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Sociology is the science of social life, and as such, it is different from the pursuit of social justice and other efforts to evaluate or to reform the social world. Still, the idea of social justice is intimately connected with the idea of sociology. It arises along with scientific understandings of the social world and draws from these understandings to reshape society. The problem is that in practice, social justice activists often draw from only one type of sociological theory, conflict theory, and from a particular form of conflict theory known as critical theory. In doing so, they may ignore potential problems with the theories they are drawing from, and they may overlook many possibilities for effective reform. Conflict theory orients activists toward fighting oppression, but other theoretical approaches could help societies to achieve other possible moral goals, such as promoting understanding, increasing virtue, incentivizing virtue, making virtue easier, and strengthening solidarity.

Background Weightbearing images are important to the diagnosis of foot pathologies as are the three dimensional views available from CT and MRI. Standard three-dimensional imaging hardware, however, does not have a simple tool to obtain weightbearing images. The current research aimed to design, build and test a simple device to apply load in a horizontal bore imaging facility. Methods With the immediate need in hallux valgus studies, hallux valgus subjects were imaged using the new loading device, which could be easily transported and had no additional electronics. Results Testing showed that the usual angular measures of the foot (intermetatarsal and hallux valgus) replicated the results from the standard of care standing plain film results. With application of load, HV angle changed from 29.9° non-weightbearing to 32.2° weightbearing, while IM angle changed from nonweightbearing 15.8° to weightbearing 16.5°. Conclusion The pedal-like device can provide weightbearing images in a horizontal bore MRI facility.

Low temperatures at the young microspore stage (YMS) decreases spikelet fertility and is a major limiting factor to rice production in temperate Australia. Low temperature tolerance is a difficult trait to phenotype, hence there is a strong desire for the identification of quantitative trait loci (QTL) for their use in marker-assisted selection (MAS). Association mapping was used in several breeding populations with a known source of low temperature tolerance, Norin PL8, to identify QTL for low temperature tolerance. A novel QTL for spikelet fertility was identified on chromosome 6

BACKGROUND: Allergic rhinitis affects half a billion people globally, including a fifth of the Australian population. As the foremost outdoor allergen source, ambient grass pollen exposure is likely to be altered by climate change. The AusPollen Partnership aimed to standardize pollen monitoring and examine broad-scale biogeographical and meteorological factors influencing interannual variation in seasonality of grass pollen aerobiology in Australia. METHODS: Daily airborne grass and other pollen concentrations in four eastern Australian cities separated by over 1700 km, were simultaneously monitored using Hirst-style samplers following the Australian Interim Pollen and Spore Monitoring Standard and Protocols over four seasons from 2016 to 2020. The grass seasonal pollen integral was determined. Gridded rainfall, temperature, and satellite-derived grassland sources up to 100 km from the monitoring site were analysed. RESULTS: The complexity of grass pollen seasons was related to latitude with multiple major summer-autumn peaks in Brisbane, major spring and minor summer peaks in Sydney and Canberra, and single major spring peaks occurring in Melbourne. The subtropical site of Brisbane showed a higher proportion of grass out of total pollen than more temperate sites. The magnitude of the grass seasonal pollen integral was correlated with pasture greenness, rainfall and number of days over 30 °C, preceding and within the season, up to 100 km radii from monitoring sites. CONCLUSIONS: Interannual fluctuations in Australian grass pollen season magnitude are strongly influenced by regional biogeography and both pre- and in-season weather. This first continental scale, Southern Hemisphere standardized aerobiology dataset forms the basis to track shifts in pollen seasonality, biodiversity and impacts on allergic respiratory diseases.

Background: Sexual assault of children is both a medical and a criminal problem. Healthcare providers are commonly used to collect evidence. Limited data are available regarding case outcomes related to evidence collection in pediatric sexual assaults. Objective: To determine which types of physical evidence collected in sexual assault kits are associated with the arrest of a perpetrator. Design/Methods: This retrospective cohort study evaluated results of evidence analyzed from …

Though there are no definitive numbers on the percentage of AWS users that rely on infrastructure-as-code (IaC) tooling, or how those users would decompose into a "CloudFormation vs. everything else" categorization, a general survey of AWS-related jobs on LinkedIn or elsewhere should be a pretty good indicator that CloudFormation has yet to be supplanted by third-party tools. Especially among businesses with AWS Support contracts, one of the most compelling arguments in favor of its adoption is that it is a native offering from AWS, and it falls under the purview of AWS Support.

The AWS CDK and Pulumi each represent "next-generation" orchestration tools that work by building an abstraction over an existing orchestrator that allows the use of a full programming language. In the case of the CDK, the CloudFormation service provides the underlying functionality that the CDK uses to create and manage infrastructure. Similarly, Pulumi leverages Terraform's providers to provide this sort of functionality. Right away, we see a difference in the extensibility of each tool, as the overall reach of the tool's functionality is constrained by its underlying orchestration technology: the CDK is limited to CloudFormation, while Pulumi has the ability to be supported by whatever Terraform providers are bridged to Pulumi's specifications.

As the tools in this book (and many others) have arrived on the scene over the last few years, most have – in a very similar vein that of the programming language counterparts – shown up with the de facto "Hello World" example in tow. Often, these examples are so reductionistic as to hardly be useful, for example, creating an S3 bucket. In this chapter, we'll be creating a core component of networking infrastructure: a fully working three-tier VPC, complete with public, private, and data subnets, gateways, routing tables, and the routes needed to ensure that traffic from each tier is appropriately routed. Our example will also enable flow logs for the VPC, including needed IAM constructs to grant trust to the CloudWatch Logs service on behalf of the VPC service to allow the logs to be written appropriately.

The current landscape is an interesting mix of proprietary, vendor-locked tooling and cross-cloud compatible open source tooling. Some of these tools are primarily focused on managing the lifecycle of infrastructure-as-a-service (IaaS) and platform-as-a-service (PaaS) services from providers, while some of them are traditional configuration management tools – capable of automating host/virtual machine configurations – that have been "bolted onto" to work with IaaS and PaaS services (though mostly as an afterthought). As we consider these tools, we’ll consider the following

In Chapter 2, we looked at a variety of tools that form an ecosystem around CloudFormation. In this chapter, we'll take a look at two of these tools: Troposphere, a DSL wrapper, and Sceptre, an orchestration tool. We will discover how these tools interact with CloudFormation and how they can enhance our use of CloudFormation. Specifically, we will cover the following

Now that we have a solid understanding of CloudFormation, we'll take a look at the third-party ecosystem. When it comes to third-party tools, the tool you will most frequently encounter – for now – will be Terraform. Even if you currently are or plan to manage your AWS deployments solely via CloudFormation, it's worth having a good working knowledge of Terraform. Key points of differentiation with respect to CloudFormation include: a much more robust modularization mechanism than nested stacks; the ability to bring existing resources under active management using an “import” command that interrogates the resource and creates an entry in Terraform’s state management “database” for that resource (though you do have to write matching code for the resource); a powerful DSL with support for flow control with for loops (as of Terraform v0.12) and pseudo for-like functionality with its count parameters that any resource can utilize; first-class support for data-gathering operations (e.g., getting a list of subnet IDs based on a tag to deploy an EC2 instance into) as opposed to the need to author a custom resource; interfaces that support authoring local scripts as opposed to having to deploy custom resource Lambdas for other operations that aren’t specifically supported by a resource or data source; and, lastly, the capability to manage services that form other parts of your toolchain, like GitHub repositories, databases within a database server, database users, and loads of other services.

Infrastructure: the word has this weight about it. Bridges, roads, racks, servers…. The word carries this connotation of tangibility – that if something is infrastructure, that there is something substantial, bulky, heavy, and real – not some ephemeral or abstract notion that can be destroyed or recreated at a moment’s notice. IT practitioners these days are thinking of infrastructure in much different terms than they were five years ago. In the mind of the cloud-enlightened IT pro, servers are now abstract units of raw computing power dynamically allocated when needed by a system and disposed of when their task is completed. Users get the resources they want when they need them, forsaking bygone capacity planning exercises that have traditionally led to data centers and server racks overprovisioned for peak loads, only to sit underutilized most of the time. These days, IT infrastructure scaleout is defined by Application Programming Interface (API) calls and the speed of the Internet/cloud provider, no longer by purchase orders and six- to eight-week lead times. While we all realize that this paradigm is the new normal, it's worth taking a moment to reflect on how we got here, evaluating the current landscape, and looking forward to things to come. In many ways, this indeed is a golden era of computing; in this book, we're going to embrace that notion fully by both taking in a broad view of the AWS infrastructure automation landscape and casting a deep lens (pun intended) toward the many different tools and services that comprise this landscape.

In 2014Comparative Sociologypublished our analysis of microaggression complaints – a comparative and theoretical piece addressing microaggression complaints as a form of social control indicative of a distinct moral culture. The article attracted a surprising amount of attention in popular media, and with this attention came confusion and controversy. Here we respond to popular accounts of our work, addressing common criticisms and confusions as well as the sociological question of why the article produced such strong reactions. We conclude by clarifying the sociology of morality’s role in moral debates and suggesting ways that sociological knowledge can inform debate and guide reform.

How would high-angle normal faults be reactivated under a present-day strike-slip tectonic regime if reservoir pore pressure (Pp) increased during injection operations? What parameters would control shear slip localization? To answer these questions, 3D one-way coupled reservoir geomechanical modeling of potential fault reactivation in the St. Lawrence Platform, Quebec is performed. We evaluate the risk of shear failure along the pre-existing subsurface Yamaska high-angle normal fault under the present-day strike-slip tectonic regime. Slip may be generated by pressure perturbations in deep saline aquifers of the Early Paleozoic sedimentary basin; this has implications for the assessment of risks associated with CO2 storage and deep geothermal energy potential. The Yamaska Fault is oriented NE-SW with a strike varying from subparallel to ∼35° to the orientation of maximum horizontal stress (NE63°) and dips to the SE at ∼60° with ∼800 m of vertical throw. Multiple runs of the 3D model simulate steps of increasing Pp by 4, 6, 8 and 15 MPa in the footwall sandstone reservoir at a depth of 1.25-1.5 km. Our modeling results show plastic shear deformation along the Yamaska Fault is initiated by pressure increase of 4-6 MPa. More model fault cells fail when pore pressure is increased by 8 MPa, when the reservoir pressure reaches ∼21-24 MPa, and a larger area slips during the next injection stage. The non-linear geometry of the fault results in localization of plastic shear strain on the fault segments optimally oriented, while other segments remain inactive. The dextral plastic shear deformation occurs mostly at the depth of the injection interval, propagating upward to the caprock in highly stressed fault segments. Our study helps to quantify the risk of fault reactivation induced by injection operations.

Ultra Electronics, Energy is currently the supplier of neutron flux instrumentation to the UKs Advanced Gas Cooled Reactor (AGR) fleet. Neutron flux instrumentation provides a safety critical function, giving operators the fastest indication of any transient power behaviour in a nuclear reactor. The operating requirements for these sensors in an AGR reactor are higher than those for equivalent instrumentation in a Pressurised Water Reactor (PWR) or Boiling Water Reactor (BWR). Whilst the underlying physics of these devices is the same, the engineering challenges for AGR instrumentation are different. Design and manufacturing processes have to be more precise due to susceptibility of device performance to a number of factors post installation. The AGR sensor therefore provides a sound engineering platform for the development of an equivalent device for the harsh environments expected in Generation IV reactors. This paper discusses the capabilities of the Ultra Electronics neutron flux detector manufacturing facility and how these capabilities are being expanded to cover the anticipated operating conditions for Generation IV reactor designs. A prototype design has been manufactured and mechanically tested, the sensitive coating process has been developed and the Mineral Insulated (MI) signal cable has been tested at elevated temperature.

Background:The current work sought to quantify pronation of the first metatarsal relative to the second metatarsal and of the proximal phalanx of the great toe relative to the first metatarsal.Methods:Three-dimensional models were reconstructed from weightbearing computed tomography (CT) images (10 hallux valgus, 10 normal). The orientations of bones related to hallux valgus (HV) (ie, the phalanx, first and second metatarsals) were determined from coordinate systems established by selecting landmarks. After determining the hallux valgus and intermetatarsal angles, additional calculations geometrically determined the 3-dimensional (3D) angles using the aeronautical system of yaw-pitch-roll. The 3D geometrically determined angles were compared to the conventional plain radiographic angles.Results:HV measurements taken with CT and 3D computer-aided design (3DCAD) geometric methods were the same as measurements taken from plain radiographs (P > .05). The average pronation of the first metatarsal relative to the second metatarsal was 8.2 degrees greater in the hallux valgus group (27.3 degrees) than in the normal group (19.1 degrees) (P = .044). A regression analysis of pronation vs intermetatarsal angle (IMA) was not found to be significant. There was also no correlation between pronation of the great toe and first metatarsal in the HV group.Conclusions:The pronation angle of the first metatarsal relative to the second metatarsal between normal and hallux valgus patients was larger in HV patients but was not well correlated with the IMA.Clinical Relevance:The findings of this study indicate that pronation may need to be considered in the operative correction of hallux valgus for restoration of normal anatomy.

Victimhood culture includes more than microaggression complaints. Campbell and Manning describe contemporary calls for trigger warnings and safe spaces, and how they mesh with victimhood culture’s central moral concerns. They consider whether these practices actually help those they are intended to protect or whether they are counterproductive. They note that both phenomena rely on the language of physical harm and discuss the role of expanded concepts of harm in the moral language of victimhood. This language, which includes new moral jargon and distinctive usage of common words, leads to confusion and conflict between campus activists and the outside world.

There is an inherent tension between the ideals of victimhood culture and the ideals of free speech and academic freedom. Campbell and Manning discuss legal norms for regulating speech. They describe how campus activists commonly reject legal and folk norms regarding free speech and push for greater restrictions, often justifying these with an expansive conception of harm. Despite widespread belief in the value of academic freedom, colleges and universities have already introduced many speech restrictions. Indeed, rather than having more free speech than the larger society, campuses have far less. On campus, the most strenuous censorship occurs at the behest of leftist activists and their sympathizers and targets those who question victimhood culture. But the campus also faces censorship from the right, in the form of outsiders who are outraged over the speech of campus activists. As campus culture continues to depart from mainstream morality, such problems will increase.

Campbell and Manning examine false claims of victimhood, as when people pretend to be victims of serious crimes. They consider the logic of such claims and the social conditions that give rise to them. False accusations are a way of manipulating third parties and arise under conditions that increase reliance on third parties while reducing due process. Victimhood culture encourages false accusations in the form of hate crime hoaxes, in which people claim to have been victimized by members of a more privileged social group. College campuses are especially prone to hate crime hoaxes, as well as moral panics that make it difficult and dangerous for anyone to express skepticism of victimhood claims. Campbell and Manning describe the dynamics of moral panic and consider the extent to which moral panic shapes contemporary concerns about campus rape culture.

Campbell and Manning examine how victimhood culture affects the discipline of sociology. The moral concerns of victimhood culture can lead to distortions of research and unscientific evaluations of theory. They discuss the potential of sociology as a science and potential tool for reform, and argue that the failure to distinguish between facts and values undermines this potential. Many sociologists neglect scientific goals and see sociology as synonymous with the pursuit of social justice. Campbell and Manning discuss the concept of social justice and its uses in moral decision-making. Like sociology, social justice has promise, but the moral climate of universities is such that social justice is synonymous with victimhood culture and any who dissent from this view are silenced. Conflating sociology with social justice, and social justice with victimhood culture, hampers our ability to seriously pursue social science and social reform.

Campus activists and others refer to various slights against women and minorities as “microaggressions” and use various means to publicize them. Campbell and Manning understand microaggression complaints as a distinct form of social control arising from a particular pattern of moral conflict. They argue that this pattern of conflict and social control indicates a distinctive moral culture—victimhood culture—that diverges from both the honor cultures and dignity cultures of the past. After outlining the logic of each of these cultures, they consider other manifestations of victimhood culture, such as calls for trigger warnings, safe spaces, and the banning of speakers. These and other aspects of victimhood culture attract opposition and backlash that can be understood as a clash between victimhood and dignity. The chapter concludes with a discussion of the cultural contradictions involved in according moral status to victims.

Campbell and Manning discuss how new moral cultures spread, focusing on the dynamics involved in the spread of victimhood culture. These include changes in childhood socialization, such as higher degrees of adult supervision and protection in the form of helicopter parenting. Campbell and Manning argue that victimhood culture is most developed among social elites, and this makes it a potentially valuable form of cultural capital for those seeking upward mobility, causing it to spread downward in the status structure. The spread of victimhood is strenuously opposed by many, but opposition can turn into imitation as critics of campus culture adopt the language and tactics of their adversaries. Campbell and Manning discuss the phenomenon of competitive victimhood, and how it can aid the spread of victimhood culture, but also produce purity spirals that limit the effectiveness of victimhood activists.

Donald Black (1983) distinguishes between moralistic violence, which occurs in response to conflict, and predatory violence, which enables exploitation. Genocide, I have argued in previous work (Campbell, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2013), is moralistic. It is a form of social control that occurs in response to ethnic conflicts. But as I argue here, genocide is partly predatory. The perpetrators of genocide kill in response to grievances, but they may also rob and rape their targets, take their land, or force them to labor. Pure sociological theories of social control and predation can explain both aspects of genocide. The social conditions conducive to extreme moralism and extreme predation are similar, and so the targets of genocide are treated both as enemies to be eliminated and resources to be plundered.

Category: Basic Sciences/Biologics, Bunion, Midfoot/Forefoot Introduction/Purpose: The progression of the hallux valgus (HV) deformity demonstrates dorsiflexion and abduction; concomitant pronation has not received adequate documentation and the extent of pronation in the pathology is unknown even though correction of the deformity may need to address all three angles. To overcome the inability of standard radiographs to capture pronation, we have developed a means to assess the three dimensional deformity using CT scans. Our goal was to document the extent of pronation/supination both of the first phalanx with respect to the first metatarsal and of the first metatarsal with respect to the second metatarsal. Furthermore, we wanted to regress pronation against the intermetatarsal (IMA) angle of hallux valgus patients. Methods: Three-dimensional models were reconstructed from loaded and unloaded CT files of patients (10 HV, 10 normal). The orientations of specific bones, in anatomic directions, were determined by selecting landmarks on the surface of the phalanx and of the first and second metatarsals. The resulting calculations output a set of angles to determine the pronation/supination of the first metatarsal relative to the second and of the first phalanx relative to the first metatarsal. A regression analysis was conducted to extrapolate any relationship between adduction and pronation (known intermetatarsal and pronation). Results: The average pronation of the first metatarsal relative to the second metatarsal was 19.8 ± 7.1 and 28.3 ± 10.8 in the normal and HV groups respectively (p < 0.05). The influence of weightbearing demonstrated pronation angle differences that were greater in the normal group than in the HV group for both the IM pronation and the HV pronation (p < 0.05) (Figure 1). The differences in HV angles and IM angles between normal and HV patients were 22° and 7° respectively. The regression analysis of the pronation and intermetatarsal angle was not found to be significant, with a weak correlation (r2 = 0.26). Conclusion: The pronation of the first metatarsal relative to the second metatarsal between normal and HV patients is significantly different. While the first metatarsal had measurable pronation in patients with hallux valgus but that value was not predicted by the IMA. The findings of this study indicate pronation should be considered in any surgical technique that seeks to restore native configurations.

Background This study sought to determine whether several metatarsophalangeal (MTP) fusion techniques require complete immobilization or if some level of weight-bearing could be recommended after surgery. A comparison of synthetic composite to actual bone was included in order to examine the validity of the testing conditions. Methods Four MTP fusion modalities were tested in synthetic composite bone models: unlocked plating, locked plating, crossed lag screws, and an unlocked plate with a single lag screw. Stiffness was calculated and then used to find the two most rigid constructs; the load to failure was recorded. Stiffness and load to failure testing for the two more rigid constructs in paired cadaveric bones were followed. Results The unlocked plate plus screw and crossed screw constructs were stiffest (p

Campus activists and others might refer to slights of one’s ethnicity or other cultural characteristics as “microaggressions,” and they might use various forums to publicize them. Here we examine this phenomenon by drawing from Donald Black’s theories of conflict and from cross-cultural studies of conflict and morality. We argue that this behavior resembles other conflict tactics in which the aggrieved actively seek the support of third parties as well as those that focus on oppression. We identify the social conditions associated with each feature, and we discuss how the rise of these conditions has led to large-scale moral change such as the emergence of a victimhood culture that is distinct from the honor cultures and dignity cultures of the past.

Category: Ankle Introduction/Purpose: Knowledge of cartilage pressure distribution in healthy ankle joints during gait is important for understanding the loading environment of articular cartilage and for providing a basis for comparison to evaluate how ankle pathology and surgical procedures affect cartilage loading. Finite element models of the ankle have been developed to examine in vitro loads at the tibiotalar joint during simulated standing in healthy and injured ankle joints [1, 2]. However, there are currently no in vivo studies of tibiotalar cartilage pressure during dynamic loading activities. The goal of this study was to develop a subject-specific finite element model of the tibiotalar joint to estimate contact pressure during walking and running. Methods: Informed consent was obtained from one healthy male, age 23 yrs., BMI 27 kg/m2). Synchronized biplane radiographs of the ankle were acquired at 100 and 150 frames per second during the support phase of overground walking and running, respectively, at a self-selected pace (1.5 m/s and 3.0 m/s, respectively). CT-based bone models of the tibia and talus were matched to the stereoradiographic images to precisely track the three-dimensional bone movement [3]. Six degrees-of-freedom joint kinematics were calculated for each bone model, and used to position bone models in the finite element analysis. Cartilage volumes for the distal tibia and proximal talus were created in Geomagic software by extruding the articulating bone surface. Bones were modeled as rigid bodies and cartilage was modeled as deformable bodies with uniform thickness of 1.3 mm [4-7]. Simulations were performed using FEBio software. The primary outcome parameter was peak cartilage pressure in the tibiotalar joint. Results: On average, peak tibiotalar cartilage pressure was approximately 25% greater during the midstance phase of running in comparison to walking (Figure 1). During walking, peak contact pressure occurred on the lateral-central region of the tibiotalar cartilage throughout the entire stance phase. During the early support phase of running, the location of peak contact pressure was also on the lateral-central region of the tibiotalar cartilage. During running push-off, pressure increased in the medial-central cartilage region and the overall peak cartilage pressure increased. Conclusion: A novel finding of this study is that the peak pressure in tibiotalar cartilage moves from the lateral to medial side of the joint during running, but remains on the lateral side throughout the support phase of walking. This suggests that the location and magnitude of the loads seen by tibiotalar joint cartilage are activity dependent, even in the healthy ankle joint. Future work will investigate cartilage loading in pathologic ankles before and after surgical intervention, as well as during other common athletic activities.

In all large-scale genocides, rescuing occurs alongside killing. Some members of the aggressors' ethnic group even risk their own lives to save members of the targeted group. Killing and rescuing occur closely together, and even the same persons may engage in both behaviors - killing on one occasion and rescuing on another. This article examines such cases - where the same individuals kill and rescue - and discusses their relevance to the explanation of genocide. Both collectivistic and individualistic theories of killing and rescuing - which explain these behaviors with the properties of groups or persons - are inadequate in accounting for those who do both. Using Donald Black's (1995, 2000) strategy of pure sociology and my theory of genocide (Campbell, 2009), I offer an explanation of contradictory behavior by individuals during genocide. The behaviors themselves occur in different structures - killing where there is social distance and rescuing where there is social closeness. Individuals who exhibit contradictory behavior thus kill those who are distant and save those who are close. One feature of this analysis is its demonstration of the explanatory power of pure sociology, which is uniquely capable of explaining extreme variations in individual behavior.

Genocide is defined here as organized and unilateral mass killing on the basis of ethnicity. While some have focused on genocide as a type of deviance, most genocide is also social control—a response to behavior itself defined as deviant. As such, it can be explained as a part of a general theory of social control. Black's (1998) theories of social control explain the handling of conflicts with their social geometry—that is, with the social characteristics of those involved in the conflict. Here, Blackian theories of social control are extended to specify the social geometry of genocide as follows: genocide varies directly with immobility, cultural distance, relational distance, functional independence, and inequality; and it is greater in a downward direction than in an upward or lateral direction. This theory of genocide can be applied to numerous genocides throughout history, and it is capable of ordering much of the known variation in genocide—such as when and where it occurs, how severe it is, and who participates.