], total coliform count [TCC], and fecal coliform count [FCC]) properties of 123 stored river water samples grouped into five collection districts (EK1 to EK5). The results were compared with regulatory standards and previous regional studies to identify water quality trends. While most physicochemical properties met drinking water standards, 74% of samples had pH values > 8.5. Twenty-seven samples were fit for drinking, with EK4 having the highest number of bacterio-logically unsuitable samples. Ten bacterial species were identified, with Gram-negative short-rod species such as Escherichia coli, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and Salmonella typhimurium being predominant. HPC values varied from 367 × 10⁴ to 1320 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, with EK2 (2505 × 10⁴ CFU/mL) and EK5 (1320 × 10⁴ CFU/mL) showing particularly high counts. The TCC values ranged from 1049 × 10⁴ to 4400 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, and the FCC values from 130 × 10⁴ to 800 × 10⁴ CFU/mL, all exceeding WHO limits (1.0 × 102 CFU/mL). Historical data show no improvement in water quality, emphasizing the need for individuals to treat water properly before consumption. The findings provide baseline data for local water authorities and serve as a wake-up call for adequate water treatment, storage interventions, and community education on water security. Additionally, this study offers a practical process for improving the quality of water stored in similar regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Different organic and inorganic bedding materials can be used in dairy farms. Among organic materials, there is an increasing interest in alternative substrates based on recycled manure solids (RMS). Microbiological analyses are crucial to monitor the microbial load and evaluate the presence of pathogens impacting animal welfare and health. However, logistic factors may hamper the possibility of immediately sending fresh samples to the laboratory, requiring storage in cooled conditions before analysis. Methods: We assessed the impact of sample refrigeration and freezing of different organic and inorganic bedding substrates including separated raw manure solids (SRMS), anaerobically digested manure solids (ADMS), and new sand (NS), on the total bacterial count (TBC) and on different microbial classes. Results: The TBC was higher in fresh NS and ADMS than in refrigerated and frozen samples of the same substrates; in addition, the TBC of ADMS was higher in refrigerated than frozen samples. The TBC of SRMS did not change significantly with refrigeration and freezing. Freezing reduced the total Gram-negative bacterial count more than refrigeration in all substrates. In fresh NS, Gram-negatives were higher than in both refrigerated and frozen NS. Escherichia coli counts were significantly lower in frozen than in refrigerated SRMS. However, both refrigeration and freezing of ADMS resulted in no E. coli growth. The coliform counts were also lower in frozen than refrigerated NS and SRMS. Frozen NS and ADMS showed lower counts compared to refrigeration for Gram-negative bacteria other than E. coli and coliforms. On the other hand, cold storage did not significantly impact the streptococci and streptococcus-like organisms (SSLO) count of all evaluated bedding substrates. Conclusion: Refrigeration and freezing affect the bacteriological results of bedding substrates, with freezing generally leading to lower counts than refrigeration. Whenever possible, preference should be given to analyzing fresh bedding samples, however, when necessary, refrigeration would be recommended over freezing, while acknowledging that the measured bacterial load might underestimate the actual microbial content. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Akahoya is a volcanic soil rich in alumina, primarily deposited in Kyushu, Japan. We have found that Akahoya adsorbs bacteria in the water surrounding cattle grazing areas, suggesting a potential for environmental purification. This study investigated the spectrum of microorganisms adsorbed by Akahoya using a column filled with Akahoya through which a suspension of microorganisms was passed. Shirasu soil, another volcanic soil with a different chemical composition, was used as a control. Akahoya effectively adsorbed a diverse range of microorganisms including Escherichia coli, Campylobacter jejuni, Vibrio parahaemolyticus, Salmonella Enteritidis, Staphylococcus aureus, Clostridium perfringens, spores of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus anthracis, severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), murine norovirus, and avian influenza virus (H3N2), whereas Shirasu soil did not adsorb any of the organisms examined. Moreover, bacteria naturally present in river water, such as aerobic bacteria, total coliforms, and Enterobacteriaceae as indicators of river contamination, as well as E. coli added artificially to sterilized river water, were reduced to below the detection limit (<1 CFU/mL) after being passed through Akahoya. Additionally, the number of viable E. coli continued to decrease after contact with Akahoya for 1 month, suggesting bactericidal effects. Notably, the adsorption of E. coli to Akahoya was influenced by the concentration of phosphate and the pH of the suspension due to the interaction between the surface phosphorylation of organisms and Al2O3, the major chemical component of Akahoya. The present results demonstrate the remarkable ability of Akahoya to remove phosphate and microbes, suggesting that Akahoya could be used for water purification processes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), as the cause of Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19), may survive in sewage or wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). This condition increases the risks of reusing treated wastewater (TW), particularly in developing countries. We introduced a new index, Viral Risk Index (VRI), for risk classification based on available knowledge about SARS-CoV-2. It was calculated by six effective parameters on the decay rate of SARS-CoV-2 in wastewater. These parameters are easily quantifiable in WWTPs in developing countries and not limited to specific operational conditions. The concentrations of Fecal coliform (FC) and total suspended solids (TSS) in TW in addition to the temperature, WWTPs’ capacity, retention time (RT), and chemical oxidation demand (COD) removal are the six subindices. VRI classifies TW in 5 categories (low-high risks). This classification prioritizes WWTPs for monthly viral surveillance and risk mitigation. Here, 23 WWTPs were examined and prioritized in Iran (April-August 2020). The results indicated that the TW in 14 WWTPs could be safely reused, whereas 9 WWTPs required more surveillance and supplementary viral controls for TW reuse. Here, waste stabilization ponds had slightly safer TW than activated sludge units. Moreover, monitoring could improve the average VRI from 2019 to 2020. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Artisan goat cheeses (AGCs) from four different producers in Coahuila, Mexico, along with a pasteurized goat cheese (C), were subjected to a comprehensive analysis covering production, chemical, microbiological aspects, and texture. The study aimed to discern the impact of feeding practices, seasonality, and manufacturing technology on their properties. Aspects such as the manufacturing production, chemical composition, microbiological load, and texture characteristics were analyzed. The results highlighted a higher protein content in the cheeses from grazing goats (14.51%), while the highest fat (14.25%) and ash (3.27%) contents were found in the cheeses made during spring from stabled goats. Correlations were noted between the protein content and hardness, as well as the acidity and adhesiveness. Most of the analyzed cheeses showed microbiological levels higher than those allowed by national regulations, with counts ranging from 1 to 7.5 Log cfu g−1 for total coliforms, 2.39 to 7.52 Log cfu g−1 for molds and yeasts, as well as 2.16 to 6.53 Log cfu g−1 for Staphylococcus. The findings of this study offer a comprehensive insight of the effects of feeding practices, seasonality, and manufacturing technology on AGC properties, potentially guiding improvements in both production processes and product quality. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The quality and quantity of drinking water are critical for the growth and health of pigs. Traditional bowl-type drinking fountains are associated with several issues, including the proliferation of pathogenic bacteria due to feed residue and water wastage resulting from pigs playing in the water. To address these issues and enhance piggery management, there is a need for innovative, water-saving, and hygienic smart drinking devices. This study aimed to address the shortcomings of traditional bowl-type drinking fountains by developing and evaluating an intelligent water-saving drinking bowl for pigs. We incorporated PLC control modules, water level detection, drinking recognition, and precise water quantity measurement into the intelligent drinking bowl. This system ensured the rational and accurate supply of water to pigs and features an automatic residue cleaning function within the bowl. To evaluate the impact of this intelligent drinking bowl on pig production performance, water consumption, drinking behavior and the hygienic quality of drinking water, we conducted an experiment involving 100 fattening pigs in good physiological condition, with an average body weight of 85.87 ± 15.80 kg. Then, the pigs were randomly assigned to two treatment groups: one with traditional drinking bowls and the other with intelligent drinking bowls. Each group had 5 replicates, with 10 pigs per replicate, and the entire experiment was conducted over a period of 35 days. Our results revealed that both types of bowls demonstrated two distinct peaks in drinking activity, occurring at approximately 09:00 and 15:00. When comparing the smart drinking bowl group to the traditional bowl group, the group using smart drinking bowls showed a 3% increase in daily weight gain, a 0.7% reduction in feed intake, and a 5% decrease in the feedto-weight ratio. However, none of these differences were statistically significant. Meanwhile, the two types of drinking bowls had no significant effect on the drinking behavior, such as the frequency and duration of drinking. Significant differences were noted in water consumption and wastage. The average daily water consumption was 11.14 ± 0.46 L/d for the traditional drinking bowl group and 10.05 ± 0.46 L/d for the intelligent drinking bowl group, with a highly significant difference (P < 0.01). Water wastage was 0.89 ± 0.13 L/d for the traditional bowl and 0.25 ± 0.13 L/d for the intelligent bowl, with a highly significant difference (P < 0.01). The intelligent drinking bowl reduced water wastage by 60.9% to 79.5% compared to the traditional bowl. Additionally, total coliform counts in the residual water were 83.00 ± 3.46 MPN/100 mL for the traditional drinking bowl group and 68.33 ± 4.04 MPN/100 mL for the intelligent drinking bowl, with a significant difference (P < 0.05). The total coliform bacteria count in residual water within smart drinking bowls used by fattening pigs was reduced by 16.3% to 19.2% compared to traditional drinking bowls. Economic analysis indicated that the cost savings from reduced water usage alone can offset the initial investment in smart drinking bowls within approximately one year. This study demonstrated that the intelligent drinking bowl effectively reduced water wastage and improved the hygienic quality of drinking water, thereby supporting better animal welfare and offering practical benefits for piggery management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Water quality characterization of Himalayan streams that provide variety of ecosystem services including drinking water to zooming population is indispensable. In this background, water quality characterization of the Rambiarrah watershed was carried out from Autumn 2016 to Summer 2018, which revealed that all the drinking water quality parameters were within the prescribed limits of the World Health Organization (WHO) and Beauru of Indian Standards (BIS) except total coliform (TC) and fecal coliform (FC). Hierarchical Cluster Analysis (HCA) displayed 3 clusters, cluster I, II, III with least, moderate and high anthropogenic disturbance respectively. Principal component analysis (PCA) recognized 4 principal components (PCs) and explained a cumulative variance of 70.3%. Redundancy analysis (RDA) highlighted that agriculture, built-up, and plantation land-use classes explained 55% of the variance, while as 57% of the variance was highlighted by observable sensory features (waste disposal, sewage inflow and mineral extraction). The water quality index (WQI) varied from excellent to very poor water quality category. Physico-chemical parameters like pH, EC, TDS, TH, Ca2+, and Mg2+ decipher significant effective weights at upstream sites while as microbial load (TC and FC) highlighted significant effective weights at mid and downstream sites. The spatial–temporal pattern of water quality and aquascape landscape interrelationship identified in this study will contribute to the water quality management endeavor. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Proper disinfection treatment is the basic guarantee for safe utilisation of sewage. However, the commonly used disinfection methods are not suitable for nutrients containing reclaimed water. In this work, the microwave disinfection method assisted by a microwave-absorbing material in recycled water samples was investigated. Magnetic corn stalk biochar (MCSB), the microwave absorbing material, was prepared by high temperature carbonisation of corn stalk particles impregnated with ferrous sulfate. Escherichia coli and fecal coliforms were selected as target microorganisms to investigate the disinfection efficiency of MCSB assisted microwave radiation (MW/MCSB). The addition of microwave absorbing materials significantly improves the disinfection effect of water samples. Compared with the microwave radiation (MW) without MCSB, the bactericidal rate by using 107 CFU/L E. coli suspension increased from 63.5% to 100% at 480 W for 30 s after adding 4 g/L MCSB. Besides, the effects of MCSB dosage, microwave power, microwave radiation time, and initial bacterial concentration on disinfection efficiency were explored. Moreover, the bactericidal efficiency for actual sewage samples was also demonstrated by treating the effluent from septic tank sewage. The residual fecal coliforms in treated water samples met China's farmland irrigation water standard (GB 5084-2021). The result indicates that the proposed method of microwave disinfection strengthened by MCSB has a promising application prospect for reclaimed water disinfection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The existence of fecal coliform microorganisms (FCs) resistant to antibiotics in the domestic wastewater of an urban and semi-urban locality was determined, along with the effect of two types of treatment plants for wastewater on the resistance of coliform, an aerated lagoon (AL) and a stabilization lagoon (SL). Samples were taken from the affluent and effluent of each treatment plant. FC content, pH, electrical conductivity, dissolved oxygen, total solids, total volatile solids, and several types of ions were determined. Resistant FCs were quantified by plate count in bright green bile agar with ampicillin, amoxicillin, sulfamethoxazole-trimethoprim, amikacin, gentamicin, cefixime and their mixtures. The isolated strains were evaluated against other antibiotics using antibiograms. The relationship between the variables was validated with an analysis of variance factorial design, and Fisher's means test (α = 0.05) and Pearson's correlation were used to establish it. The community that presented more resistant FCs was the urban one, but when the wastewater passed through the systems of AL and SL, this fact changed. The resistance of the FCs to ampicillin, amoxicillin, trimethoprim, sulfamethoxazole and cefixime was higher in the SL, with values of 67, 48, 2 and 25.8%, while those for the AL were 20, 13, 22 and 5.3%, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Fecal material is one of the principal components in domestic wastewater (DWW). In this sense, Escherichia coli is a recognized indicator of fecal pollution due to its low-cost monitoring in DWW. Moreover, DWW are a pathogen reservoir that become a health hazard when its discharges are poured to water bodies without treatment. In this study, a simple and low-cost method was developed to functionalize the leaves (LC), peel (PC), and seeds (SC) of Moringa oleifera (MO), with an saline extract (NaCl 0.35 M), to obtain coagulants capable to reduce the presence of bacteria indicating fecal contamination and other pollution indicators in Guerrero, Mexico. The optimal doses were determined with a surface response using Sigma Plot® 8.10 software through a factor design of mixed levels. The optimal conditions for the reduction of the microbiological and physicochemical parameters were PC and SC, with concentrations of 70 g/l of the grinded material used to prepare the MO-coagulants, with doses of 1 and 6 mL, respectively, evaluated for the pollutant's removal in the wastewater samples. The results showed the removal of fecal coliforms (99.3%), E. coli (92%), nitrates (47.9%), total dissolved solids (63%), turbidity (90%) and a dissolved oxygen concentration (DO) of 7.1 g/l in the treated wastewater. The developed method, using MO, is a simple and efficient tool for the reduction of bacteria indicating fecal contamination and other pollution indicators present in DWW. Highlights: The Moringa oleifera (MO) coagulants eliminated 99.3% of fecal coliforms and 92% of E. coli from wastewater discharged into the Huacapa River. Response Surface Methodology (RSM) was used to optimize the coagulation process of wastewater using MO-coagulants. The methodology developed in this study could be applied to treatment of surface water in rural communities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In most Brazilian municipalities, urban solid waste (USW) is disposed of in open dumps, with numerous sites now being closed, monitored, and rehabilitated. One location, the "old dump" area in the Portão municipality (southern Brazil), previously served as an irregular repository for USW and industrial solid waste (ISW). Its use continued until 1993 when it was closed for a natural remediation process. For this reason, this study aimed to assess groundwater quality in the Portão "old dump," employing physicochemical, microbiological, and toxicity quality indicators. The study's scope was extended to encompass the Portão Stream as well. Notably, the second collection campaign revealed elevated dissolved aluminum (Al3+), iron (Fe2+), and nitrate levels in all groundwater samples (from PZi wells, i = 1–6), with the PZ3 monitoring well experiencing the most pronounced impact. Further quality indicators, such as total phosphorus, thermotolerant coliforms, BOD5, as well as Al3+ and copper (Cu2+) levels in the second water collection campaign from Portão Stream, were classified as Class 4, suggesting that the water is suitable only for navigation and aesthetic purposes. Conductivity analysis identified Portão Stream as another impacted area. Moreover, during the second collection campaign, the study uncovered an escalation in micronuclei (MN) frequency and chromosomal alterations in PZ5. Downstream water samples from Portão Stream exhibited similarly heightened MN levels. This study's investigation into water quality is a concrete example of the implications of improper USW management. These findings underscore the pressing need for effective waste management strategies to mitigate environmental degradation and protect public health. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Oil spills can have varying degrees of impact on the aquatic environment depending on factors such as the type of oil spilled, the volume released, and the ecosystem affected because crude oil and refined petroleum contain harmful substances such as hydrocarbons, heavy metals, and toxic chemicals. When released into the water, these substances can have immediate and long-term effects on marine life. This research aims to find the factors affecting the degree of pollution from oil spills on the aquatic environment and the areas adjacent to the Qayyarah refinery in northern Iraq. Combines the fuzzy comprehensive evaluation method and the analytical hierarchy process to evaluate the degree of pollution from oil spill incidents in the areas adjacent to the refinery. The statistical analysis showed that there were statistically significant differences and that the value of the correlation coefficient was positive between exchanged cadmium, residual cadmium, exchanged lead, where the lead exchange rate ranged correlation coefficient at a minimum R² 0.674 and a clear increase in the number of bacteria indicating contamination the total number of bacteria coli, fecal coliform bacteria, and fecal strep bacteria (where the numbers of coliform bacteria ranged 102 x 102- (cells/011 mL, and fecal coliform bacteria were between 160 x 102 cells/011 mL. These rates are environmental and vital indicators of the presence of significant levels of organic pollution and evidence of the presence of microorganisms dangerous to the health of residents and living organisms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Pollution of the Lagos Lagoon is one of the major ecological concerns in Lagos metropolis. The ecological survey of coliform was performed to determine the level of pollution in Lagos Lagoon. Water samples were collected from Iddo, Makoko, Unilag, Oyingbo, and Marina sample stations. The physicochemical and bacteriological analyses were performed under standard procedures. The values of the water samples ranged from; 4.2±0.019 to 7.7±0.016 for pH; 26.7±0.012 to 28.9±0.125 for temperature (°C); 0.38±0.016 to 0.56±0.044 for turbidity (nephelometric turbidity unit (NTU)) and 541.8±13.207 to 40672.02±1252.930 for salinity(mg/L). The selected physicochemical parameter results were analyzed using the one-way ANOVA test. The test revealed that the mean values of the parameters were not significantly different for the five sample stations. The pairwise test revealed no significant difference between the sample stations in the Lagos Lagoon. The predominant bacteria isolated belonged to the following genera: Klebsiella, Escherichia, Providencia, Salmonellae, Enterobacter, Aeromonas, Pseudomonas, and Citrobacter. The total viable counts ranged from 1.0 x 107 cfu/mL to 2.5 x 109 cfu/mL, and the total coliform counts ranged from 1.0 x 105 cfu/mL to 2.5 x 106 cfu/mL. The study revealed high coliform count in Lagos Lagoon. Therefore, the study stresses the need for authorities to implement laws and regulations to prohibit the discharge of untreated wastes into waterbodies to control faecal pollution.

For many reasons, water from wells and natural springs is still widely used in Morocco. 90 groundwater samples were analyzed to assess the health risks associated with its quality in the Ketama region, including physicochemical analyses such as pH, electrical conductivity, total dissolved solids, bicarbonates, and nitrates using standardized methods, as well as bacteriological analyses covering total coliforms, fecal coliforms, Escherichia coli and fecal streptococci utilizing the membrane filtration method. Assessment of groundwater physicochemical quality showed that 13.41% of samples had nitrate concentrations exceeding the maximum value set by the World Health Organization (45 mg/ L). In comparison, 12.16% of samples were slightly acidic (pH < 6.5). Bacteriological analyses of the groundwater showed that the water points studied are contaminated with total coliforms, faecal coliforms, Escherichia coli, and faecal streptococci at rates of 80%, 50%, 35%, and 36%, respectively. In conclusion, groundwater in the Ketama region presented potential risks for users, particularly regarding waterborne diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the relationship between handler hygiene and the content of coliform bacteria in drinking water depots in the former Maospati District, Magetan Regency in 2024. Coliform bacteria are used as an indicator of fecal contamination in drinking water, which can pose serious health risks for consumers. The research method used is analytical observational with a cross-sectional approach. Sampling was carried out at simple random from 52 drinking water depots, with a total of 19 samples analyzed using the Most Probable Number (MPN) method to determine the concentration of coliform bacteria. The research results showed that the majority of drinking water depots (59%) had poor handler hygiene, while the remaining 41% had good hygiene. Microbiologically, 51.3% of water samples did not meet the requirements because they contained coliform bacteria, while 48.7% met the requirements. Statistical analysis showed a significant relationship between poor handler hygiene and high levels of coliform content (p = 0.001), with a relative risk 12.2 times higher. This study makes an important contribution to knowledge about drinking water safety in the region, highlighting the importance of sanitation and hygiene monitoring in drinking water depots to reduce public health risks. Recommendations from this research include increased supervision and training for drinking water depot managers, as well as the need to strengthen regulations and implement stricter sanitation hygiene standards. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Escherichia coli and total coliforms are important tools for identifying potential faecal contamination in drinking water. However, metagenomics offers a powerful approach for delving deeper into a bacterial community when E. coli or total coliforms are detected. Metagenomics can identify microbes native to water systems, track community changes and potential pathogens introduced by contamination events, and evaluate the effectiveness of treatment processes. Here, we demonstrate how the dual application of traditional monitoring practices and metagenomics can improve monitoring and surveillance for water resource management. The robustness of long-read metagenomics across replicates is demonstrated by the effect and interaction between manganese filters and bacterial communities, as well as the impact of chlorination after coliform detection. These examples reveal how metagenomics can identify the complex bacterial communities in the distribution system and the source waters used to supply drinking water treatment plants (DWTPs). The knowledge gained increases confidence in identified causes and mitigations of potential contamination events. By exploring bacterial communities, we can gain additional insights into the impact of faecal contamination events and treatment processes. This insight enables more precise remediation actions and enhances confidence in communicating health risks to drinking water operators and the public. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aims to analyze the quality of Lake Batur which aims to maintain the preservation of Lake Batur as a form of sustainable tourism in Bangli Regency. In this study, there are three sample points, namely in Songan Village, Toya Bungkah and Kedisan Village. In this study, it will be analyzed through 11 parameters analyzed, namely temperature, odor, taste, color, pH, nitrate, BOD, DO, total phosphate, total coliform and fecal coliform. In this test, the method used is the STORET method, and in the analysis of the strategy used for pollution control using the SWOT method. Based on the results of the STORET calculation, the sample in Songan Village is included in the category of light pollution with a value of -4, the sample of Kedisan Village all indicators meet the Class 3 Water Quality Standard, and at the sample point in Toya Bungkah is included in the category of light pollution with a value of -8. The indicator that has a value exceeding the Class III Water Quality Standard, namely at the sample location of Songan and Toya Bungkah Villages, is the BOD level. So that the recommended strategy for its management based on SWOT analysis is to optimize the Strengths and Opportunities owned by Lake Batur, namely developing tourism around the lake which is based on sustainable development and in line with regular lake rejuvenation efforts carried out to maintain the balance of lake water quality by the community and the surrounding government. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the antibacterial activity of 10 honeys at three concentrations 50%, 25%, and 12.5% was tested against two G- and two G+ strains, also the microbiological quality of the honeys in terms of the representation of total count of bacteria, coliforms, yeasts, and filamentous fungi was evaluated, and micromycetes to the species level were identified. Antibacterial activity of the honeys was assayed using well diffusion method, determination of microbial groups by the pour plate method and diversity of mycobiota in honey according to macro- and micromorphological characteristics. Results showed the antibacterial effects of Slovak honey collected from the Spiš region, against bacterial strains Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Enterococcus faecalis, and Staphylococcus aureus, which are among the most common bacteria responsible for nosocomial infections. We found that honeydew honey was very effective against E. coli and S. aureus, rapeseed honey against P. fluorescens, and mixed honey (no. 10) against E. faecalis. Staphylococcus aureus was the most susceptible bacteria tested for all honeys. The presence of both yeasts and molds was detected in 3 honey samples at concentrations ranging from <4x101 to 3.6x101 CFU/g, while the total count of bacteria was detected in 9 samples at concentrations ranging from 2.3x101 to 3.6x102 CFU/g (in 1 sample, the occurrence of microorganisms was not recorded even at the lowest dilution of 10-1). Coliforms were not isolated. A total of 3 strains belonging to the Aspergillus section Nigri were identified. The microbiological analyses of the samples indicates that the honeys were produced, processed and stored in accordance with the rules of good hygiene practice. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Simple Summary: This study examines the use of dairy wastewater to cultivate three types of microalgae: Spirulina platensis, Micractinium, and Chlorella. The research found that these algae can effectively remove nutrients like nitrogen and phosphorus from industrial wastewater. Spirulina sp. and a mixed culture of all three algae performed best, significantly reducing nitrogen levels, while Chlorella sp. also removed a substantial amount of phosphorus. Additionally, microalgae treatment greatly reduced pathogens. These results suggest that microalgae could be a promising method for treating dairy wastewater and improving water quality. This study explores the novel use of mixed cultures of microalgae—Spirulina platensis, Micractinium, and Chlorella—for nutrient removal from dairy wastewater (DW). Microalgae were isolated from a local wastewater treatment plant and cultivated under various light conditions. The results showed significant biomass production, with mixed cultures achieving the highest biomass (2.51 g/L), followed by Spirulina (1.98 g/L) and Chlorella (1.92 g/L). Supplementing DW (75%) with BG medium (25%) significantly enhanced biomass and pH levels, improving pathogenic bacteria removal. Spirulina and mixed cultures exhibited high nitrogen removal efficiencies of 92.56% and 93.34%, respectively, while Chlorella achieved 86.85% nitrogen and 83.45% phosphorus removal. Although growth rates were lower under phosphorus-limited conditions, the microalgae adapted well to real DW, which is essential for effective algal harvesting. Phosphorus removal efficiencies ranged from 69.56% to 86.67%, with mixed cultures achieving the highest removal. Microbial and coliform removal efficiencies reached 97.81%, with elevated pH levels contributing to significant reductions in fecal E. coli and coliform levels. These findings suggest that integrating microalgae cultivation into DW treatment systems can significantly enhance nutrient and pathogen removal, providing a sustainable solution for wastewater management. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The valorization of date palm wastes as bioresources has received little attention. In this context, the feasibility of date palm waste valorization through composting and the application effects on barley plants production under control condition was investigated. The principal requirements for compost to be safely used are stability and maturity that refer, respectively, to the microbial biomass activity's level, germination tests, and plant growth bioassays or phytotoxicity. Indeed, the phytotoxicity of composted date palm waste used for seed germination and seedling growth bioassays was researched. The finished compost values of the C/N ratio were 15.36 and 18.58%, 1.21%, 0.54%, and 0.95% for total organic carbon, N, P, and K contents, respectively. The concentration of heavy metals and microelements were lower and met the requirement established by national standards. Moreover, the end product was free from harmful pathogens like Salmonella, Escherichia coli, total coliforms, and fecal coliform bacteria. Application of compost extract (especially 25%, 50%, and 75%) did not affect barley seed germination, stimulated hypocotyl and radicle growth and is characterized by a GI exceeding 90%, demonstrating its stability and lack of phytotoxic effect. Moreover, compost promotes plant growth, improved physiological parameters, photosynthetic pigments, and plant biomass. According to the results, the prepared compost especially at the dose T3 (soil amended with 30 t/ha) increased the nutrients availability and uptake which may be the reason for an increase in photosynthetic activity, chlorophyll synthesis, and dry matter accumulation. Composting may well represent an acceptable solution for disposing of date palm waste and be of great interest to sustainable agriculture in Tunisia oasis ecosystems. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

To ensure that food has been handled hygienically, manufacturers routinely examine the numbers of indicator bacteria, such as coliforms and Escherichia coli. Using the deep‐learning algorithm YOLO, we developed a classifier that automatically counts the number of coliforms (red colonies) and E. coli (blue colonies) on a chromogenic agar plate. Using Citrobacter freundii IAM 12471T and E. coli NBRC 3301, we trained our YOLO‐based classifier with images of Petri dishes grown with each strain alone (10 images) and/or with a mixture of both strains (5 images). When the performance of the classifier was evaluated using 83 images, the accuracy rates for coliforms and E. coli reached 99.4% and 99.5%, respectively. We then investigated whether this classifier could detect other, non‐trained coliform species (22 species) and E. coli strains (13 strains). The accuracy rates for coliforms and E. coli were 98.7% (90 Petri dishes) and 94.1% (46 Petri dishes), respectively. Furthermore, we verified the practical feasibility of the developed classifier using 38 meats (chicken, pork, and beef). The accuracy rates for coliforms and E. coli in meat isolates were 98.8% (80 Petri dishes) and 93.8% (35 Petri dishes), respectively. The time required to count coliforms/E. coli on a single plate was ~70 ms. This novel method should enable users to rapidly quantify coliforms/E. coli without relying on a human inspector's color vision, leading to improved assurance of food safety. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Biofilm development in gram negative bacterial contaminants in water supply systems is linked to persistence as well as antibiotic resistance, which threatens water quality and hence the public health. This study aimed to investigate phenotypic and genetic capacity of biofilm formation by Escherichia coli isolated from supply water with their antibiotic susceptibility pattern. Altogether fifty water samples collected from a city supply water distribution scheme in Kathmandu were analyzed to assess the physicochemical and microbiological quality. Comparing Nepal's national drinking water quality standards 2022, conductivity (4%), turbidity (18%), iron (28%), and residual chlorine (8%) were found exceeding the values above the standards. Among total, 40% of water samples were contaminated with total coliform bacteria. E. coli and Citrobacter species were dominant and isolated from 20 (64.52%) and 11 (35.48%) water samples, respectively. Antibiotic susceptibility testing revealed that E. coli isolates were resistant to ampicillin (20%), nitrofurantoin (10%), and cefotaxime (10%). Citrobacter spp. (54.54%) were found multidrug resistant (MDR) while none of the isolates of E. coli were MDR. Of total, 45% of the isolates developed biofilm while testing with the Microtiter plate method. Biofilm‐forming genes bcsA and csgD in E. coli isolates were detected with polymerase chain reaction (PCR) employing specific primers. bcsA and csgD genes were detected in 55% and 45% of the isolates, respectively. This study confirms the occurrences of biofilm forming and antibiotic resistant bacteria like E. coli in the drinking water supply system in Kathmandu alarming its environmental circulation and possible public health threat. Although further study is warranted, this study suggests public health and drinking water treatment interventions to mitigate the biofilm forming antibiotic resistant potential pathogens from supply water in Kathmandu, Nepal. Practitioner Points: Forty percent of tested drinking water samples in Kathmandu were contaminated with total coliform bacteria.E. coli and half of Citrobacter spp. isolates were resistant to multiple antibiotics.bcsA and csgD genes were detected in biofilm producing E.coli isolates. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Jurnal Agroindustri Halal is the property of Universitas Djuanda and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The World Health Organization (WHO) recommends the introduction of a water safety plan (WSP) approach on drinking water, in all types of settings. This study represents the first WSP developed on the Neptune Fountain, in Bologna (Italy), based on an interdisciplinary approach, integrating hydraulic and microbiological features, in a Building Information Modeling (BIM). The aim was to develop a dynamic and digital platform to update and share the maintenance program, promoting collaboration among microbiologists, engineers, and municipal staff. Water samples were collected along fountain water distribution systems (WDS) from 2016 to 2021 to monitor water quality through the heterotrophic bacteria at 22 °C and 37 °C, as well as to conduct an Enterococci, Coliform bacteria, Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Clostridium perfringens, and Staphylococcus aureus assessment. Simultaneously, hydraulic measures were performed, and advanced geomatics techniques were used to detect the WDS structural components, with a focus on the water treatment system (WTS). The WTS consisted of 10 modules corresponding to specific treatments: descaling, carbon–sand filtration, reverse osmosis, and ultraviolet disinfection. Fecal indicators, heterotrophic bacteria, and P. aeruginosa exceeded the reference limits in most of the modules. Several disinfections and washing treatments, other than changing the maintenance procedure scheduling, were performed, improving the WTS and controlling the contamination. The developed microbiological results, hydraulic measurements, and maintenance procedures were integrated in the BIM model to optimize the data storage, updating procedures and the real-time data sharing. This approach improved the fountain management, operation, and material conservation, ultimately preserving the health of daily visitors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study investigated how the impact of various slaughtering methods affects the quality of beef in Akure South and North Local Government Areas of Ondo State, Nigeria, utilizing questionnaire-based data collection, the study employed a multi-stage sampling method involving 40 cattle butchers. Results show that 97.5% of the butchers were male, with skinning and singeing being the most common methods of carcass dressing. Statistical analysis revealed no significant differences in cooking loss with the highest values (42.19 ± 0.77 %) observed in singeing, while skinning had the lowest value (40.52 ± 1.19%). Meat samples from the singeing had the highest thaw loss value (3.10 ± 0.62%) compared to skinning (1.45 ± 0.54%). The sensory evaluation shows no significant (p>0.05) difference. Skinning had the highest values (6.13 ± 0.21, 6.20 ± 0.17) for juiciness and tenderness, while singeing had the lowest values (6.12 ± 0.10, 5.92 ± 0.28). Singeing had the highest values for flavour and overall acceptability (6.05 ± 0.23, 6.43 ± 0.17) compared to skinning (5.98 ± 0.20,6.40 ± 0.26). There was no significant difference (p>0.05) observed in the microbial status. Singeing meat recorded the highest bacterial count at 14.00 CFU/ml x 10-7, while skinning had the lowest count (4.50 CFU/ml x 10-7). Skin samples also presented the highest number of microbial isolates, including coliforms such as E. coli, observed in both singeing and skinning methods. Meticulous handling ensures food safety and satisfaction; skinning reduces bacterial contamination and produces tender meat compared to singeing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Bacterial contamination in fruits and vegetables cultivated in urban and peri-urban areas constitutes a serious public health risk. This paper investigates bacterial contamination in irrigation water of the Nairobi-Machakos counties interface, Kenya. Sixty-six irrigation water samples were tested for total coliforms, Escherichia coli, Shigella spp. Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterococcus faecalis, Vibrio cholerae, Salmonella typhi, BOD, COD, and pH. Results show a high load of bacterial pathogens in all samples except for Salmonella typhi, which tested negative. Based on Kenya's standards and WHO guidelines, the irrigation water samples are unfit for fruit and vegetable irrigation. Urgent and effective measures are required, including regular monitoring, sensitisation, and enforcement of phytosanitary and regulatory measures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Agricultural drainage water is a significant source of return water due to its decentralization, large volume, and poor quality. This study examined the effectiveness of constructed wetlands in improving sugarcane field's drainage water in the south of Khuzestan province of Iran, located approximately 17 km north of Khorramshahr city at latitude 303,805.94′ N and longitude 480,759.86′ E, by removing agricultural herbicides (atrazine, glyphosate, paraquat, and 2, 4-D) and Total Coliforms (TC) and Fecal Coliforms (FC) from April 2019 to March 2020. A reed length was divided into three equal parts at three consecutive stations, ST1, ST2, and ST3. Natural reeds had a dimension of 3.5 km long, 1.2 km wide, and 0.5 m deep between two consecutive stations. According to the study, natural reeds were effective in removing agricultural herbicides and improving agricultural drainage water quality. ST3, which was the furthest from the entry point, had the largest difference in agricultural herbicides concentrations compared to their initial concentrations, as well as the highest removal efficiency (100%) during all four retention times (1.26, 1.10, 1.30, and 1.60 days). Natural reed at this distance from the entry point significantly reduced TC and FC. The ST3 station had the highest removal efficiency of TC and FC, with average values of 62 and 83%, respectively, while ST1 had the lowest (with values of 9 and 34%). Due to the differences in performance between ST1, ST2 and ST3 stations, ST2 is considered the most efficient and cost-effective station. The Khuzestan province has a water shortage and agricultural drainage water problems. Treating drainage water with environmentally friendly methods, like natural reeds, will prevent contamination of water sources and result in a significant amount of water entering the system. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Due to the high uncertainty of model predictions, it is often challenging to draw definitive conclusions when evaluating river water quality in the context of management options. The major aim of this study is to present a statistical evaluation of the Hydrologic Simulation Program FORTRAN (HSPF), which is a water quality modeling system, and how this modeling system can be used as a valuable tool to enhance monitoring planning and reduce uncertainty in water quality predictions. The authors' findings regarding the sensitivity analysis of the HSPF model in relation to water quality predictions are presented. The application of the computer model was focused on the Ave River watershed in Portugal. Calibration of the hydrology was performed at two stations over five years, starting from January 1990 and ending in December 1994. Following the calibration, the hydrology model was then validated for another five-year period, from January 1995 to December 1999. A comprehensive evaluation framework is proposed, which includes a two-step statistical evaluation based on commonly used hydrology criteria for model calibration and validation. To thoroughly assess model uncertainty and parameter sensitivity, a Monte Carlo method uncertainty evaluation approach is integrated, along with multi-parametric sensitivity analyses. The Monte Carlo simulation considers the probability distributions of fourteen HSPF water quality parameters, which are used as input factors. The parameters that had the greatest impact on the simulated in-stream fecal coliform concentrations were those that represented the first-order decay rate and the surface runoff mechanism, which effectively removed 90 percent of the fecal coliform from the pervious land surface. These parameters had a more significant influence compared to the accumulation and maximum storage rates. When it comes to the oxygen governing process, the parameters that showed the highest sensitivity were benthal oxygen demand and nitrification/denitrification rate. The insights that can be derived from this study play a critical role in the development of robust water management strategies, and their significance lies in their potential to contribute to the advancement of predictive models in the field of water resources. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Water pollution in densely populated urban areas, mainly from municipal wastewater, poses a significant threat. Pathogenic bacteria, such as Vibrio spp. and fecal coliform, endanger public health and the environment. Additionally, antibiotic-resistant bacteria in wastewater complicate treatment and heighten public health concerns. Methods: The study sampled municipal wastewater from ten Dhaka neighborhoods, selecting treatment plants, sewage outlets, and various collection points using meticulous techniques for representative samples. Bacteriological and biochemical analyses were conducted using standardized methods. Antimicrobial susceptibility testing (AST) was performed with the disk diffusion method against 13 widely used antibiotics. Results: All sampled areas exhibited positive results for Vibrio spp., fecal coliform, E. coli, and Salmonella spp. Varying bacterial concentrations were observed, with the highest concentration of TVC, total vibrio spp., and total fecal coliform, total E. coli count, and total Salmonella spp. were found in Uttara (1.9 × 104 CFU/ml), Bangshal (1.8 × 102 CFU/ml), and Lalbag (2.1 × 103 CFU/ml), Mirpur (3.70 × 102 CFU/ml), and Lalbag (6 × 102 CFU/ml) respectively. AST results revealed significant resistance among all bacterial species to various antibiotics. Specifically, Vibrio spp. showed 100% resistance to cefuroxime, fecal coliform exhibited 90% resistance to cephradine, E. coli demonstrated 60% resistance to cephradine, and Salmonella spp. displayed 90% resistance to ampicillin. Conclusion: The study highlights the existence of multiple antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Dhaka's wastewater. Addressing antibiotic resistance is essential to manage the risks of multiple antibiotic-resistant infections and maintain antibiotic effectiveness. These implications are critical for various stakeholders, including public health officials, policymakers, environmentalists, and urban planners. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Irrigation with low-quality water without considering the acceptable levels negatively impacts not only humans, but also extends to the whole surrounding ecosystem. The current research is a comprehensive-integrated appraisal of the irrigation water quality gathered from El-Batts drain in Fayoum Governorate, from September 2021 to June 2022, together with the drain sediments and the soils adjacent to it. The characteristics (physical, chemical and biological), and the risk fate of some heavy metals (As, B, Cr, Cu, Zn, Cd, Pb, Ni, Fe and Mn) were measured. Moreover, the risks of the studied pollutants were assessed using many indices: irrigation water quality index (IWQI), contamination factor (Cf), degree of contamination (Cd), Salinity indices and Zn equivalent (ZE). Additionally, kinetic studies of the inorganic pollutants were evaluated to determine their availability and impact on the surrounding environment. Results: Data from IQWI showed that water in all five sites was assumed to be very bad and unsuitable for usage with a general average (14.62 and 25.35) in all four seasons. ZE exceeds the critical level of 250, which means there is a risk of soil contamination. Conclusions: The elevated levels of heavy metals, microbial enzymes, pathogenic fecal coliform and Salmonella reflect bad and direct risk of dealing with such water in irrigation and its effect on the soil ecosystem and the growing crops. Most of the tested parameters exceeded the acceptable levels of the Egyptian Governmental Law Guidelines, WHO and FAO, which may threaten aquatic life. Best managements practices and remediation techniques should be applied to minimize the hazards in such waters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The kelp gel edible granules developed utilizing the gel properties of alginate are prone to quality deterioration if improperly stored during the storage process. This study comprehensively investigated the quality changes of kelp gel edible granules stored at 4 °C and 25 °C by evaluating indicators such as total bacterial count, coliform bacteria, pH, relaxation time, color difference, appearance, texture characteristics, gel strength, and sensory scoring. The results showed that during the storage at 4 °C, the total bacterial count remained within the national standard range, the hardness and chewiness increased, the gel strength first increased and then decreased, the partial exudation of the bound water in the product occurred, and the sensory score slightly decreased, with an overall minor change in quality. During the storage at 25 °C, significant quality changes were observed, with the total bacterial count exceeding the national standard on the 20th day; additionally, the hardness, chewiness, and gel strength all initially increased and then decreased, both the bound water and the restrained water in the product exuded, the moisture stability decreased, and the sensory score significantly decreased between 16 to 20 days. The spoilage of the product was characterized by a significant water loss, reduction in volume, color change from bright green to dark yellow-brown, and a distinct smell of decaying algae. No coliform bacteria was detected in all products during the storage period. In summary, the shelf life endpoint of the product stored at 25 °C is 16 days, and the shelf life of the product stored at 4 °C is greater than 20 days. Storage at 4 °C can better maintain product quality, extend the shelf life, and effectively maintain the overall color of the product. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to investigate the influence of ripening on the physicochemical, microbiological aspects, and fatty acid profile of Artisanal Coalho Cheeses and to detect if there are peptides with bioactive potential in their composition. Artisanal Coalho Cheese samples were kindly provided by a dairy farm located in Brazil in the Rio Grande do Norte state. A completely randomized design was adopted, with four maturation periods (0, 30, 45, and 60 days). Physicochemical traits (pH, total solids, moisture, non-fat solids, fat in total solids, protein, ash, fatty acid profile) and microbiological characterization (Salmonella sp, Listeria monocytogenes, total and thermotolerant coliforms, Staphylococcus aureus) were analyzed on cheese samples. Additionally, assays were performed for antioxidant and antihypertensive bioactivity through ACE and antimicrobial inhibition of the peptides extracted from the samples. There was a linear increase in total solids and ash content and a decrease in moisture content with increasing maturation time. The matured cheese samples had a lower pH than fresh Artisanal Coalho Cheese. Twenty-seven fatty acids were identified in the cheeses: 15 saturated, 07 monounsaturated, and 05 polyunsaturated, with a linear reduction of essential fatty acids (n6 and n3) during maturation. The microbiological quality of the cheeses was satisfactory, with an absence of undesirable bacteria in 92% of the cheese samples. Water-soluble peptide fractions from all periods tested showed antioxidant and antihypertensive potential with ACE control, and the maturation process potentiated these capacities, with a decline in these activities observed at 60 days. The antimicrobial activity against Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria increased with maturation, reaching better results until 60 days. The maturation process on wooden planks in the periods of 30, 45, and 60 days allows the production of Artisanal Coalho Cheese of an innovative character, safe to consumers from the microbiological point of view, with differentiated physicochemical and functional characteristics and good quality of lipid fraction compared to fresh cheese, enabling the addition of value to the dairy chain. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: The current research aimed to investigate the physicochemical and bacteriological quality status of the Kalte River in Wolaita Sodo Town, southern Ethiopia. Methods: A total of 42 water samples were collected using sterile glass bottles from three different river sites: Damota (upstream), Kera (midstream), and Gututo (downstream). All the water samples were examined for the presence of heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform and fecal coliform using direct plate count method and membrane filtration method. Standard methods suggested by American water works association were used to analysis the physicochemical parameters of the water samples. Results: The results revealed that the total heterotrophic bacteria, total coliform, and fecal coliform count ranged from 8.9 to 12.6 × 104 cfu/ml, 7.5–11.3 × 102 cfu/ml and 5.7–9.7 × 104 cfu/ml, respectively. The bacterial count results indicated that the river water crossed the WHO-recommended limit of potable water. Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Salmonella, and Shigella species were the common bacterial pathogens isolated from river water samples. The results of the physicochemical analysis revealed that some of the parameters Biological Oxygen Demand (BOD), Chemical Oxygen Demand (COD), and turbidity exceeded the maximum permissible limits of WHO and other parameters were below the WHO permissible limits. Conclusion: Therefore, the presence of bacterial pathogens, fecal coliform indicators, and some physicochemical parameters of the Kalte River exceeding the recommended limits may expose users of the river water to the risk of infection. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Approximately 70% of diarrheal cases in Kenya are attributed to ingestion of contaminated food and water and costs an estimated $ 1 billion USD due to morbidity and cost of treatment. This study aimed to assess the levels of microbiological contamination of meat sold in selected butcheries in Nairobi and the handling practices of butcher shop attendants. Methods: A cross-sectional study design was used during which 200 meat samples were collected, and meat handling practices were observed. Total coliforms and Escherichia coli were enumerated using 3M™ Petrifilm® count plates. Additionally, quantification of tetracycline- and cefotaxime-resistant Enterobacteriaceae was done on agar plates containing the respective antibiotics. Bacterial species were confirmed by Matrix-Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization-Time of Flight mass spectrometry. Results and discussion: Seventy two percent and 84% of the samples had E. coli and total coliforms respectively above the acceptable regulatory limits (i.e. E. coli >100 CFU/g, Total coliforms >361 CFU/g,) respectively as per the Kenya Bureau of Standards South African microbiological standards the European Union. Enterobacteriaceae resistant to tetracycline and cefotaxime were detected in 35% and 9.5% of the samples respectively. Eighty-five percent of the butcher shop attendants neither washed their hands before nor after handling the meat, 91% handled money while selling meat concurrently, and 99% did not wear gloves while handling meat. These poor meat handling practices coupled with the presence of microbial loads above the regulatory acceptable limits imply an increased risk of foodborne illness to consumers. Therefore, there is an urgent need for education of butcher shop attendants on appropriate handling of meat, highlighting the importance of good hygienic practices and their relationship to food safety, and provision of incentives for behavior change. This study is important and serves to inform policymakers in the identification of key control points for designing meat safety intervention(s). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Meat contamination occurs in various ways, the most important of which are live animals before slaughter and the slaughter process (de-hiding and evisceration). For this, many substances were used that have an antimicrobial effect and can disinfect the surfaces of the carcass and extend its shelf life. Aim: This research aimed to study the efficiency of using some organic acids (lactic acid and beefxide) to reduce the microbial load (indicator microorganisms) on the surfaces of beef carcasses and some edible organs in the Mosul slaughterhouse. Methods: Two hundred sixty-four swabs (192 carcasses + 72 edible organ samples) were collected over the course of three months from the Mosul slaughterhouse in Nineveh Governorate between September 2023, and December 2023 (132 treated with organic acids and 132 not treated). The petrifilm method was used to detect indicator microorganisms in the samples. Results: Our results showed that the contamination rate in beef carcasses with generic Escherichia coli, coliforms, total coliform counts, and Enterobacteriaceae before treatment was 0.81, 1.22, 1.48, and 1.38 mean log colony forming unit (CFU/cm²), respectively. While the contamination rate in samples treated with organic acids for generic E. coli, coliforms, total coliform counts, and Enterobacteriaceae was -0.1, 0.31, 0.45, and 0.41 mean log CFU/cm2, respectively. Moreover, the level of contamination with indicator microorganisms in edible organs treated with organic acids was lower compared to untreated samples. Even though there was contamination with indicator microorganisms in the liver, heart, and kidney, there was no "significant" difference between them. Whereas there was no significant difference (p > 0.05) between lactic acid and beefxide solution in terms of reducing the rate of contamination of the indicator microorganisms in carcasses and the edible organs samples. Regarding the type of swabs used in the study, the results showed the effectiveness of sponge swabs, as the rate of microbial recovery (indicator microorganisms) was higher (p < 0.01) compared to cotton swabs. Conclusion: The study demonstrated the efficiency of using organic acids (lactic acid and beefxide solution) in reducing the microbial load to a level that does not cause diseases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present study aimed to develop a suitable method for the production of good quality shidol at the Floodplain Substation, Bangladesh Fisheries Research Institute (BFRI), Santahar, Bogura, Bangladesh. For this purpose, an improved quality shidol was prepared following scientific methods by BFRI, while traditional shidol was collected from Rangpur, Kurigram, Dinajpur, Lalmonirhat, Bogura, Nilphamary, Syedpur region. In the present study, proximate composition, biochemical and microbiological analysis of the BFRI made shidol and the traditional shidol were carried out during the 90 days of storage period after vacuum packaging. In proximate composition analysis, higher level of protein and fat content were found in BFRI made shidol than the traditional shidol. However, the traditional shidol samples showed poor quality due to the high total volatile base nitrogen (TVB-N), peroxide values, and moisture along with a promising microbial load; in contrast, the results obtained in the BFRI shidol samples were within the acceptable limit for human consumption. The presence of coliform bacteria in the traditional shidol also reflected the improper handling, unawareness of good hygiene and sanitation during production. The results of this study indicate that vacuum packaging can be an effective method in maintaining the quality of shidol by preventing crosscontamination and delaying the degradation of nutrients. Additionally, an improved BFRI technology for shidol production can minimize the biochemical and microbiological quality loss of shidol. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Faecal contamination of surface waters has the potential to spread not only pathogenic organisms but also antimicrobial resistant organisms. During the bathing season of 2021, weekly water samples, from six selected coastal bathing locations (n  = 93) and their freshwater tributaries (n  = 93), in Northern Ireland (UK), were examined for concentrations of faecal indicator bacteria Escherichia coli and intestinal enterococci. Microbial source tracking involved detection of genetic markers from the genus Bacteroides using PCR assays for the general AllBac marker, the human HF8 marker and the ruminant BacR marker for the detection of human, and ruminant sources of faecal contamination. The presence of beta-lactamase genes bla OXA-48, bla KPC, and bla NDM-1 was determined using PCR assays for the investigation of antimicrobial resistance genes that are responsible for lack of efficacy in major broad-spectrum antibiotics. The beta-lactamase gene bla OXA-48 was found in freshwater tributary samples at all six locations. bla OXA-48 was detected in 83% of samples that tested positive for the human marker and 69% of samples that tested positive for the ruminant marker over all six locations. This study suggests a risk of human exposure to antimicrobial resistant bacteria where bathing waters receive at least episodically substantial transfers from such tributaries. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]