Search

Cerebral palsy (CP) is the most common movement disorder in children that is associated with life-long disability and multiple impairments. The clinical manifestations of CP vary among children. CP is accompanied by a wide range of problems and has a broad spectrum. Children with CP demonstrate poor fine and dross motor function due to psychomotor disturbances. Early rehabilitation programs are essential for children with CP and should be appropriate for the age and functional condition of the patients. Kinesio taping (KT) technique is a relatively new technique applied in rehabilitation programs of CP. This article reviews the effects of KT techniques on improving motor skills in children with CP. In this study, we used keywords "cerebral palsy, Kinesio Tape, KT and Taping" in the national and international electronic databases between 1999 and 2016. Out of the 43 articles obtained, 21 studies met the inclusion criteria. There are several different applications about KT technique in children with CP. Review of the literature demonstrated that the impact of this technique on gross and fine motor function and dynamic activities is more effective than postural and static activities. Also this technique has more effectiveness in the child at higher developmental and motor stages. The majority of consistent findings showed that KT technique as part of a multimodal therapy program can be effective in the rehabilitation of children with CP to improve motor function and dynamic activities especially in higher developmental and motor stages.

Objective: Approximately one third of epileptic children are resistant to anticonvulsant drugs. This study evaluates the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of pregabalin as adjunctive therapy in epileptic children relative to Zonisamide., Materials & Methods: From April 2012 to November 2012,121 children were referred to Mofid Children's Hospital with intractable epilepsy and enrolled in the study. The patients were divided into two groups (A and B) randomly. Group A was treated with Zonisamide and group B was treated with Pregabalin in addition to prior medication. We assessed seizure frequency and severity during a 4-week interval from the beginning of the drug treatment and compared the efficacy of each in these two groups., Results: Group A consists of 61 patients, 26 (42.6%) girls, and35 (57.4%) boys with an age range from 1.5 months-14 years (mean, 73.9± 44.04 months). Group B consists of 60 patients, 31(51.7%) girls, 29 (48.3%) boys with an age range from 6 months-16 years (mean, 71±42.9 months). Age, gender, seizure onset, seizure frequency, seizure type, and previous antiepileptic medications showed that there was no significant difference between the groups (P>0.05). Zonisamide and pregabalin reduced more than 50% of seizure intensity in 40.2%; 45.8% of patients also had a seizure frequency decline between35.8-44.4%, respectively and there was no significant superiority between these two novel anticonvulsants (P>0.05)., Conclusion: In this survey both pregabalin and Zonisamide were impressive for seizure control in children with intractable epilepsy and well sustained with mild complications that were completely reversible.

Vigabatrin is an antiepileptic drug that results in higher gamma-aminobutyrate levels in the brain and retina. Vigabatrin-induced visual field defects are usually asymptomatic and only detectable by perimetry. Further, perimetry requires good cooperation, and children aged under 10 years cannot do it. Electroretinogram response amplitude to full-field 30-Hz flicker shine has been offered to be more specific in predicting visual field defects. This study is scheduled to investigate the vigabatrin-associated visual complications in 67 epileptic children taking vigabatrin using full-field electroretinogram. Electroretinographic surveys showed normal range parameters despite 3 months of vigabatrin treatment, and just 3 (4.47%) children had been visually impaired at the end of 6-month treatment. Among these 3 cases, 1 patient had persistent electroretinogram abnormality despite vigabatrin discontinuation. Our study suggests that vigabatrin is secure for short-term pediatric antiepileptic treatment, with few cases of visual impairments and that are often reversible., (© The Author(s) 2013.)

Objective: Approximately one-third of all children with epilepsy do not achieve complete seizure improvement. This study evaluated the efficacy of Vigabatrin in children with intractable epilepsy., Methods: From November 2011 to October 2012, 73 children with refractory epilepsy (failure of seizure control with the use of two or more anticonvulsant drugs) who were referred to the Children's Medical Center and Mofid Children's Hospital were included in the study. The patients were treated with Vigabatrin in addition to their previous medication, and followed-up after three to four weeks to determine the daily frequency, severity, and duration of seizures in addition to any reported side effects., Findings: Of the 67 children, 41 (61.2%) were males and 26 (38.8%) females, their age ranging from three months to 13 years with an average of 3.1 [standard deviation (SD), 2.6] years. The mean daily frequency of seizures at baseline was 6.61 (SD, 5.9) seizures per day. Vigabatrin reduced the seizure frequency ≤2.9 (SD, 5.2) (56% decline) and 3.0 (SD, 5.3) (54.5% decline) per day after three and six months of treatment, respectively. A significant difference was observed between seizure frequencies at three (P<0.001) and six months (P<0.001) after Vigabatrin initiation compared with the baseline. Somnolence [3 (4.5%)], horse laugh [1 (1.5%)], urinary stones [1 (1.5%)], increased appetite [1 (1.5%)], and abnormal electroretinographic pattern [3 (4.5%)] were the most common side effects in our patients., Conclusion: This study confirms the short-term efficacy and safety of Vigabatrin in children with refractory epilepsies.

Objective: Approximately one third of epileptic children do not achieve complete seizure improvement. Zonisamide is a new antiepileptic drug which is effective as adjunctive therapy in treatment of intractable partial seizures. The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the effectiveness, safety, and tolerability of Zonisamide in epileptic children., Materials & Methods: From November 2011 until October 2012, 68 children who referred to Children's Medical Center and Mofid Children Hospital due to refractory epilepsy (failure of seizure control with the use of two or more anticonvulsant drugs) entered the study. The patients were treated with Zonisamide by dose of 2- 12 mg/kg daily in addition to the previous medication. We followed the children every three to four-weeks intervals based on daily frequency, severity and duration of seizures. During the follow-up equal and more than fifty percent reduction in seizure frequency or severity known as response to the drug., Results: In this study 68 patients were examined that 61 children reached the last stage.35 (57.4%) were male and 26 (42.6%) patients were female. After first and six months of Zonisamide administration daily seizure frequency decreased to 2.95±3.54 and 3.73±3.5 respectively. There was significant difference between seizure frequency in first and six month after Zonisamide toward initial attacks. After six months ZNS therapy a little side effects were created in 10 patients (16.4%) including stuttering(4.9%), decreased appetite (4.9%), hallucination (1.6%), dizziness(1.6%), blurred vision(1.6%) and suspiring(1.6%) as all of them eliminated later dosage reduction., Conclusion: This study confirms the short term efficacy and safety of Zonisamide in children with refractory epilepsies.

Objective: Muscle biopsy is a very important diagnostic test in the investigation of a child with suspected neuromuscular disorder. The goal of this study was to review and evaluate pediatric muscle biopsies during a 2-year period with focus on histopathology diagnosis and correlations with other paraclinic studies., Materials & Methods: We investigated 100 muscle biopsies belonging to patients with clinical impression of neuromuscular disorder. These patients have been visited consecutively by pediatric neurologists during 2010 to 2012. Samples were investigated by standard enzyme histochemical and immunohistochemical techniques., Result: Sixty-nine (69%) males and 39 (39%) females with a mean age of 5.7 years were evaluated. Major pathologic diagnoses were Muscular dystrophy (48 cases), Neurogenic atrophy (18 cases), nonspecific myopathic atrophy (12cases), congenital myopathy (6 cases), storage myopathies (4 cases) and in 6 cases there was no specific histochemical pathologic finding. EMG was abnormal in 79 cases. Degree of correlation between EMG and biopsy result was significant in children ≥ 2 years of age., Conclusion: This study confirms the high diagnostic yields of muscle biopsy especially only if standard and new techniques such as enzyme study and immunohistochemistry are implemented. Also, we report 11 cases of Merosin negative congenital muscular dystrophy. This is the largest documented case series of Merosin deficient congenital muscular dystrophy reported from Iran.

Objective: Guillain-Barre syndrome (GBS) is an immune-mediated polyneuropathy that occurs mostly after prior infection. The diagnosis of this syndrome is dependent heavily on the history and examination, although cerebrospinal fluid analysis and electrodiagnostic testing usually confirm the diagnosis. This is a retrospective study which was performed to investigate the atypical features of GBS., Materials & Methods: Thirty three patients (21/63.6% males and 12/36.4% females) with GBS were retrospectively studied and prospectively evaluated at the Child Neurology institute of Mofid Children Hospital of Shahid Beheshti University of Medical Sciences between May 2011 and September 2012., Results: The mean age was 5.4 years (range, 1.5-10.5).Twenty one patients (87.9%) had previous history of infections. Eight patients (24.2%) admitted with atypical symptoms like upper limb weakness (3%), ptosis (3%), neck stiffness (3%), inability to stand (proximal weakness) (9.1%), headache (3%) and dysphagia (3%).According to disease process, weakness was ascending in 26 (78.8%), descending in 5 (15.2%) and static in 2 (6.1%) patients. Cranial nerve involvement was found in 8(24.3%) children, most commonly as facial palsy in 3 (9.1%)., Conclusion: In this study, 24.3% of our patients presented with atypical symptoms of GBS as upper limb weakness, ptosis, neck stiffness, inability to stand (proximal weakness), headache and dysphagia.