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Epilepsy is associated with stigma throughout the world, which leads to poor treatment of people with epilepsy (PWE). In Uganda, there are more than 75,000 PWE and a large treatment gap. This study evaluated the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding epilepsy among first-year medical students at Mulago Hospital. A 22-question survey was developed based on the previous studies of Birbeck et al.'s regarding the stigma of epilepsy in Zambia. This was administered to first-year medical students (96 respondents) at Mulago Hospital in Uganda. More than 80% said that they would not allow their children to marry PWE. Most respondents believed that epilepsy was a mental illness, and many believed that PWE cannot have normal intelligence. Students reported that there was a negative perception and negative treatment of PWE in the community. Some students believed that epilepsy was caused by supernatural causes and was contagious. These misperceptions must be identified and corrected among medical students and other healthcare providers to allow for fair treatment of PWE; this should be incorporated into medical school curriculums in Uganda., (Copyright © 2015 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Three calves were dosed orally with carbon tetrachloride at 0.05, 0.1 or 0.3 ml/kg body-weight. Plasma enzyme activities, clotting times, bilirubin concentrations and bromsulphthalein elimination times increased. These changes are associated with damage to the liver and are discussed in relation to the clinical syndrome. Three groups of seven calves were infected weekly with 10, 50 or 100 Fasciola hepatica metacercariae for 12 consecutive weeks. Maximum glutamate dehydrogenase and gamma glutamyltransferase activities in the plasma were greater with the larger infecting doses but there was no change in plasma clotting times.

The in vivo absorption of 14C-labelled amino-acids and the leakage of radioactive plasma proteins into the gut of infected birds were measured together with their food-intake and growth. The results suggested that anorexia and protein leakage from the gut are major factors in the pathogenesis of E. acervulina infection.

Ten healthy beef cattle in a commercial abbatoir were treated intravenously before slaughter with a commercial papain-based tenderising injection (Pro Ten). Animals were observed for behavioural and clinical abnormalities following treatment. Serum enzyme activities were measured pre-treatment and post-treatment immediately pre-slaughter < 6 min later to detect liver and muscle damage. Carcases were examined grossly post mortem. Histological examination of liver, kidney and muscle followed. Nine contemporary, age-matched controls were similarly examined. It was concluded that ProTen treatment did not cause any detectable hepatocellular or renal damage and there was no significant difference in the parameters examined between treated and untreated cattle. A decision to ban the use of ProTen in cattle could not therefore be based on the premise that it interfered with the animal's welfare in the period following injection under the conditions pertaining in this experiment., (Copyright © 1987. Published by Elsevier Ltd.)

In vitro uptake of L. histidine by intestinal tissue from chicks infected with E. acervulina was slightly reduced. This was confirmed using radio-actively labelled mixed amino-acid substrates in the form of a Chlorella protein hydrolysate.

Four groups of six 12-week-old male Friesian calves were fed diets containing 390 to 540 microgram ochratoxin A per kg, 320 to 500 microgram ochratoxin A plus 12 to 13 microgram aflatoxin B1 per kg, 10 to 13 microgram aflatoxin B1 per kg, or a control diet containing neither toxin. At the end of the 87-day experiment there was no evidence of kidney or liver damage in any group of animals as judged by serial plasma and urine enzyme assays, haematological examinations including the assay of blood coagulation factors, gross appearance at autopsy or histopathological assessment at the light microscopic level. Nor was there any significant alteration in serum IgA, IgM, IgG1 and IgG2 levels or in titres to environmental bacterial and viral antigens. Trace amounts of ochratoxin A were detected in kidneys of five out of the 12 calves exposed to this toxin but all 12 kidneys contained residues of the metabolite ochratoxin alpha (less than 5 to 10 microgram/kg). Traces of aflatoxin B1 and M1 were detected in the liver of one of the 12 calves exposed to aflatoxin B1 but nine kidneys contained the metabolite aflatoxin M1 (less than 0.01 to 0.03 microgram/kg). There was no evidence of interaction between the two toxins.