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This paper proposes a set of recommendations for the return of research results and incidental findings in paediatrics. The Network of Applied Genetic Medicine of Quebec spearheaded the initiative to develop the Statement of Principles on the Return of Research Results and Incidental Findings, which was the result of a consultation process with clinical and research experts in the field. To formulate the Statement of Principles, the authors (i) reviewed empirical and grey literature on the return of research results and incidental findings in Europe and Canada, (ii) conducted a qualitative study of stakeholder groups, (iii) developed, and (iv) validated the recommendations through consultations with the stakeholder groups. The Statement of Principles provides a useful disclosure tool for deciding when, and under what circumstances to return research results and incidental findings. It addresses the issue of return of results in genetic research generally, and has also specific principles for various research contexts, including paediatric research. It delineates ethical issues unique to paediatric research, and provides a framework to guide research ethics committees as well as the research community in addressing these issues. Key words: genetic/genomic research, paediatrics, return of results, incidental findings, ethics. Cet article propose une serie de recommandations au sujet de la communication des resultats de recherche et des decouvertes fortuites en pediatrie. Le Reseau de Medecine Genetique Appliquee (RMGA) du Quebec a supervise et endosse l'Enonce de principes sur la communication des resultats de recherche et des decouvertes fortuites, lequel est le fruit d'un processus de consultation mene aupres d'experts cliniques et en recherche dans ce domaine. Pour formuler cet Enonce de principes, les auteurs ont (i) passe en revue la litterature empirique et grise sur le sujet de la communication des resultats de recherche et des decouvertes fortuites en Europe et au Canada, (ii) realise une etude qualitative aupres de parties prenantes, (iii) developpe et (iv) valide les recommandations via des consultations impliquant des parties prenantes. L'Enonce de principes apporte un outil de divulgation utile pour decider quand et dans quelles circonstances il convient de communiquer les resultats d'aide a la decision de recherche et les decouvertes fortuites. Il aborde la question de la communication des resultats de la recherche genetique de maniere generale et apporte egalement des principes specifiques pour differents contextes de recherche, dont la recherche en pediatrie. Il cerne les enjeux ethiques qui sont uniques a la recherche pediatrique et fournit un cadre pour guider les comites d'ethique en recherche ainsi que la communaute scientifique en ce qui a trait a ces enjeux. [Traduit par la Redaction] Mots-cles: recherche genetique/genomique, pediatrie, communication des resultats, decouvertes fortuites, ethique., Introduction Rapid advances in research and clinical sequencing underscores the immediacy of national and international consensus regarding the return of research results and incidental findings. Although a number of professional [...]

Introduction The consumer role in health research is becoming increasingly prominent in many countries. Australia has a Medical Services Advisory Committee (MSAC) largely comprising physicians and health economists, but also [...]

Genesis In the beginning, there was the Nuremberg Code. But in 1964, the recently established World Medical Association saw that Code, that it was not good. So World Medical Association [...]

Background Governments increasingly emphasize the importance of public input in processes related to policy and decision making. (1) Over the last decades, public input has become standard practice in, for [...]

Abstract Background Obtaining a research participant’s voluntary and informed consent is the bedrock of sound ethics practice. Greater inclusion of children in research has led to questions about how paediatric consent operates in practice to accord with current and emerging legal and socio-ethical issues, norms, and requirements. Methods Employing a qualitative thematic content analysis, we examined paediatric consent forms from major academic centres and public organisations across Canada dated from 2008–2011, which were purposively selected to reflect different types of research ethics boards, participants, and studies. The studies included biobanking, longitudinal studies, and gene-environment studies. Our purpose was to explore the following six emerging issues: (1) whether the scope of parental consent allows for a child’s assent, dissent, or future consent; (2) whether the concepts of risk and benefit incorporate the child’s psychological and social perspective; (3) whether a child’s ability to withdraw is respected and to what extent withdrawal is permitted; (4) whether the return of research results includes individual results and/or incidental findings and the processes involved therein; (5) whether privacy and confidentiality concerns adequately address the child’s perspective and whether standard data and/or sample identifiability nomenclature is used; and (6) whether retention of and access to paediatric biological samples and associated medical data are addressed. Results The review suggests gaps and variability in the consent forms with respect to addressing each of the six issues. Many forms did not discuss the possibility of returning research results, be they individual or general/aggregate results. Forms were also divided in terms of the scope of parental consent (specific versus broad), and none discussed a process for resolving disputes that can arise when either the parents or the child wishes to withdraw from the study. Conclusions The analysis provides valuable insight and evidence into how consent forms address current ethical issues. While we do not thoroughly explore the contexts and reasons behind consent form gaps and variability, we do advocate and formulate the development of best practices for drafting paediatric health research consent forms. This can greatly ameliorate current gaps and facilitate harmonised and yet contextualised approaches to paediatric health research ethics.

Abstract Background Non-therapeutic trials in which terminally ill cancer patients are asked to undergo procedures such as biopsies or venipunctures for research purposes, have become increasingly important to learn more about how cancer cells work and to realize the full potential of clinical research. Considering that implementing non-therapeutic studies is not likely to result in direct benefits for the patient, some authors are concerned that involving patients in such research may be exploitive of vulnerable patients and should not occur at all, or should be greatly restricted, while some proponents doubt whether such restrictions are appropriate. Our objective was to explore clinician-researcher attitudes and concerns when recruiting patients who are in advanced stages of cancer into non-therapeutic research. Methods We conducted a qualitative exploratory study by carrying out open-ended interviews with health professionals, including physicians, research nurses, and study coordinators. Interviews were audio-recorded and transcribed. Analysis was carried out using grounded theory. Results The analysis of the interviews unveiled three prominent themes: 1) ethical considerations; 2) patient-centered issues; 3) health professional issues. Respondents identified ethical issues surrounding autonomy, respect for persons, beneficence, non-maleficence, discrimination, and confidentiality; bringing to light that patients contribute to science because of a sense of altruism and that they want reassurance before consenting. Several patient-centered and health professional issues are having an impact on the recruitment of patients for non-therapeutic research. Facilitators were most commonly associated with patient-centered issues enhancing communication, whereas barriers in non-therapeutic research were most often professionally based, including the doctor-patient relationship, time constraints, and a lack of education and training in research. Conclusions This paper aims to contribute to debates on the overall challenges of recruiting patients to non-therapeutic research. This exploratory study identified general awareness of key ethical issues, as well as key facilitators and barriers to the recruitment of patients to non-therapeutic studies. Due to the important role played by clinicians and clinician-researchers in the recruitment of patients, it is essential to facilitate a greater understanding of the challenges faced; to promote effective communication; and to encourage educational research training programs.

Children between the ages of six months and five years may aspirate, or inhale, foreign objects that then block the airways, sometimes leading to suffocation. This occurs twice as often in males as in females, and deaths associated with choking are often due to the inhalation of food. However, death may also result from inhalation of common household objects and toys, such as toy rubber balloons. The cases are described of four children who choked on toy rubber balloons and died in Canada between 1983 and 1988. The United States Consumer Product Safety Commission reported that 121 children died in a similar manner between 1973 and 1988 in the United States. The highest death rate occurred among infants, while 30 of 121 deaths occurred in children aged six years and older. Balloons are responsible for 43 percent of the approximately 15 childhood deaths related to children's products that occur each year, as reported by the Consumer Product Safety Commission. Because toy rubber balloons are the leading cause of death in children due to choking on children's products, it was recommended that this type of balloon be banned. In addition, the development of safer alternatives is encouraged. Public information campaigns may be useful in warning parents, physicians, and policymakers about the dangers of toy rubber balloons. (Consumer Summary produced by Reliance Medical Information, Inc.)