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Objective: Many patients have undergone visceral surgery. The effects on anatomy and physiology, which can result in further surgical or gastroenterological clinical pictures, are equally significant and require special knowledge. This content should be taught in an interdisciplinary elective course. The draft of the new 2025 approval regulation and the current approval regulation specify that preclinical and clinical content should specifically be combined within the framework of a Z-curriculum and that the new elective course should meet these requirements. Methodology: Practical and theoretical aspects of recognising and treating patients with postoperative modified anatomy are to be taught and the findings are to be demonstrated using anatomical and artificial preparations. The curriculum of the preclinical course covers anatomy and physiology. The target group of the curriculum is all participating students with a special interest in topics such as anatomy, visceral surgery and gastroenterology. However, the goal is to involve student tutors of the anatomical dissection courses, who, in turn, will pass on knowledge of modified anatomy to the supervised preclinical students.Results: According to Thomas and Kern, the curriculum development process entails the following six stages: general needs assessment, targeted needs assessment, the formulation of goals and content, the description of strategies, planned implementation and evaluation.Conclusion: A “modified anatomy” curriculum for an interdisciplinary elective course in surgery, gastroenterology, and anatomy was developed. Through the training of anatomy table tutors, a “dovetailing” with the preclinical stage is to be achieved. In addition, new concepts related to the transfer of knowledge and competencies were introduced and should be evaluated for suitability.

Purpose: To compare bone substitutes composed of glycated collagen with synthetic micro-sized (1 to 10 µm) hydroxyapatite (OB) vs non-cross-linked collagen matrix with large-particle (250 to 1,000 µm) bovine-derived hydroxyapatite (BOC). Materials and Methods: The P1 to P4 premolars were bilaterally extracted from the mandibles of 19 Beagle dogs. After 21 days, osteotomies were created in each dog that received OB or BOC and were covered with a collagen membrane or were left untreated. The animals were randomly divided into three groups based on sacrifice time (4, 12, or 24 weeks). The right and left hemimandibles were trimmed to facilitate imaging and histology, and all tissues were placed in 10% neutral-buffered formalin. Microcomputed tomography (MicroCT 40 Scanner, Scanco) was used to analyze bone sections. Bone volume, residual material volume, and bone mineral density were determined for each treatment site (OB and BOC) based on a volume of interest that encompassed the original defect. Additionally, blinded histopathologic assessment (based on the ISO 10993-6 scoring system) and histomorphometry were performed on sections ground to < 100 µm thick and stained with Stevenel's blue. Results: No clinical side effects were noted. No statistical differences were observed for OB vs BOC regarding the mineral volume percentage. Compared to OB, BOC had significantly higher mean mineralization densities at 12 weeks (P < .01), but this difference did not extend to 24 weeks. For residual grafting material, bone maturation, alveolar ridge restoration, and inflammatory response, OB showed a residual amount of bone graft and no statistical differences compared to BOC. Conclusion: Both OB and BOC represent valid treatment options for critically sized bone defects. Both bone fillers outperformed the sham-operated, ungrafted (empty) control, demonstrating statistically improved bone growth and ridge restoration. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose: To compare glycated multilayered membranes (OV) to a commercially available thin-layer membrane (OP) in a lateral ridge augmentation model in dogs. Materials and Methods: This was designed as a three-arm study, where one negative control (empty defect) was compared to two test arms: alveolar bone defects grafted with a mixture of 90% deproteinized bovine bone mineral and 10% porcine collagen, then covered with either a thick- (OV) or thin-layered (OP) membrane. Animals were randomly divided into three groups corresponding to the final sacrifice times of 4 weeks, 12 weeks, and 24 weeks. Sections underwent microCT, histology, histopathology, and histomorphometry. Results: No statistical differences were observed for OV compared to OP regarding the percentage of mineral volume and mean mineral density, amount of bone maturation, percentage of bone graft and membrane remaining in the grafted area, alveolar ridge width measurements, membrane mineralization, or ossification. Test groups presented significantly higher values compared to the empty control for all the endpoints. Conclusions: Within its limitations, this in vivo study highlighted that multilayered thick glycated membranes can serve as effective occlusive barriers for up to 6 months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Global plastic production exceeded 400 million tons in 2022, urgently demanding improved waste management and recycling strategies for a circular plastic economy. While the enzymatic hydrolysis of polyethylene terephthalate (PET) has become feasible on industrial scales, efficient enzymes targeting other hydrolyzable plastic types, such as polyurethanes (PURs), are lacking. Recently, enzymes of the amidase signature (AS) family, capable of cleaving urethane bonds in a polyether‐PUR analog and a linear polyester‐PUR, have been identified. Herein, we present high‐resolution crystal structures of the AS enzyme UMG‐SP3 in three states: ligand‐free, bound with a suicidal inhibitor mimicking the transition state, and bound with a monomeric PUR degradation product. Besides revealing the conserved core and catalytic triad akin to other AS family members, the UMG‐SP3 structures show remarkable flexibility of loop regions. Particularly, Arg209 in loop 3 adopts two induced‐fit conformations upon ligand binding. Through structure‐guided kinetic studies and enzyme engineering, we mapped structural key elements that determine the enhanced hydrolysis of urethane and amide bonds in various small molecules, including a linear PUR fragment analog. Our findings contribute critical insights into urethanase activity, aiding PUR degradation campaigns and sustainable plastic recycling efforts in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background Methods Results Conclusions Accurate and timely diagnosis of dementia is necessary to allow affected individuals to make informed decisions and access appropriate resources. When dementia goes undetected until a hospitalization or nursing home stay, this could reflect delayed diagnosis or misdiagnosis, and may reflect underlying disparities in healthcare access.In this retrospective cohort study, we used 2012–2020 Medicare claims and other administrative data to examine variation in setting of dementia diagnosis among fee‐for‐service Medicare beneficiaries with an initial claims‐based dementia diagnosis in 2016. We used multinomial logistic regression to evaluate the association of person and geographic factors with diagnosis location, and Cox proportional hazards regression to examine 4‐year survival relative to diagnosis location.Among 754,204 Medicare beneficiaries newly diagnosed with dementia in 2016, 60.3% were diagnosed in the community, 17.2% in hospitals, and 22.5% in nursing homes. Adjusted 4‐year survival rates were significantly lower among those diagnosed in hospitals [−16.1 percentage points (95% CI: −17.0, −15.1)] and nursing homes [−16.8 percentage points (95% CI: −17.7, −15.9)], compared to those diagnosed in the community. Community‐diagnosed beneficiaries were more often female, younger, Asian or Pacific Islander, Native American or Alaskan Native, Hispanic, had fewer baseline hospitalizations and higher homecare use, and resided in wealthier ZIP codes. Rural beneficiaries were more likely to be diagnosed in hospitals.Many older adults are diagnosed with dementia in a hospital or nursing home. These individuals have significantly lower survival than those diagnosed in the community, which may indicate diagnosis during an acute illness or care transition, or at a later disease stage, all of which are suboptimal. These results highlight the need for improved dementia screening in the general population, particularly for individuals in rural areas and communities with higher social deprivation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Während Kunststoffe wie Polyethylenterephthalat (PET) bereits effizient durch die Aktivität von Hydrolasen abgebaut werden können, sind andere synthetische Polymere wie Polyurethane (PUs) und Polyamide (PAs) weitgehend resistent gegenüber einem biologischen Abbau. In dieser Studie lösten wir die erste Kristallstruktur der metagenomischen Urethanase UMG‐SP‐1, identifizierten hochflexible Loopregionen, die Reste des aktiven Zentrums enthalten, und untersuchten insgesamt 20 potenzielle Hotspots mittels Sättigungsmutagenese. Die durch Protein Engineering erzeugten Einzelmutanten wiesen eine fast 3‐ bzw. 8‐fach verbesserte Aktivität gegenüber hochstabilen N‐Arylurethan‐ und Amidbindungen auf. Darüber hinaus konnte die Freisetzung der entsprechenden Monomere aus einem thermoplastischen Polyester‐PU und einem PA (Nylon 6) durch die Aktivität einer einzigen, metagenomischen Urethanase nach kurzer Inkubationszeit nachgewiesen werden. Dadurch konnte das Hydrolyseprofil von UMG‐SP‐1 über die bekannten niedermolekularen Carbamate hinaus erweitert werden und erschließt so neue Möglichkeiten für den enzymatischen Abbau und das Recycling von Kunststoffen und Plastikabfällen. Damit unterstützt diese Studie Bemühungen um die Verbesserung einer Kreislaufwirtschaft für synthetische Polymere. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

While plastics like polyethylene terephthalate can already be degraded efficiently by the activity of hydrolases, other synthetic polymers like polyurethanes (PUs) and polyamides (PAs) largely resist biodegradation. In this study, we solved the first crystal structure of the metagenomic urethanase UMG‐SP‐1, identified highly flexible loop regions to comprise active site residues, and targeted a total of 20 potential hot spots by site‐saturation mutagenesis. Engineering campaigns yielded variants with single mutations, exhibiting almost 3‐ and 8‐fold improved activity against highly stable N‐aryl urethane and amide bonds, respectively. Furthermore, we demonstrated the release of the corresponding monomers from a thermoplastic polyester‐PU and a PA (nylon 6) by the activity of a single, metagenome‐derived urethanase after short incubation times. Thereby, we expanded the hydrolysis profile of UMG‐SP‐1 beyond the reported low‐molecular weight carbamates. Together, these findings promise advanced strategies for the bio‐based degradation and recycling of plastic materials and waste, aiding efforts to establish a circular economy for synthetic polymers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]