Search

This research proposes the utilization of Peltier modules to convert electrical energy from thermal energy to show its potential as a renewable energy source for residential and commercial application. The study, whose results are presented in this manuscript, was conducted in the city of Monterrey, located in the northeast of Mexico. The energy source was tested and analyzed utilizing a set of statistical metrics and further comparison against experimental test results. The Distrito Tec area in Monterrey city is an academic complex and it was chosen for this study, which consisted of the indirect measurement of the average annual heat energy stored within the buildings' cement structure. The aim was to obtain the annual accumulated electrical power in Wh per year that Peltier modules could provide in Distrito Tec, which is located in a city with solar irradiation levels above the world average. The proposal in this paper could encourage further investigation regarding this energy that is currently waste heat. More specifically, the results of this research highlight the importance of thermoelectric modules and seek to motivate research to improve their properties and make them more efficient and more viable as well. Thermoelectric modules have the potential to be part of the solution to sustainable development as presented in the United Nations SDG-7—ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

AbstractIn order to reach the fire protection standard for new energy vehicle battery packs, the incorporation of SiO2 aerogel particles as a functional filler in the nitrogen and phosphorus fire-retardant system is necessary due to the inadequate mechanical properties. The effects of SiO2 aerogel on the properties of the coatings for the electric car battery pack were investigated by fire protection test, thermogravimetric analysis, limited oxygen index, UL-94 vertical test, combustion test, mechanical properties test, and weathering resistance test. The backside temperature fireproof coatings containing 1.5% SiO2 aerogel was effectively reduced to 250.2 ± 0.1 °C and the residual weight of the coating reached 32.61 ± 0.01%. The composition and structure of the carbon layer were analyzed further. Especially, the weight loss percentage of the fireproof coating is only 5.87 ± 0.02% in the water resistance test. However, excessive SiO2 aerogel decreased the performances of fireproof coatings. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering is the property of Journal of Railway Science & Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Abstract Lithium‐ion battery state‐of‐health (SOH) monitoring is essential for maintaining the safety and reliability of electric vehicles and efficiency of energy storage systems. When the SOH of lithium‐ion batteries reaches the end‐of‐life threshold, replacement and maintenance are required to avoid fire and explosion hazards. This paper provides a comprehensive literature review of lithium‐ion battery SOH estimation methods at the cell, module, and pack levels. Analysis and summary of the SOH definition based on the resistance, capacity, and energy indices are presented at each battery hierarchy level. A Comparison of SOH indices in terms of modelling complexity, required measurement time, and accuracy is provided. To the best of knowledge, a comprehensive classification of SOH estimation methods at different battery hierarchy levels is presented for the first time in this review. In addition, SOH estimation methods are further classified based on the applied methodologies, including direct measurement, model‐based methods, data‐driven methods, and hybrid model‐data methods. Advantages and disadvantages of SOH estimation methods are summarized and compared across different battery hierarchy levels. A detailed summary of typical SOH estimation methods is presented along with the battery topology, operating conditions, and performance. The challenges and research prospects of lithium‐ion battery SOH estimation are discussed from the cell to pack levels.

Abstract Nowadays, what captures consumers' primary attention is how to purchase electric vehicles with long range and desirable price. Lightweight construction stands as one of the most effective approaches for prolonging range and lowering costs. As a consequence, it is particularly imperative to undertake lightweight design optimization for the battery bracket of new energy vehicles by applying 3D printing technology. To actualize this goal, Rhino software was initially employed for 3D modeling to design the battery bracket system for a pure electric vehicle in China. Subsequently, topology optimization design of the battery bracket was carried out by adopting Altair Inspire software. Last but not least, manufacturing and assembly inspection were completed using a 3D printer. The results show that the maximum displacement of the battery lower tray bracket after topology optimization is 3.20 mm, which is slightly higher than before, but still relatively small. The maximum Mises equivalent stress rose to 240.7 MPa post-optimization, but brought about a uniform stress distribution at the bottom of the bracket. In comparison, the minimum factor of safety met design requirements at 1. The mass was lessened to 0.348 kg, representing a 49.2% decrease in comparison with pre-optimization levels. The 3D-printed bracket was fabricated by employing a 3D printer, thereby achieving the aforementioned mass abatement. The battery pack parts exhibited a bright surface with low roughness and no discernible warping or deformation defects. As revealed by the assembly results, the components of the battery pack bracket are tightly coordinated with each other, with no evident assembly conflicts, revealing that the dimensional accuracy and fit of the completed parts meet production requirements. These findings lay solid groundwork for the mass production of high-performance battery pack brackets.

In this paper, a multi-channel air cooling method has been proposed for the prismatic power battery thermal management system by separating the original one channel into several using windshield, enhancing the heat dissipation capacity of the traditional air cooling system, improving the temperature uniformity of the battery pack. In this study, the temperature increment of the lithium cobalt oxide battery caused by the discharging and the relationship between the electric resistance and the depth of discharge (DOD) have been observed experimentally, furthermore, the cooling characteristics of the multi-channel thermal management system has been studied numerically. As a result, the heat dissipation effectiveness of 3 channels U type cooling system has been found is superior to others. For instance, the maximum temperature and the maximum temperature difference decrease 8.4 K and 12.4 K respectively for the 0.5 m/s air flow velocity, whereas for the case of 5 m/s air flow velocity, both the above 2 values decrease 5.3 K. The maximum temperature and the maximum temperature difference of the battery pack maintain a value in a reasonable range.

Nowadays, what captures consumers' primary attention is how to purchase electric vehicles with long range and desirable price. Lightweight construction stands as one of the most effective approaches for prolonging range and lowering costs. As a consequence, it is particularly imperative to undertake lightweight design optimization for the battery bracket of new energy vehicles by applying 3D printing technology. To actualize this goal, Rhino software was initially employed for 3D modeling to design the battery bracket system for a pure electric vehicle in China. Subsequently, topology optimization design of the battery bracket was carried out by adopting Altair Inspire software. Last but not least, manufacturing and assembly inspection were completed using a 3D printer. The results show that the maximum displacement of the battery lower tray bracket after topology optimization is 3.20 mm, which is slightly higher than before, but still relatively small. The maximum Mises equivalent stress rose to 240.7 MPa post-optimization, but brought about a uniform stress distribution at the bottom of the bracket. In comparison, the minimum factor of safety met design requirements at 1. The mass was lessened to 0.348 kg, representing a 49.2% decrease in comparison with pre-optimization levels. The 3D-printed bracket was fabricated by employing a 3D printer, thereby achieving the aforementioned mass abatement. The battery pack parts exhibited a bright surface with low roughness and no discernible warping or deformation defects. As revealed by the assembly results, the components of the battery pack bracket are tightly coordinated with each other, with no evident assembly conflicts, revealing that the dimensional accuracy and fit of the completed parts meet production requirements. These findings lay solid groundwork for the mass production of high-performance battery pack brackets. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles are the future of mobility. Electric vehicles have batteries to store energy and the most common type of batteries used in electric vehicle's battery packs are lithium-ion cells. These cells have very high energy density and dissipate heat during charging and discharging cycles. There is a need to have an efficient cooling system to dissipate this heat. Bigger-size batteries in four-wheelers use liquid cooling to ensure faster charging and longer battery life. Surface cooling and tab cooling are two popular types of liquid cooling systems for battery packs. Surface cooling is a preferred type of cooling system as it is less complex and cheaper, but it creates a temperature gradient inside the cell which is detrimental to cell life. This work proposes tab cooling as a solution to improve the life cycle of lithium-ion cells. Two sets of the battery pack, one with tab cooling and the other without a cooling system were tested under different conditions for multiple fast charging and discharging cycles until their initial capacity was reduced by 30%. The results show that with tab cooling the battery performed better and battery degradation was reduced. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Interest towards electric vehicle adoption is on the rise due to the lower running and maintenance cost it offers, along with zero tailpipe emissions. Range anxiety is one of the only concern that affects the adoption of electric vehicles. The state of charge of the traction battery pack has to be accurately determined and provided to the user to avoid range anxiety. Minute battery parameters has to be considered to improve the accuracy of the state of charge determination. In order to overcome the problem of range anxiety, an innovative strategy that takes into account how vibrations affect the performance of EV batteries is developed in this research. By doing this, the state of charge estimation precision is improved and thereby raises the driver's faith in electric vehicles. The impacts and vibrations felt on the traction battery pack during driving would lead to heat generation. The heat generated is found to be highest when the vibrations resonate at the natural frequencies of the traction battery pack. The natural frequency of the battery pack is considered when the battery is kept in the battery chamber of the two-wheeler electric vehicle. The vibrations at natural frequency produces heat which is accounted for when the state of charge is determined. To obtain accurate state of charge estimation, a Kalman filter-based approach is used. The Kalman filter-based estimation uses the conventional methods which are the open circuit voltage method and the Coulomb counting method to improve the estimation process along with the consideration of the heat component due to vibrations and impact. The vibration analysis is performed using MATLAB, while the state of charge determination is implemented in hardware and the Kalman estimation done using Python. The system is modelled on an electric two-wheeler platform and the testing is done to compare the state of charge accuracy of the open circuit voltage method, the Coulomb counting method and the Kalman filter-based estimation approach. The inclusion of the vibrational heat analysis for State of Charge estimation in the hardware testing of the electric two-wheeler provides an accurate state of charge value. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Automotive Engineer (1674-6546) is the property of Auto Engineering Editorial Office and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Matching between low-voltage high-current capacity battery/fuel cell with high-voltage low-current motors in electric vehicles (EVs) requires paralleling-connection multi-stage power electronic converter with accurate modeling and control system. For high-voltage low-current drives of EVs with high-boosting/bucking gain, single-stage single-arm DC/DC converters suffer from unstable output voltage and the impractical choice of charging/discharging elements. Therefore, a multi-stage multi-arm DC/DC converter is researched to solve the problems of high boosting/bucking gain and minimized the voltage and current ripples. This paper presents parametric sizing, dynamic modeling, and analysis of all logical operational modes for a new high-gain DC/DC converter suitable for deployment in EV applications. The proposed topology composes of three-stage interleaved-input composed of cascaded two stages and double float-output as a third stage with bidirectional current capability. In this study, parametric design, and sizing for the three stages are performed according to the prerequisite ratings. Then, an analysis is conducted on rules of operating the DC/DC converter along with a discussion on considerations taken into account for such a critical design. An investigation of the dynamic behavior of the suggested DC/DC converter is carried out through a state-space model with switches’ states. Furthermore, a simulation and measurement-based validation of the derived mathematical models are conducted. The theoretical based analysis, design, and boosting gains are confirmed through a constructed and tested prototype given data on power supply and load utilization. A discussion on the choice of semiconductor equipment and reactive elements is provided for the proposed DC/DC converter. The experimental results show that the three stages can be used in a separate mode or in a cascaded booster.

Efficient heat dissipation in lithium-ion battery packs is crucial for safety, necessitating a thorough assessment of thermal performance during the design phase. This study utilizes Newman’s Pseudo two-dimensional (P2D) model and three-dimensional computational fluid dynamics to depict heat generation and dissipation. The main objectives include evaluating heat dynamics, establishing optimal temperature limits, and assessing State of Charge (SOC) and State of Health (SOH) estimations. The battery pack, configured in 6s2p, features plastic-wrapped cylindrical modules with air-filled domains, connected in parallel pairs with aluminum wires. Active materials comprise positive electrodes like Lithium Cobalt Oxide (LCO), Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide (NMC), Lithium Iron Phosphate (LFP), and Lithium Manganese Oxide (LMO), with graphite as the negative electrode and a separator (Lithium Hexa Fluoro Phosphate). Results indicate that air-cooled NMC electrode chemistry achieves a peak heat dissipation of 102.48W, maintaining an optimal temperature range of 21.3deg C to 32.8deg C. After 1000 cycles, the optimal temperature limit of 32.8deg C with an 80% capacity loss minimizes negative impacts during charge/discharge cycles. SOC and SOH remain at 100% and 80%, utilizing an 8Ah battery with a nominal voltage of 4.2V, and a 3.9-year life expectancy, addressing charge/discharge cycle issues.

Lithium‐ion cell chemistries are favored in the automotive sector, as they enable electric vehicles (EVs) to compete with traditional gasoline‐powered vehicles in terms of performance, range, and cost. The life and performance of these packs depend upon the Battery management system which monitors and controls the pack. The modeling, simulation, and analysis of a lithium‐ion battery pack that closely resembles an actual automobile battery are the focus of this paper. Real cells that are commercially available and specifically developed for automotive applications are modeled in the simulation environment. The cell characterization and formation of pack topology with heat exchange are addressed. A commercial electric car's power train model and EV dynamics are used in the simulation environment to test the modeled battery pack over various drive cycles. The performance analysis is upscaled by considering different aspects like resistive forces while driving, ambient temperature, initial conditions while the vehicle starts, etc. The battery manufacturer can verify the battery's performance under different load conditions, with a high degree of similarity to real‐world scenarios. The simulations are conducted on MATLAB/Simulink 2021b software. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles, especially cars, have been in the spotlight for some time now. In the focus of environmentalists, engineers, users, media, etc. With the growth and advancement of the market for such vehicles, other electric vehicles are also focussing on. One of such vehicles is boats, particularly smaller boats up to 8–10 meters in length. Of course, the biggest problem here is charging. The general idea is to use battery modules that can be easily carried and enable hot swapping. This paper investigates scenarios and simulations of the control system for hot swapping of the battery module. Simulations of connection of two and three battery modules to parallel operation and current control are presented in this paper, as well as applied control rules.

The article reviews electric cars, their various types and their structural features, analyzes the market of electric cars in Lithuania and its prospects. The existing electric vehicle infrastructure is evaluated, and development plans for the network of charging stations for public and semi-public use of electric vehicles are presented. The characteristics of electric car public charging stations and private to use charging stations are presented. Battery packs used in electric cars, battery charging modes and possibilities are analyzed. The impact of state promotion measures and new, advanced technologies on the development of electric cars is evaluated. Conclusions are presented at the end of the article.

This research proposes the utilization of Peltier modules to convert electrical energy from thermal energy to show its potential as a renewable energy source for residential and commercial application. The study, whose results are presented in this manuscript, was conducted in the city of Monterrey, located in the northeast of Mexico. The energy source was tested and analyzed utilizing a set of statistical metrics and further comparison against experimental test results. The Distrito Tec area in Monterrey city is an academic complex and it was chosen for this study, which consisted of the indirect measurement of the average annual heat energy stored within the buildings’ cement structure. The aim was to obtain the annual accumulated electrical power in Wh per year that Peltier modules could provide in Distrito Tec, which is located in a city with solar irradiation levels above the world average. The proposal in this paper could encourage further investigation regarding this energy that is currently waste heat. More specifically, the results of this research highlight the importance of thermoelectric modules and seek to motivate research to improve their properties and make them more efficient and more viable as well. Thermoelectric modules have the potential to be part of the solution to sustainable development as presented in the United Nations SDG-7—ensure access to affordable, reliable, sustainable and modern energy for all.

Batteries are essential to mobilization and electrification as they are used in a wide range of applications, from electric vehicles to small mobile devices. All these devices are powered with AC or DC inside their systems, so they require different battery systems depending on their technical requirements. Batteries show unique characteristics depending on their types, and their needs vary based on their performance, ambient conditions, and so forth. One of the main demands for them is thermal stability. For batteries, thermal stability is not just about safety; it's also about economics, the environment, performance, and system stability. This paper has evaluated over 200 papers and harvested their data to build a collective understanding of battery thermal management systems (BTMSs). These studies are specifically designed to solve different problems. This paper has been prepared to show what these systems are, how they work, what they have been designed for, and under what conditions they should be applied. The BTMSs have been evaluated based on their method, method tools, discharge rate, maximum temperature, temperature difference values, and ambient and inlet temperatures. After evaluating over 200 studies, the results indicate that the passive BTMSs are not useful the cases where the temperature reaches higher values suddenly, especially for system systems that require higher discharge rates. On the other hand, active cooling methods do not manage the temperature difference in the battery cells. However, hybrid cooling methods address both cases admirably by compensating for both of their weaknesses and bringing out their advantages. The general optimum temperature for lithium battery batteries is 55°C. Even though there are many other parameters that need to be considered before making a decision for a BTMS design, the best performance for an optimum system seems to be methods 34, 38, and 22 as they are able to provide lower maximum temperature and temperature difference in the cells. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Advances in New & Renewable Energy is the property of Editorial Office of Advances in New & Renewable Energy and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Featured Application: Electric Vehicle, Data Center, Simulink, etc. This study examines the use of meta-heuristic algorithms, specifically particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms, for optimizing thermal systems, addressing a research gap on their efficacy in larger systems. Utilizing MATLAB's Simulink and Simscape, the research initially targets an electric vehicle thermal system model, emphasizing the optimization of a Li-ion battery pack and associated cooling components, like chillers, pumps, and cooling plates, during operation. One consideration is the use of a glycerol–water mixture in the chiller pump, which demands the use of an optimal control algorithm that adjusts to outdoor temperatures and control strategies. This study focuses on computational efficiency reflecting the complexity of system simulations. Challenges related to applying particle swarm optimization and genetic algorithms to these systems are scrutinized, leading to the establishment of a new objective function to pinpoint target values for system optimization. This research aims to refine design methodologies for engineers by harmonizing optimal design with computational expediency, thereby enhancing the engineering design process in thermal management. This integrative approach promises to yield practical insights, benefiting engineers dedicated to the advancement of thermal system design and optimization. The results show that, compared to the base model, 1% of the overall state of charge could be saved, and the battery temperature could also be cooled by more than 4 °C compared to the initial temperature. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The transportation sector is under increasing pressure to reduce greenhouse gas emissions by decarbonizing its operations. One prominent solution that has emerged is the adoption of electric vehicles (EVs). As the electric vehicles market experiences rapid growth, the utilization of lithium-ion batteries (LiB) has become the predominant choice for energy storage. However, it is important to note that lithium-ion battery technology is sensitive to factors, like excessive voltage and temperature. Therefore, the development of an accurate battery model and a reliable state of charge (SOC) estimator is crucial to safeguard against the overcharging and over-discharging of the battery. Numerous studies have been conducted to address lithium-ion battery cell modeling and SOC estimations. These studies have explored variations in the number of RC networks within the model and different estimation methods. However, it is worth mentioning that the capacity of a single lithium-ion battery cell is relatively low and cannot be directly employed in electric vehicles. To meet the total capacity and voltage requirements for electric vehicles, multiple cells are typically connected in series or parallel configurations to form a battery pack. Surprisingly, this aspect has often been overlooked in previous research. To tackle this overlooked challenge, our study introduces a comprehensive battery pack model and an advanced Battery Management System (BMS). We then integrate these components into an electric vehicle model. Subsequently, we simulate the integrated EV-BMS model under the conditions of four different urban driving scenarios to replicate real-world driving conditions. The BMS that we have developed includes an Extended Kalman Filter (EKF)-based SOC estimation system, a mechanism for controlling coolant flow, and a passive cell-balancing algorithm. These components work together to ensure the safe and efficient operation of the battery pack within the electric vehicles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric powered vehicle popularity gives us better option for reducing the hydrocarbon emissions for the clean environment and will help to minimizing the troposphere of ozone degradation. Evs that are powered by batteries are becoming more commonplace worldwide. A strong Battery Management System (BMS) is essential for the reliable and safe operation of batteries, which have been widely used in many large power applications, including EVs and hybrid EVs. Their optimal plan and the management are significant for safe and beneficial tasks. This review paper examined with about the oldest kind of battery-latest powered battery (Pb-acid battery) and the most recent innovation of battery, lithium-ion battery. The present paper deals about the recent improvement in three important areas like Battery pack shape, different battery material and thermal behaviour which covered main challenges for EVs operation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research paper presents a smart power control approach specifically designed for an independent microgrid. The proposed hybrid system consists of various crucial components, including a PV array, super capacitor, DC bus, battery bank, and AC bus working together to generate and store electricity within the microgrid. To address the challenges arising from random fluctuations in ecological parameters and changes in load demand, a supervisory controller is developed to enhance the standalone hybrid microgrid. This allows for optimized power management within the micro grid. The Liebenberg Marquardt algorithm is used to retrieve the trained ANN machine. The two and three hidden layered ANN machines have 96% accuracy on an average, whereas the single-layer ANN machine have poor predictive ability. The proposed model is implemented and analysed using MATLAB/Simulink. The observed results from the simulation experiments validate the effectiveness of integrating available resources in ensuring the resilience and reliability of microgrids.

The BLDC (Brushless DC Motor) is utilized in electric vehicles, space missions, and mechanical applications. Neural Network Inference System reduces torque ripple for hybrid electric vehicle (PV-Battery) along with BLDC drive to achieve efficient speed performance and stability. A hybrid input source methodology is thus put forwarded to drive the stator currents giving exactly the expressed electromagnetic torque and counter-EMF harmonics. The torque and speed control technique are directed to neural network interference system, and H6 Voltage Source Inverter (H6 VSI) drives BLDC with a gate pulse signal. We examine how an ANFIS-GA torque controller may eliminate BLDC torque ripples under uninterrupted hybrid power supply in this work. MATLAB (Simulink) results show that Genetic Algorithm (GA) improves training of ANFIS better with varying set speed conditions. The ANFIS-GA controller outperforms challenging controllers under various BLDC motor driving load conditions, proving its efficiency.

In the case of hybrid sustainable energy power systems made up of Solar Photovoltaic, wind, and an integrated energy storing system connected to a grid network, this research suggests a better control technique for optimal Power Quality improvement. The Unified Power Quality Conditioner with Real and Reactive Power are built-in with the proposed Hybrid Sustainable Energy Systems, and they include Type-1 and Interval Type-2 Fuzzy-based controllers. The main objective is to simultaneously control voltages while minimizing power losses and Total Harmonic Distortion. The Unified Power Quality Conditioner is utilized to reduce Power Quality concerns such as sag, swell, real power, reactive power, and harmonic distortion related to voltage/current by utilizing a proposed controller. The innovative method is displayed in various ways, such as simultaneous PQ replenishment and RES power injections, RESP > 0, and RESP = 0. In addition, the recommended methodology outperforms earlier literature approaches, such as PID controllers. The system is built on the MATLAB Simulink platform, where various performance studies are conducted.

This paper presents quality testing of battery pack welds for different welding time parameters of an automatic resistance spot welding machine. Several quality testing methods commonly used in studies of welded joints were described. Finally, the breakage test destructive method was chosen and used in this research. To investigate the influence of welder parameters on the quality of the welded joints, the programmable resistance spot welding machine was designed and constructed. As the studied samples, the 18650 cell type and the 8 mm × 0,15 mm cell packaging nickel plated steel tape were chosen as the most commonly used for the construction of battery packs for personal electric vehicles. The impact of each time constants set on the spot welding process was measured by the self-designed and constructed strength testing machine. After a series of tests with different parameters of spot welding process, the final conclusions were formulated.

The use of a polymer composite material in electric vehicles (EVs) has been extensively investigated, especially as a substitute for steel. The key objective of this manuscript is to provide an overview of the existing and emerging technologies related to the application of such a composite, especially for battery pack applications, in which its high strength-to-weight ratio, corrosion resistance, design flexibility, and durability are advantageous compared to any metal in general. This study explores the key considerations in the design and fabrication of composites, including base material selection, structural design optimization, reinforcement material, manufacturing processes, and integration with battery systems. The paper also discusses the performance characteristics of composite battery pack structures, such as mechanical properties, thermal management, safety aspects, and environmental sustainability. This study aims to contribute to sharpening the direction of future research and innovations in the area of composite battery pack technology. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Electric vehicles, especially cars, have been in the spotlight for some time now. In the focus of environmentalists, engineers, users, media, etc. With the growth and advancement of the market for such vehicles, other electric vehicles are also focussing on. One of such vehicles is boats, particularly smaller boats up to 8-10 meters in length. Of course, the biggest problem here is charging. The general idea is to use battery modules that can be easily carried and enable hot swapping. This paper investigates scenarios and simulations of the control system for hot swapping of the battery module. Simulations of connection of two and three battery modules to parallel operation and current control are presented in this paper, as well as applied control rules. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

As lithium-ion battery (LIB) cells degrade over time and usage, it is crucial to understand their remaining capacity, also known as State of Health (SoH), and inconsistencies between cells in a pack, also known as cell-to-cell variation (CtCV), to appropriately operate and maintain LIB packs. This study outlines efforts to model pack SoH and SoH CtCV of nickel-cobalt-aluminum (NCA) and lithium-iron-phosphate (LFP) battery packs consisting of four cells in series using pack-level voltage data. Using small training data sets and rapid testing procedures, partial least squares regression (PLS) models were built and achieved a mean absolute error of 0.38% and 1.43% pack SoH for the NCA and LFP packs, respectively. PLS models were also built that correctly categorized the packs as having low, medium, and high-ranked SoH CtCV 72.5% and 65% of the time for the NCA and LFP packs, respectively. This study further investigates the relationships between pack SoH, SoH CtCV, and the voltage response of the NCA and LFP packs. The slope of the discharge voltage response of the NCA packs was shown to have a strong correlation with pack dynamics and pack SoH, and the lowest SoH cell within the NCA packs was shown to dominate the dynamic response of the entire pack. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the case of hybrid sustainable energy power systems made up of Solar Photovoltaic, wind, and an integrated energy storing system connected to a grid network, this research suggests a better control technique for optimal Power Quality improvement. The Unified Power Quality Conditioner with Real and Reactive Power are built-in with the proposed Hybrid Sustainable Energy Systems, and they include Type-1 and Interval Type-2 Fuzzy-based controllers. The main objective is to simultaneously control voltages while minimizing power losses and Total Harmonic Distortion. The Unified Power Quality Conditioner is utilized to reduce Power Quality concerns such as sag, swell, real power, reactive power, and harmonic distortion related to voltage/current by utilizing a proposed controller. The innovative method is displayed in various ways, such as simultaneous PQ replenishment and RES power injections, RESP > 0, and RESP = 0. In addition, the recommended methodology outperforms earlier literature approaches, such as PID controllers. The system is built on the MATLAB Simulink platform, where various performance studies are conducted. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Aerodynamic characteristics are of great significance to the fuel economy and handling the stability of electric vehicles. The battery pack of electric vehicles has a huge structure and is usually arranged in the chassis area of the vehicle, which inevitably occupies the space at the bottom of the vehicle and affects the aerodynamic characteristics of the vehicle. To study the effect of the power battery pack installed in the chassis on the aerodynamics characteristics of the electric vehicle, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is used to study the flow and pressure fields of the SAE (Society of Automotive Engineers) hierarchical car model with battery packs mounted on chassis. The influence of the structure parameters of the battery pack on the automobile's aerodynamics are also analyzed in detail. Based on the simulation results, it can be seen that the battery pack installed on the chassis has a great impact on the flow and pressure field at the bottom and tail of the vehicle, causing the drag coefficient and lift coefficient to increase. The structural parameters of the battery pack have contradictory effects on the drag and lift coefficients. As the length of the battery pack increases, the drag coefficient decreases, and the lift coefficient increases. As the battery pack width and height increase, the drag coefficient increases, and the lift coefficient decreases. The research results provide a reference for the optimization of the aerodynamic characteristics of electric vehicles with battery packs mounted on chassis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In improving the ride comfort of electric vehicle (EV), this paper studies the effect of rigid connection and flexible connection between battery pack and vehicle body on ride comfort. A quarter vehicle model and a road model in time domain are established. The root mean square (RMS) of vehicle body vertical acceleration is used as the index of ride comfort. Particle swarm optimization (PSO) algorithm is used to optimize the suspension parameters and connection parameters. A contrast experiment is designed with a prototype of a quarter vehicle to more realistically quantify the effect of battery pack connection on vehicle ride comfort. All the simulated and experimental results show that changing the rigid connection between vehicle body and battery pack to flexible connection can effectively reduce the RMS of vehicle body vertical acceleration, thereby improving the vehicle ride comfort, and can also reduce the RMS of vertical battery pack vertical acceleration to ensure the safety of battery pack.

Nowadays, the series-parallel (SP) and the parallel-series (PS) configurations represent the main architectures considered for designing a battery pack. In both architectures, cell-to-cell parameters’ variations due to manufacturing tolerances, thermal gradients, and cell degradation can strongly impact the overall performance of battery packs. However, the effect of the parameter variation on the pack performance changes depending on the architecture and the number of cells. This manuscript aims at providing a method for the assessment of the impact of cell-to-cell parameters’ variations due to potential different aging and thermal conditions for the cells in a generic SP and PS pack architecture. For this purpose, a generalized reduced order equivalent circuit model for the battery pack is defined, leading to a set of steady-state equations for easily and systematically calculating the current and voltage imbalances due to capacity and internal resistance variations independently from the pack architecture and the number of cells. A parametric analysis is reported for quantitatively evaluating the severity of the imbalances due to the cell-to-cell parameters’ variations for both battery pack architectures. The results of the comparative analysis demonstrate that PS architecture is more impacted by parameters’ variations with respect to the SP one, since a higher current imbalance is always obtained. The difference in the severity of the current imbalance in the pack architectures strongly increases as the number of series-connected cells rises. Moreover, among the cell parameters’ variations, a major impact of the capacity imbalance on the reduction of the overall performance of the battery pack is observed.

The fire hazard resulting from the thermal runaway of lithium-ion batteries constitutes an severe threat for electric vehicles, and discovering an effective and prompt method for suppressing battery fire is still challenging. In this paper, a finite volume model for simulating the process of extinguishing lithium-ion battery fire was established, and the effect of water mist on suppressing battery fire was studied. It was found that the larger the droplet size, the greater the initial spray velocity, or the higher the nozzle height, the worse the fire extinguishing effect. The larger number of nozzles, the greater the spray flow, or the earlier the spray start time, the better the fire extinguishing effect. As the spray duration increased, the suppression effect at the center module gradually increased. When the water mist nozzle faced the center point of the module, the temperature rise was much lower than at other angles, and the fire extinguishing performance was the most effective. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents quality testing of battery pack welds for different welding time parameters of an automatic resistance spot welding machine. Several quality testing methods commonly used in studies of welded joints were described. Finally, the breakage test destructive method was chosen and used in this research. To investigate the influence of welder parameters on the quality of the welded joints, the programmable resistance spot welding machine was designed and constructed. As the studied samples, the 18650 cell type and the 8 mm x 0,15 mm cell packaging nickel plated steel tape were chosen as the most commonly used for the construction of battery packs for personal electric vehicles. The impact of each time constants set on the spot welding process was measured by the self-designed and constructed strength testing machine. After a series of tests with different parameters of spot welding process, the final conclusions were formulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In this study, the battery pack and ESP32 microcontroller-based battery management system (BMS) design for the electric bicycle have been carried out. The software updates were realized when the battery pack was in the box, thanks to the built-in Wi-Fi feature of the ESP32. The voltage values were read precisely, and a stable BMS was created with a 12-bit ADC-based ESP32 controller. The battery had temperature control from 7 different points. The temperature data was received from DS18B20 digital temperature sensors, and the charging current was cut off when the threshold value was exceeded. At the same time, the ACS712 5A current sensor was used to determine and prevent the excessive current draw. The charging current was defined as 2A. BMS cuts off the charging current to protect the battery pack when the charging current exceeds 3A. The resistor used for passive balancing in BMS was isolated from the ESP module with the KPS2801 optocoupler. The voltage of the battery pack was charged from 3.7 V to 3.85 V in the real-time test. The charging process continued for one hour, and the voltage changes of each cell were obtained in 10-minute periods. It was observed that all cells were charged in a balanced way at the end of the charging process. Thus, the charging process of the designed battery pack was carried out successfully through the designed BMS. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This manuscript proposes a hybrid method for optimum sizing and energy management (EM) of hybrid energy storage systems (HESSs) in Electric vehicle (EV). The proposed hybrid method is combined performance of Honey Badger Algorithm (HBA) and recalling-enhanced recurrent neural network (RERNN), commonly called HBA-RERNN method. The major objective of proposed system is reducing the vehicle life time cost. The HESSs are incorporated with battery and super capacitor (SC). The proposed method is utilized to solve combined energy management and optimization size. Based on the variables, such as size of battery pack and super capacitor pack, HESS size is reflected. Depend on various sensitivity factors, optimum hybrid energy storage systems size and financial costs are analyzed. At last, the performance of proposed system is implemented on MATLAB site and compared with several existing systems. From this simulation outcome, it concludes that the proposed system diminishes the overall cost and battery degradation cost as 66625 USD than the existing systems. The efficiency of the proposed system achieves 94.8763%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Accurate prediction and monitoring of the state of charge (SOC) of each cell in a battery pack are of great significance for safe driving of electric vehicles. Subject to the factors of differences between cells, temperature, and aging, the accuracy of existing SOC prediction methods may be affected in applications. This article employs a data-driven method with a proposed novel transfer learning framework considering conditional probability distribution adaptation to solve the impact of the aforementioned influencing factors on SOC prediction and obtains a favorable SOC prediction result for each cell. As experiments of actual battery pack provided by China First Automobile Work based demonstrated, the proposed method can accurately predict SOC of each cell under different influencing factors by using only one cell modeling data. Moreover, the proposed method is robust against model parameter uncertainties, sensor noise, etc. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]