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Background: A strategy of administering a neonatal rotavirus vaccine at birth to target early prevention of rotavirus gastroenteritis may address some of the barriers to global implementation of a rotavirus vaccine.Methods: We conducted a randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in Indonesia to evaluate the efficacy of an oral human neonatal rotavirus vaccine (RV3-BB) in preventing rotavirus gastroenteritis. Healthy newborns received three doses of RV3-BB, administered according to a neonatal schedule (0 to 5 days, 8 weeks, and 14 weeks of age) or an infant schedule (8 weeks, 14 weeks, and 18 weeks of age), or placebo. The primary analysis was conducted in the per-protocol population, which included only participants who received all four doses of vaccine or placebo within the visit windows, with secondary analyses performed in the intention-to-treat population, which included all participants who underwent randomization.Results: Among the 1513 participants in the per-protocol population, severe rotavirus gastroenteritis occurred up to the age of 18 months in 5.6% of the participants in the placebo group (28 of 504 babies), in 1.4% in the neonatal-schedule vaccine group (7 of 498), and in 2.7% in the infant-schedule vaccine group (14 of 511). This resulted in a vaccine efficacy of 75% (95% confidence interval [CI], 44 to 91) in the neonatal-schedule group (P<0.001), 51% (95% CI, 7 to 76) in the infant-schedule group (P=0.03), and 63% (95% CI, 34 to 80) in the neonatal-schedule and infant-schedule groups combined (combined vaccine group) (P<0.001). Similar results were observed in the intention-to-treat analysis (1649 participants); the vaccine efficacy was 68% (95% CI, 35 to 86) in the neonatal-schedule group (P=0.001), 52% (95% CI, 11 to 76) in the infant-schedule group (P=0.02), and 60% (95% CI, 31 to 76) in the combined vaccine group (P<0.001). Vaccine response, as evidenced by serum immune response or shedding of RV3-BB in the stool, occurred in 78 of 83 participants (94%) in the neonatal-schedule group and in 83 of 84 participants (99%) in the infant-schedule group. The incidence of adverse events was similar across the groups. No episodes of intussusception occurred within the 21-day risk period after administration of any dose of vaccine or placebo, and one episode of intussusception occurred 114 days after the third dose of vaccine in the infant-schedule group.Conclusions: RV3-BB was efficacious in preventing severe rotavirus gastroenteritis when administered according to a neonatal or an infant schedule in Indonesia. (Funded by the Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation and others; Australian New Zealand Clinical Trials Registry number, ACTRN12612001282875 .). [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest C Felmingham was supported by a Monash University Research Training Program Scholarship. Y Pan has previously reported for MoleMap Ltd. A Chamberlain was a reporting teledermatologist for MoleMap Ltd from 2009 to 2010. A Chamberlain has honoraria from Proctor & Gamble, Schering-Plough, CSL, Leo-Pharma; a consulting/advisory role for L'Oreal (La Roche Posay); and is on the Speakers Bureau for Novartis, Janssen, HealthCert International, Cancer Council of Victoria, Merck Sharp & Dohme. A Oakley is a diagnosing consultant for MoleMap Ltd; and was involved in another study of the MoleMap AI system (abstract published https://www.iproc.org/themes/1158-9th-world-congress-of-teledermatology-imaging-and-ai-for-skin-diseases-abstracts-2021). S Tucker is a diagnosing consultant for MoleMap Ltd and Dermatology Solutions. A Robinson is a sub-Investigator for Dermira, Galderma, Pfizer, Arcutis, Bristol Myers Squib, Leo Pharma, Argenx, Genesis Care; has had sponsored conference attendance from Lilly, and Janssen was on the steering committee for conference for Novartis; and on the Advisory Board for Lilly. P Foley has received grant support from AbbVie, Amgen, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, and Sun Pharma; has served as an investigator for AbbVie, Amgen, Arcutis, Argenx, Aslan, AstraZeneca, Boehringer Ingelheim, Botanix, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Celtaxsys, CSL, Cutanea, Dermira, Eli Lilly, Evelo, Galderma, Genentech, Geneseq, GlaxoSmithKline, Hexima, Janssen, Kymab, Leo, Merck, MedImmune, Novartis, Pfizer, Regeneron Pharmaceuticals Inc, Reistone, Roche, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, Teva, UCB Pharma, and Valeant; has served on advisory boards for AbbVie, Amgen, Aslan, Boehringer Ingelheim, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Leo, Mayne Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, UCB Pharma, and Valeant; has served as a consultant for Aslan, Bristol-Myers Squibb, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GenesisCare, Hexima, Janssen, Leo Pharma, MedImmune, Mayne Pharma, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, and UCB Pharma; has received travel grants from AbbVie, Eli Lilly, Galderma, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sun Pharma, and Sanofi; and has served as a speaker for or received honoraria from AbbVie, Amgen, Celgene, Eli Lilly, Galderma, GlaxoSmithKline, Janssen, Leo Pharma, Merck, Novartis, Pfizer, Roche, Sanofi, Sun Pharma, and Valeant. A Bowling is a shareholder, founder and consultant to MoleMap Ltd. Z Ge has received personal fees from MoleMap Ltd. M Haskett has received personal fees from MoleMap Ltd and is a shareholder in MoleMap Ltd. V Mar is supported by a National Health and Medical Research Council Early Career Fellowship; and has honoraria from Novartis, Merck, Bristol-Myers-Squibb, Janssen, and Eli Lily; and has had sponsored conference attendance from L'Oreal.

Introduction: Melanoma surveillance photography (MSP) is a comprehensive surveillance method that comprises two- or three-dimensional total body photography with tagged digital dermoscopy, performed at prescribed intervals. It has the potential to reduce unnecessary biopsies and enhance early detection of melanoma, but it is not yet standard care for all high-risk patients in Australia. This protocol describes a randomised controlled trial (RCT) designed to evaluate the clinical impact and cost-effectiveness of using MSP for the surveillance of individuals at ultra-high or high risk of melanoma from a health system perspective., Methods and Design: This is a registry-based, unblinded, multi-site, parallel-arm RCT that will be conducted over 3 years. We aim to recruit 580 participants from three Australian states: Victoria, New South Wales and Queensland, via state cancer registries or direct referral from clinicians. Eligible participants within 24 months of a primary cutaneous melanoma diagnosis will be randomised 1:1 to receive either MSP in addition to their routine clinical surveillance (intervention group) or routine clinical surveillance without MSP (control group). Most participants will continue surveillance with their usual care provider, and the frequency of follow-up visits in both groups will depend on the stage of their primary melanoma and risk factors. The primary outcome measure of the study is the number of unnecessary biopsies (i.e. false positives, being cases where a lesion is biopsied due to suspected melanoma on clinical examination, either with or without MSP, but the resulting histopathology finding is negative for melanoma). Secondary outcomes include the evaluation of health economic outcomes, quality of life and patient acceptability. Two sub-studies will explore the benefit of MSP in high-risk patients prior to a melanoma diagnosis and the diagnostic performance of MSP in the teledermatology setting compared to the en face clinical setting., Discussion: This trial will determine the clinical efficacy, cost-effectiveness and affordability of MSP to facilitate policy decision-making at the national and local levels, across primary and specialist care., Trial Registration: ClinicalTrials.gov NCT04385732 . Registered on May 13, 2020., (© 2023. The Author(s).)