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The Neotropical region hosts 4225 freshwater fish species, ranking first among the world's most diverse regions for freshwater fishes. Our NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set is the first to produce a large-scale Neotropical freshwater fish inventory, covering the entire Neotropical region from Mexico and the Caribbean in the north to the southern limits in Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay. We compiled 185,787 distribution records, with unique georeferenced coordinates, for the 4225 species, represented by occurrence and abundance data. The number of species for the most numerous orders are as follows: Characiformes (1289), Siluriformes (1384), Cichliformes (354), Cyprinodontiformes (245), and Gymnotiformes (135). The most recorded species was the characid Astyanax fasciatus (4696 records). We registered 116,802 distribution records for native species, compared to 1802 distribution records for nonnative species. The main aim of the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set was to make these occurrence and abundance data accessible for international researchers to develop ecological and macroecological studies, from local to regional scales, with focal fish species, families, or orders. We anticipate that the NEOTROPICAL FRESHWATER FISHES data set will be valuable for studies on a wide range of ecological processes, such as trophic cascades, fishery pressure, the effects of habitat loss and fragmentation, and the impacts of species invasion and climate change. There are no copyright restrictions on the data, and please cite this data paper when using the data in publications., (© 2022 The Ecological Society of America.)

Postoperative complications can be burdensome on both the patient and the surgeon. Attention in literature is often directed toward different forms of treatment and successful outcomes in surgery. The incentive of this article is to bring insight toward postoperative complications in rearfoot surgery, more specifically, the repair of the Achilles tendon with suture tape and suture anchors. This article directs attention to the recent reports on hypersensitivity reactions seen with the use of suture tape and nonabsorbable suture anchors and may encourage physicians to make patients aware of this potential complication when using these materials., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Revision surgeries, as well as conversions from implants to arthrodesis, can present unique challenges to the foot and ankle surgeon. Proper perioperative planning assists in optimizing the outcome of the procedure. In general, some amount of bone loss and/or shortening of the first metatarsal takes place, leading to the need for augmenting the site with bone graft or a synthetic substitute. Fixation also plays a key role in obtaining a successful conversion. A solid construct combined with bone graft assists the foot and ankle surgeon in achieving an optimal outcome., Competing Interests: Disclosure The authors have nothing to disclose., (Copyright © 2020 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Early avascular necrosis of metatarsal heads and cuboid injuries are uncommon conditions encountered by foot and ankle specialists. Treatment options are limited and typically include long periods of offloading or non-weightbearing. There is limited published information on alternative treatment approaches for such pathologies when conservative therapies fail. Presented are 2 patient cases treated with a percutaneous calcium phosphate injection after failure of standard therapy, persistent pain, and bone marrow edema in the foot., (Copyright © 2018 the American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Hallux varus is a deformity of acquired and less commonly congenital etiologies. It can present secondary to the release of the soft tissues surrounding the first metatarsophalangeal joint surfaces during bunion surgery. If the condition is left untreated, it can be debilitating, with progressive pain and destruction of joint surfaces. Many procedures have been described for the treatment of iatrogenic causes of hallux varus; however, little has been reported regarding the success of procedures when used for less typical traumatic causes. In the present report, a case is presented of surgical repair of a traumatic hallux varus using a suture and button fixation device and 3-year patient follow-up data., (Copyright © 2017 The American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Adult foretarsi of Heliconius erato Linnaeus (Lepidoptera, Nymphalidae) are reduced in size and are not used for walking. Foretarsi of the female have specialized sensilla that are presumably used to identify the host plant, by drumming. The mid- and hind tarsi also bear sensilla in both sexes, but these have not been described in detail, nor has their chemosensory function been determined. We described and compared the tarsi of H. erato under light and scanning electron microscopy. Behavioral experiments showed that differences in the shape, number, and size of sensilla were related to feeding and oviposition behaviors. Two types of sensillum (chaeticum and trichodeum) were found in similar numbers and size on the mid- and hind tarsi of both sexes. Sensilla on the female foretarsi act in host-plant site selection, strongly affecting oviposition rates when isolated. Male foretarsi lack sensilla, which may have been selected against due to the absence of function and thus lost. Sensilla on the mid- and hind tarsi are involved in sugar detection in both sexes, responding to an effective dose of sucrose (ED 50 ) near 0.01 M, and therefore might be used to identify food resources when the butterflies settle on flowers.

Ankle arthritis can be broadly classified as primary arthritis (nontraumatic degeneration) or secondary arthritis (post-traumatic degeneration). A good understanding of the anatomic features and presentations associated with each will assist the surgeon in determining the best course of action for each patient. Many variations of both primary and secondary arthritis can be treated conservatively; however, there are many times when conservative therapy is not adequate. In these cases, ankle arthroscopy may be considered before a joint fusion or replacement. Here, the authors discuss the common types of ankle arthritis, their presentations, and treatment success with ankle arthroscopy., (Copyright © 2017 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

First metatarsocuneiform joint arthrodesis has been used in foot and ankle surgery for the treatment of hallux abductovalgus deformity, among other pedal pathologic entities. The goal of the present retrospective study was to compare the fusion rates and complications of an intraplate compression screw fixation, crossing solid core screw fixation, and a single interfragmentary screw with a simple locking plate. All procedures were performed by a single surgeon, and all patients received an identical postoperative protocol. A medical record review was performed of 147 evenly distributed surgical methods. All patients were non-weightbearing by protocol for 4 weeks. The patient covariates included sex, age, nicotine status, osteoporosis, and diabetes. These variables were balanced among the treatment groups and were noncontributory, with the exception of sex. Male patients had a 6 times greater odds of experiencing nonunion. The overall nonunion rate was 6.7%, with 4% symptomatic and requiring revision. The individual nonunion rates for each method were 2% for intraplate compression screw fixation, 5% for single interfragmentary screw with locking plate fixation, and 9% for crossing solid core screw fixation. None of the differences reached statistical significance. The corresponding hardware removal rates were 12%, 11%, and 0%., (Copyright © 2017 American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

In recent years, arthroscopic procedures of the foot and ankle have seen a significant increase in both indications and popularity. Furthermore, technological advances in video quality, fluid management, and other arthroscopy-specific instruments continue to make arthroscopic procedures more effective with reproducible outcomes. As surgeons continue to use this approach, it is important that they have a complete understanding of the instrumentation available to them, including their indications and limitations., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

This article discusses four subsets of patients that have an increased risk of complications from tendon surgery in the foot and ankle: smokers, diabetics, and patients with peroneal or Achilles tendon pathology. Very little has been published on the complications of other tendon surgeries in the foot and ankle other than Achilles tendon repair. Data can be extrapolated from the general orthopedic literature and animal studies to help guide therapy and treatment options. The foot and ankle surgeon must take into account the entirety of the history and physical examination to develop a treatment plan that optimizes each patient's chance for a complication-free recovery., (Copyright © 2016 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Checkrein deformities are rare and involve entrapment or tethering of the flexor hallucis longus and, occasionally, flexor digitorum longus tendons. The deformity has typically been secondary to traumatic fractures of the talus, calcaneus, or deep posterior compartment syndrome resulting from fractures of the tibia and fibula and most fractures of the ankle. These result in flexion contractures at the interphalangeal joint of the hallux. Because of the rarity of this deformity, no single surgical technique has been defined as the standard. Previous interventions have included release of adhesions with or without Z-plasty lengthening of the involved tendons. The present study reports a case of checkrein deformity secondary to a malunited distal tibia fracture, with flexion deformities to digits 1 through 3. The patient underwent successful surgical correction with flexor tenotomies to the affected digits with interphalangeal arthrodesis to the hallux., (Copyright © 2014 American College of Foot and Ankle Surgeons. Published by Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Metatarsal fractures can present with a variety of situations. Ranging from the relatively benign, isolated central metatarsal fracture to the crush injury leading to extensive damage of the soft tissue and osseous components, these fractures can cause a significant inconvenience to the patient. With the exception of fifth metatarsal base fractures, little standardization is available for the treatment of metatarsal fractures. Controversy still exists regarding the proper treatment of various patient populations for junctional fifth metatarsal fractures. This article discusses the fractures of the first, central, and fifth metatarsals, as well as the treatment for the same., (Copyright © 2010 Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.)

Leaf morphology may vary considerably even within a branch of Passiflora suberosa plants. Leaves are of a typical green type in shaded areas, but in open fields turn into violet, and apparently have greater thickness and trichome density. The proximate causes and the adaptive meaning, if any, for the existence of the violet morph are still unknown. By cultivating P. suberosa clones under two light regimes (total and partial exposure to sunlight), we consecutively induced (first year) and then reversed (second year) the appearance of the violet morph. We evaluated the corresponding changes in morpho-anatomic and chemical leaf characteristics. Plants that were grown under partial sunlight had a greater size and did not alter their green color, but those grown under total sunlight changed into violet, were smaller in size and their leaves were tougher, thicker, and had a greater number of trichomes. The violet morph had increased anthocyanins and phenolic derivatives. It also showed cellular hypertrophy, a greater number of cell layers in the mesophyll, and a lignified pericycle. Since these morphs are interchangeable by changing light conditions, we inferred that they are not determined by genotypic diversity, but are mainly a result of a physiological response to light stress, and thus part of P. suberosa phenotypic plasticity.

Pantalar arthrodesis is a demanding procedure that serves a useful purpose for stabilization of the ankle, rearfoot, and midfoot. These fusions should be recognized as salvage procedures in the treatment of unstable and debilitating conditions as a result of severe degenerative joint disease, rheumatoid arthritis, neuropathic joint destruction, and paralytic or flail extremity dysfunction. As with all salvage-type procedures, patient and physician expectations must be the same to afford an acceptable and functional postoperative result.

While Behçet's disease is an uncommon presentation to a podiatric clinical setting, it is nonetheless a fascinating and poorly understood disease as demonstrated by the current and historical research available about the topic. Much debate remains about the disease cause, course and treatment goals. Only through further research into the specific components of this multisystem disease will medicine be more fully able to address the needs of the patient. This discussion should offer the podiatric physician an overview of the disease as well as available treatment options.

Altering standard AO/ASIF techniques when performing open reduction with internal fixation of fibular fractures by using cancellous screws in place of cortical screws appears to be a viable option. By eliminating a few steps in screw application, the additive effect can lead to a significant decrease in operative and tourniquet time. Close inspection of hardware postoperatively has failed to show any signs of screw loosening or delay in fracture healing. In those cases when hardware has had to be removed, it was noted that screw tightness had not been altered. This topic has been anecdotally discussed within our institution and will be the subject of future scientific investigation. The authors feel that the application of fibular plates with cancellous screws is an acceptable alternative to standard orthopedic technique. Although we do not routinely vary from standard AO/ASIF technique, we feel this particular alteration does not affect outcome other than reducing surgical and tourniquet time, therefore reducing the surgical risks.

Bone grafting techniques have progressed in the twentieth century, leading to results that are more predictable. A complete understanding of the entire healing process has broadened indications while decreasing complications. Numerous possibilities are available to the foot and ankle surgeon for reconstruction or trauma scenarios. Combining the art (knowing when to use specific grafting techniques) with the science of graft healing will provide satisfactory results.

The intent of this article is to present the current understanding of fracture repair and offer investigative evidence to the use of exogenous growth factors enhancing fracture healing. The authors believe that exogenous growth factors have tremendous clinical applications and will continue to influence bone healing in the future. With the expanding knowledge of the intricate molecular and cellular biology of fracture repair being realized, surgeons will be able to enhance and ensure healing of surgical osteotomies, fractured bone ends, or delayed unions. This field of medicine is continuously growing and the possibilities seem endless.