Search

Nail-Patella Syndrome (NPS) is a rare autosomal dominant illness. Patients typically exhibit a tetrad of dysplastic finger or toenails, elbow dysplasia, hypoplastic or missing patellae, and iliac horns as their first musculoskeletal and dermatological symptoms. A higher occurrence of psychiatric disorders, such as depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, has also been reported with NPS. This is a rare case of NPS, presenting with depression as the major symptom in an 18-year-old young girl who presented to the psychiatry Outpatient Department (OPD) with depressive symptoms like persistent low mood, loss of pleasure or anhedonia, loss of appetite, disturbed sleep, and thoughts of death. After 10 days of treatment with antidepressant drugs like Benzodiazepines, she was discharged and followed-up on an OPD basis. After a thorough evaluation, hypoplastic patella, swan-necked nails, radial head subluxation, and right eye glaucoma were also noted, and a final diagnosis of Nail-Patella Syndrome was made. A case of NPS can present in any department, such as in Medicine for nail dysplasia, in Orthopaedics for elbow or patella dysplasia, or in Dermatology for iliac horns. Here, the case was primarily presented to the Psychiatry department and later managed by a team of physicians, orthopaedicians, and psychiatrists. Careful illustration of the family history reveals more cases.

Introduction: Methylphenidate (MPH) is a common treatment of attention‐deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Concern has been raised regarding its cardiovascular safety, partly in relation with its micromolar affinity for the 5‐HT2B receptor, whose activation may result in valvular heart disease (VHD). Methods: To explore the association between the use of MPH and VHD reporting, we performed a disproportionality analysis within the WHO global safety database (VigiBase) using data, since inception until March 6th 2024, from: (i) the full database and (ii) different age groups (children/adolescents 6–17 years; adults 18–64 years). To avoid competition bias, safety reports with amphetamine‐like appetite suppressants were excluded. Disproportionality was expressed using reporting odds‐ratio (ROR) and its 95% confidence interval (CI). Results: Of 29 129 spontaneous reports with MPH, 23 VHD cases (7.9 per 10 000 reports) were identified, including 13 adults and 10 children. Most cases concerned injury on the mitral valve. A disproportionate reporting was observed overall (ROR 1.6, 95% CI 1.1–2.4). Analysis according to age group found that disproportionality in VHD reporting was found in adults only (ROR 2.7, 95% CI 1.6–4.7) but not in children/adolescents (ROR 1.7, 95% CI 0.9–3.2). Furthermore, amongst MPH users only, VHD reporting was higher in adults compared to children (ROR 2.7, 95% CI 1.2–6.3). Conclusion: VHD reporting appears rare with MPH compared to other adverse events and is increased in adults only. Our findings support a potential safety signal of VHD in adults exposed to MPH. A risk in that population cannot be excluded and requires further assessment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Nail-Patella Syndrome (NPS) is a rare autosomal dominant illness. Patients typically exhibit a tetrad of dysplastic finger or toenails, elbow dysplasia, hypoplastic or missing patellae, and iliac horns as their first musculoskeletal and dermatological symptoms. A higher occurrence of psychiatric disorders, such as depression and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, has also been reported with NPS. This is a rare case of NPS, presenting with depression as the major symptom in an 18-year-old young girl who presented to the psychiatry Outpatient Department (OPD) with depressive symptoms like persistent low mood, loss of pleasure or anhedonia, loss of appetite, disturbed sleep, and thoughts of death. After 10 days of treatment with antidepressant drugs like Benzodiazepines, she was discharged and followed-up on an OPD basis. After a thorough evaluation, hypoplastic patella, swan-necked nails, radial head subluxation, and right eye glaucoma were also noted, and a final diagnosis of Nail-Patella Syndrome was made. A case of NPS can present in any department, such as in Medicine for nail dysplasia, in Orthopaedics for elbow or patella dysplasia, or in Dermatology for iliac horns. Here, the case was primarily presented to the Psychiatry department and later managed by a team of physicians, orthopaedicians, and psychiatrists. Careful illustration of the family history reveals more cases. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) are two highly prevalent and commonly co-occurring neurodevelopmental disorders. The neural mechanisms underpinning the comorbidity of ASD and ADHD (ASD + ADHD) remain unclear. We focused on the topological organization and functional connectivity of brain networks in ASD + ADHD patients versus ASD patients without ADHD (ASD-only). Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data from 114 ASD and 161 typically developing (TD) individuals were obtained from the Autism Brain Imaging Data Exchange II. The ASD patients comprised 40 ASD + ADHD and 74 ASD-only individuals. We constructed functional brain networks for each group and performed graph-theory and network-based statistic (NBS) analyses. Group differences between ASD + ADHD and ASD-only were analyzed at three levels: nodal, global, and connectivity. At the nodal level, ASD + ADHD exhibited topological disorganization in the temporal and occipital regions, compared with ASD-only. At the global level, ASD + ADHD and ASD-only displayed no significant differences. At the connectivity level, the NBS analysis revealed that ASD + ADHD showed enhanced functional connectivity between the prefrontal and frontoparietal regions, as well as between the orbitofrontal and occipital regions, compared with ASD-only. The hippocampus was the shared region in aberrant functional connectivity patterns in ASD + ADHD and ASD-only compared with TD. These findings suggests that ASD + ADHD displays altered topology and functional connectivity in the brain regions that undertake social cognition, language processing, and sensory processing. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Abstract Background Debate still exists on the effect of central auditory processing disorder (CAPD) on the language of children with attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). This study aimed to explore the deficits of the central auditory processing (CAP) functions and their relation to language development and ADHD symptoms in 30 Egyptian Arabic-speaking children with ADHD between 4 and ≤ 7 years old. ADHD symptoms were rated by Conners’ Parent Rating Scale–Revised. Language development was assessed by the Modified Pre-school Language Scale (PLS) 4th edition, the Arabic version, and the Egyptian Arabic Pragmatic Language Test. CAP functions were tested by the Pediatric Speech Intelligibility (PSI) test (Arabic version). Results Sixty percent of the ADHD children had comorbid CAPD with predominance among ADHD children of combined type. There was a significant positive correlation between all PSI subtests assessing the monotonic auditory closure and dichotic auditory separation abilities in both ears and the language ages by the modified PLS-4. There was also a significant positive correlation between scores of the Egyptian Arabic Pragmatic Language Test (EAPLT) and the monotonic auditory closure ability in both ears and auditory separation ability in the right ear only.There was a non-significant mild difference in scores of the modified PLS-4 in favor of the ADHD children with normal CAP functions. Conclusion Not all children with ADHD have central auditory processing disorder as both ADHD and CAPD are independent disorders. Better central auditory processing functions are associated with well-developed language and higher pragmatic skills in ADHD children.

Attention is a crucial cognitive function that enables us to selectively focus on relevant information from the surrounding world to achieve our goals. Impairments in sustained attention pose challenges, particularly in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impulsive and inattentive behavior. While psychostimulant medications are the most effective ADHD treatment, they often yield unwanted side effects, making it crucial to explore non-pharmacological treatments. We propose a groundbreaking protocol that combines electroencephalography-based neurofeedback with virtual reality (VR) as an innovative approach to address attention deficits. By integrating a virtual classroom environment, we aim to enhance the transferability of attentional control skills while simultaneously increasing motivation and interest among children. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of this approach through an initial assessment involving a small group of healthy children, showcasing its potential for future evaluation in ADHD children. Preliminary results indicate high engagement and positive feedback. Pre- and post-protocol assessments via EEG and fMRI recordings suggest changes in attentional function. Further validation is required, but this protocol is a significant advancement in neurofeedback therapy for ADHD. The integration of EEG-NFB and VR presents a novel avenue for enhancing attentional control and addressing behavioral challenges in children with ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) in children living in South Africa has led to the development and subsequent implementation and evaluation of a model by mothers aimed at facilitating their self-directedness. Purpose: The study aimed to describe the experiences of mothers of children living with ADHD on implementing the model for the facilitation of self-directedness of the mothers of children living with ADHD. Design and methods: A qualitative, exploratory, descriptive, and contextual research design was utilized. The population included all mothers of children living with ADHD residing in Gauteng. Six mothers of children living with ADHD were purposefully sampled and implemented the model. Participants had to meet an inclusion criteria. Results: The findings revealed that the model had a profound transformational and empowering impact on the mothers and their children’s well-being and mental health. These mothers experienced significant improvements in their relationships with their families and other members of the community. The model led to the mothers’ self-direction and discovering their purpose in life. Conclusion: The mothers experienced that they had acquired skills and were confident in dealing with challenges met with children living with Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder, as well as developed trust in members of the community and family. Thus, the model led to the mothers’ self-direction and discovering their purpose in life as an integral part of mental health.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and American Psychiatric Association (APA) have recognised premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) as an independent diagnostic entity, legitimising the distress and socio-occupational impairment experienced by affected women. However, the biological validity of this diagnosis remains inexplicit. This illness has also been criticised for a feminist-led, sympathetic reaction to the modern cultural challenges of urban, literate, employed, high-functioning women. This article systematically reviews existing literature on PMDD using the criteria established by Robins and Guze for the validity of a psychiatric diagnosis (clinical description, laboratory study, exclusion of other disorders, follow-up study, and family study). Despite the early recognition of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in the 1950s, the research has encountered challenges due to two groups of proponents viewing it with psychologising bias and medicalising bias. PMDD is currently understood as the most severe form of PMS, characterised by the presence of psychological features. Recent evidence suggests that PMDD perhaps has neurodevelopmental underpinnings (attention deficit hyperactive disorder, adverse childhood experiences) affecting the fronto-limbic circuit that regulates the emotions. In addition, the affected individuals exhibit an increased sensitivity to gonadal hormonal fluctuations as observed during premenstrual, pregnancy, and perimenopausal phases of life. The prevalence is comparable between high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries (LAMIC), refuting the notion that it mostly affects modern women. Instead, a greater prevalence is observed in LAMIC. Despite the fact that educated women possess knowledge regarding the importance of getting help, there is a prevalent issue of inadequate help-seeking behaviour. This can be attributed to the perception of seeking help as an isolating experience, which is influenced by profound internalised stigma and discrimination in the workplace. Future studies must aim to develop culturally validated assessment tools and more research to understand the life course of the illness, in addition to systematically examining for more biological validators (animal models, genetics, imaging, neurotransmitters).

Objective:To examine the effect of atomoxetine（ATX） on clinical symptoms of boys with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder（ADHD） and its neurobiological mechanism.Methods:Seventeen ADHD boys met the criteria of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders,Fourth Edition（DSM-IV）,and 24 agematched normal control boys were recruited.ADHD boys received atomoxetine for 12 weeks.Their clinical symptoms were assessed with ADHD Rating-Scale（ADHD-RS）,and resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging was scanned before and after-treatment.Normal boys were scanned only at baseline.Regions showed significant difference of degree centrality（DC） between ADHD boys and normal controls at baseline was selected as region of interest（ROI）,and performed Granger Causality Analysis with rest voxels,to explore associations between clinical symptoms improvements and effective connectivity changes.Results:ADHD-RS total scores reduced significantly after ATX treatment [（52.1±10.9） vs.（43.9±9.3）,P <0.05].At baseline,DC in right precuneus were significantly lower in ADHD boys than in controls [（0.05±0.20） vs.（0.46±0.26）,P <0.05],and the cluster was set as ROI.Decreased ADHD-RS scores were negatively correlated with increased effective connectivity from ROI to insula（r=-0.88）,Rolandic operculum（r=-0.92）,and postcentral gyrus（r=-0.94）,while positively correlated with increased effective connectivity from ROI to inferior frontal gyrus（r=0.87） and from anterior cerebellum to ROI（r=0.87,Ps <0.05）.Conclusion:ATX could improve the ADHD clinical symptoms,and its underpinning mechanism may be altered effective connectivity between default mode network with salience,frontoparietal,sensorimotor network and cerebellum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention is a crucial cognitive function that enables us to selectively focus on relevant information from the surrounding world to achieve our goals. Impairments in sustained attention pose challenges, particularly in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by impulsive and inattentive behavior. While psychostimulant medications are the most effective ADHD treatment, they often yield unwanted side effects, making it crucial to explore non-pharmacological treatments. We propose a groundbreaking protocol that combines electroencephalography-based neurofeedback with virtual reality (VR) as an innovative approach to address attention deficits. By integrating a virtual classroom environment, we aim to enhance the transferability of attentional control skills while simultaneously increasing motivation and interest among children. The present study demonstrates the feasibility of this approach through an initial assessment involving a small group of healthy children, showcasing its potential for future evaluation in ADHD children. Preliminary results indicate high engagement and positive feedback. Pre- and post-protocol assessments via EEG and fMRI recordings suggest changes in attentional function. Further validation is required, but this protocol is a significant advancement in neurofeedback therapy for ADHD. The integration of EEG-NFB and VR presents a novel avenue for enhancing attentional control and addressing behavioral challenges in children with ADHD.

This paper explores research in how students with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder (ADHD) experience temporality. Using a phenomenological lens, the author looks for clues that indicate that students with ADHD sense time differently than those without ADHD and uses the writings on temporality by philosopher Martin Heidegger to underpin the importance of subjectivity in temporal perception. Her goal is to establish a philosophical framework for developing practical approaches to teaching art to secondary students that address the difference in temporal perception of students with ADHD in an effort to create a more inclusive learning environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Children with ADHD were found to have language impairment in many studies. The way they use language in their everyday life may be affected, namely, the pragmatic aspect of language. Measuring the affected parameters in all aspects of language will help to reach better rehabilitation. Thus, this study set out to observe relationships between hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattention with all language domains in 30 Egyptian Arabic-speaking children with ADHD between 4 and ≤7 years old with the aim of better intervention. Children were evaluated to establish the diagnosis of ADHD and its type following the diagnostic criteria of the DSM-V criteria and the Conners' Parent Rating Scale-Revised. Language abilities were assessed by the Pre-school Language Scale 4th edition (Arabic version), the Arabic articulation test, and the Egyptian Arabic Pragmatic Language Test. This assessment covered receptive and expressive language abilities and phonological and pragmatic skills. Compared to norms, it was found that the ADHD children who participated in this study had non-significant language delays in the parameters of the modified PLS-4 test. 70 % of the ADHD children had total pragmatic test scores below their 5th percentile, while 30 % of the children had total pragmatic test scores above their 5th percentile. 50 % of ADHD children failed to master certain sounds corresponding to their phonological age. A statistically significant negative correlation was observed between each of the inattention and hyperactivity/impulsivity scores and the receptive, expressive, total language ages, and pragmatic language scores. Children with ADHD in this study did not show major difficulties in areas beyond what would be expected in normally developing children. Most children with ADHD in the present study had problems with pragmatic language aspects that are correlated positively to ADHD symptoms. 50 % of ADHD children failed to master certain sounds corresponding to their chronological age. • Children with ADHD have no major difficulties in areas of semantics and syntax when compared to their normal peers. • ADHD children had delayed pragmatic development which is negatively correlated to the hyperactivity/impulsivity and inattentive symptoms. • ADHD children have problems understanding and using paralinguistics skills, narrative skills, and WH questions. • ADHD children fail to master certain Arabic speech sounds corresponding to their chronological age. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pharmacological treatment for ADHD exhibits much variation. Longitudinal prescription-filling trajectories are interesting objects to explore. The goal of this study is to identify distinct patterns of longitudinal prescription filling among pediatric patients who were ever diagnosed with ADHD. Methods: Longitudinal data of ADHD-specific prescription filling during 2010–2019 of children diagnosed with ADHD during 2000–2019 who were 4–17-years-old at the time of diagnosis was obtained. Clustering of prescription-filling vectors was performed using K-means. Results: Analysis of 57,110 prescription vectors yields five distinct patterns: high intensity treatment, from early childhood to late teens (5.7%); moderate intensity, from early childhood to late teens (13.3%); high intensity, from late childhood to late teens (6.1%); moderate intensity, from late childhood to late teens (14.2%); and low intensity, sporadic treatment (60.7%). These patterns correspond with observed clinical presentations. Conclusions: Identifying longitudinal prescription-filling patterns substantiates and qualifies the variation in long-term efficacy of pharmacological treatment for ADHD in a treatment-as-usual community setting. Prescription-filling implies that symptoms are present, and that treatment is efficacious, as perceived by parents' and carers. Prolonged pharmacological treatment was perceived to have had a positive net value for 40% of the children, which under appropriate reservations, provides weak evidence of efficacy. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background/Aim of the study: Exposure to maternal diabetes is considered one of the most common in utero insults that can result in an increased risk of complications later in life with a permanent effect on offspring health. In this study, we aim to assess the level of risk associated with each type of maternal diabetes on obesity, glucose intolerance, cardiovascular diseases (CVD), and neurodevelopmental disorders in offspring. Methods: We conducted a systematic review of the literature utilizing PubMed for studies published between January 2007 and March 2022. Our search included human cohorts and case control studies following offspring exposed at least to two different types of maternal diabetes clearly identified during pregnancy. Collected outcomes included prevalence, incidence, odds ratio, hazard ratio and risk ratio. Results: Among 3579 published studies, 19 cohorts were eligible for inclusion in our review. The risks for overweight, obesity, type 2 diabetes (T2D), glucose intolerance, metabolic syndrome, and CVD were increased for all types of maternal diabetes during pregnancy. The risk of overweight or obesity in infancy and in young adults was similar between gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and type 1 diabetes (T1D). The risk for T2D or abnormal glucose tolerance was double for offspring from GDM mothers compared to offspring from T1D mothers. In contrast, the risk for T1D in offspring at any age until young adulthood was increased when mothers had T1D compared to GDM and T2D. The risk for CVD was similar for all types of maternal diabetes, but more significant results were seen in the occurrence of heart failure and hypertension among offspring from T2D mothers. The risk of autism spectrum disorders and attention deficit/hyperactivity disorders was mainly increased after in utero exposure to preexisting T1D, followed by T2D. Conclusions: Offspring of diabetic mothers are at increased risk for multiple adverse outcomes with the highest risk detected among offspring from T2D mothers. Future work warrants large multiethnic prospective cohort studies that aim to identify the risks associated with each type of maternal diabetes separately. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the anti-oxidative potential of ascorbic acid on methylphenidate induced decreased spermatogenesis and decreased testosterone levels in male Albino rats. Methods: This experimental study was performed on twelve-week-old Albino male rats selected through randomized sampling technique divided into three groups. Only healthy male rats of the same age and weighing between 180 to 200 gms were included, and any rat was appearing sick or had less weight than 180gms and aged less than 12 weeks were excluded. Control group A received 2 ml of normal saline for 50 days. Group B was given 2mg/day methylphenidate per oral for 50 days, and Group C received 2mg/day methylphenidate for 50 days, then ascorbic acid 50mg/day for 10 days. After 60 days, rats were dissected, testes were removed and histologically examined for spermatogenesis by Johnson's scoring, and blood samples were collected to evaluate testosterone levels. Results: On histological examination, the testes of animals of Group B showed a statistically significant decrease in Johnson's score (p-value < 0.001) with disruption of germinal epithelium and absence of mature sperms. These findings were associated with reduced levels of serum testosterone in this group. Administration of Ascorbic acid (AA) to group C showed statistically improved Johnson score and testosterone levels compared to group B. Conclusion: It has been concluded that administering Ascorbic Acid can improve decreased spermatogenesis and serum testosterone levels induced by methylphenidate. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurodevelopmental disorder characterized by a reduced attention span, hyperactivity, and impulsive behaviors, which typically manifest during childhood. This study employs functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to use spontaneous brain activity for classifying individuals with ADHD, focusing on a 3D convolutional neural network (CNN) architecture to facilitate the design of decision support systems. We developed a novel deep learning model based on 3D CNNs using the ADHD-200 database, which comprises datasets from NeuroImage (NI), New York University (NYU), and Peking University (PU). We used fractional amplitude of low-frequency fluctuations (fALFF) and regional homogeneity (ReHo) data in three dimensions and performed a fivefold cross-validation to address the dataset imbalance. We aimed to verify the efficacy of our proposed 3D CNN by contrasting it with a fully connected neural network (FCNN) architecture. The 3D CNN achieved accuracy rates of 76.19% (NI), 69.92% (NYU), and 70.77% (PU) for fALFF data. The FCNN model yielded lower accuracy rates across all datasets. For generalizability, we trained on NI and NYU datasets and tested on PU. The 3D CNN achieved 69.48% accuracy on fALFF outperforming the FCNN. Our results demonstrate that using 3D CNNs for classifying fALFF data is an effective approach for diagnosing ADHD. Also, FCNN confirmed the efficiency of the designed model., (© 2024. The Author(s) under exclusive licence to Society for Imaging Informatics in Medicine.)

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is a neurobiological disorder that is characterised by inattention, hyperactivity, and impulse control problems. Students with ADHD are entering higher education at an increased rate and although there is some research on this population in higher education, library specific literature on the topic is lacking. This research is an examination of how undergraduates with ADHD use the library to perform research for academic purposes. By employing observational task and phenomenological interview methods on three undergraduates with ADHD, we can begin to form a library user profile of students with attention disorders. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Canadian Journal of Occupational Therapy is the property of Sage Publications Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The article presents a study related to an emotional assessment of adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) through event-related potentials. It mentions that patients with ADHD show higher amplitudes of late positive potential (LPP) during the processing of aversive stimuli and emotional regulation.

Background:Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is the most widely recognized neuro behavioral problem of children, which can interfere with the social and academic level.Objectives:To detect the prevalence of ADHD among primary school students in Tikrit city,Iraq, and to find the effect of the disease on school performance.Materials and methods:A cross-sectional study was done among students in 6 primary schools for boys and girls during the studying year 2012-2013. The criteria of diagnosis were done according to the American Psychiatric Association. Students who fulfill the criteria were included and the following parameters were studied including age, gender, family history, mother education,socioeconomic status of the family, and school performance.Results:The prevalence rate of ADHD in this study was 8.67%. Boys were mostly affected (65%). Most of them were under 9 years old (49%). Inattention sub type was mostly found in this study(38%) followed by combined (34%) and then hyperactive (28%). Positive family history was found in (43%) of cases. The education level of their mothers was intermediate or secondary school level(37%). The majority of the cases were from the middle socioeconomic status (53%). Poor school performance was seen in 69% of the cases. Conclusion: ADHD is a big problem among students of primary schools in Tikrit city with a significant effect on the academic state. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The purpose of this study is to explore the types of instructional communication between general teacher (GT) and ADHD students (SwADHD) during activities of the: pre-instructional, instructional process, and instructional evaluation. Data collection was carried out by observation and interviews. The data analysis used was thematic analysis. The results showed that the types of instructional communication between GT and SwADHD were: verbal, non-verbal, and verbal-non-verbal. The three types of instructional communication aim to: improve the socio-emotional relationship between GT and SwADHDs, reduce negative behavior that often appears in SwADHDs in the classroom, and improve quality of instruction; to achieve quality educational goals according to their characteristics and needs. The type of communication used between GT and SwADHDs has a significant impact on teachers in developing individual education programs. These result in a more humane experience for SwADHDs both academically and non-academically. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Purpose To examine the association between use of methylphenidate and the risk for valvular heart disease (VHD) in the Spanish primary care database BIFAP. Methods: Case‐control study nested in a cohort of patients aged 5 to 25 years between 2002 and 2014, based in a general practice research database. Cases were people with a validated diagnosis of VHD. Ten controls per case were matched on age, sex, and calendar year. Multivariable conditional logistic regression was used to estimate odds ratios (ORs) of VHD comparing patients ever treated with methylphenidate vs never users, as well as by time since last use, treatment duration, and variations in case inclusion criteria. Results: From a cohort of 1 596 284 patients, we identified 262 valid cases of VHD. No difference in the incidence of VHD was observed when comparing "ever users" of methylphenidate with "never users" (adjusted OR 0.52, 95%CI 0.16‐1.69). A similar result was found comparing current, recent, or past users of methylphenidate. Differences were not significant when both valid and probable cases were included as events of interest (adjusted OR 0.59, 95%CI 0.22‐1.63). Conclusions: In this first‐ever population‐based study on this issue, association between methylphenidate and the incidence of VHD among persons in the 5 to 25 years age range was neither confirmed nor excluded. Additional studies may be required to clarify the presence or absence of this relationship. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is one of the most common mental health disorders. As a neuro development disorder, neuroimaging technologies, such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), coupled with machine learning algorithms, are being increasingly explored as biomarkers in ADHD. Among various machine learning methods, deep learning has demonstrated excellent performance on many imaging tasks. With the availability of publically-available, large neuroimaging data sets for training purposes, deep learning-based automatic diagnosis of psychiatric disorders can become feasible. In this paper, we develop a deep learning-based ADHD classification method via 3-D convolutional neural networks (CNNs) applied to MRI scans. Since deep neural networks may utilize millions of parameters, even the large number of MRI samples in pooled data sets is still relatively limited if one is to learn discriminative features from the raw data. Instead, here we propose to first extract meaningful 3-D low-level features from functional MRI (fMRI) and structural MRI (sMRI) data. Furthermore, inspired by radiologists' typical approach for examining brain images, we design a 3-D CNN model to investigate the local spatial patterns of MRI features. Finally, we discover that brain functional and structural information are complementary, and design a multi-modality CNN architecture to combine fMRI and sMRI features. Evaluations on the hold-out testing data of the ADHD-200 global competition shows that the proposed multi-modality 3-D CNN approach achieves the state-of-the-art accuracy of 69.15% and outperforms reported classifiers in the literature, even with fewer training samples. We suggest that multi-modality classification will be a promising direction to find potential neuroimaging biomarkers of neuro development disorders.

The World Health Organization (WHO) and American Psychiatric Association (APA) have recognised premenstrual dysphoric disorder (PMDD) as an independent diagnostic entity, legitimising the distress and socio-occupational impairment experienced by affected women. However, the biological validity of this diagnosis remains inexplicit. This illness has also been criticised for a feminist-led, sympathetic reaction to the modern cultural challenges of urban, literate, employed, high-functioning women. This article systematically reviews existing literature on PMDD using the criteria established by Robins and Guze for the validity of a psychiatric diagnosis (clinical description, laboratory study, exclusion of other disorders, follow-up study, and family study). Despite the early recognition of premenstrual syndrome (PMS) in the 1950s, the research has encountered challenges due to two groups of proponents viewing it with psychologising bias and medicalising bias. PMDD is currently understood as the most severe form of PMS, characterised by the presence of psychological features. Recent evidence suggests that PMDD perhaps has neurodevelopmental underpinnings (attention deficit hyperactive disorder, adverse childhood experiences) affecting the fronto-limbic circuit that regulates the emotions. In addition, the affected individuals exhibit an increased sensitivity to gonadal hormonal fluctuations as observed during premenstrual, pregnancy, and perimenopausal phases of life. The prevalence is comparable between high-income countries and low- and middle-income countries (LAMIC), refuting the notion that it mostly affects modern women. Instead, a greater prevalence is observed in LAMIC. Despite the fact that educated women possess knowledge regarding the importance of getting help, there is a prevalent issue of inadequate help-seeking behaviour. This can be attributed to the perception of seeking help as an isolating experience, which is influenced by profound internalised stigma and discrimination in the workplace. Future studies must aim to develop culturally validated assessment tools and more research to understand the life course of the illness, in addition to systematically examining for more biological validators (animal models, genetics, imaging, neurotransmitters)., Competing Interests: The authors declare that the research was conducted in the absence of any commercial or financial relationships that could be construed as a potential conflict of interest. The handling editor GD declared a past co-authorship with the author SN., (© 2023 Naik, Nidhi, Kumar and Grover.)

Major depressive disorder is an important psychiatric illness that can be a lifethreatening condition when it presents with suicidality. This case report describes an adolescent who presented with major depressive disorder but with an underlying undiagnosed attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). The 17-year-old male adolescent presented with psychosomatic complaint of non-resolving left sided chest pain. He also had major depressive symptoms and suicidal ideation. His ADHD was being missed. This case highlights the difficulty of diagnosing ADHD during adolescence as the presentation may not be as typical as during earlychildhood years. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder ranks among the top neuropsychiatric disorder of childhood and adolescents. Methylphenidate (MPH) is the most frequently used pharmacologic agent to treat this condition. Its long-term use has been associated with many unwanted and adverse effects on many organs including male gonads, but so far no study has been done to find out a protective agent. This study investigated the protective potential of Vitamin E (Vit E) against the microscopic and morphometric alterations in male gonads induced by MPH, using albino rats. Methods: Adult male albino rats were assigned into three equal groups including one control and two experimental groups. Experimental groups administered with MPH (10 mg/kg) and MPH (10 mg/kg) + Vit E orally (50 mg/kg), daily for 40 days. Testes of the sacrificed animals were removed, processed, and stained with hematoxylin and eosin for examining the microscopic and morphometric alterations and protective potential of Vit E. Data were analyzed using ANOVA. Results: Experimental animals treated with MPH showed a significant decrease in the diameter of seminiferous tubules (296.86 ± 14.70 μm) and height of germinal epithelium (51.73 ± 3.15 μm) with a corresponding gain in the thickness of the interstitium (47.05 ± 4.94 μm). Animals treated with MPH + Vit E did not reveal any significant testicular microscopic changes and seminiferous tubular alterations induced by MPH. Conclusion: Vit E demonstrated a protective potential against the adverse changes induced by MPH in the male gonads in albino rats. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Up to 23% of people who play video games report symptoms of addiction. Individuals with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) may be at increased risk for video game addiction, especially when playing games with more reinforcing properties.Objectives: The current study tested whether level of video game reinforcement (type of game) places individuals with greater ADHD symptom severity at higher risk for developing video game addiction.Methods: Adult video game players (N = 2,801; Mean age = 22.43, SD = 4.70; 93.30% male; 82.80% Caucasian) completed an online survey. Hierarchical multiple linear regression analyses were used to test type of game, ADHD symptom severity, and the interaction between type of game and ADHD symptomatology as predictors of video game addiction severity, after controlling for age, gender, and weekly time spent playing video games.Results: ADHD symptom severity was positively associated with increased addiction severity (b = .73 and .68, ps < 0.001). Type of game played or preferred the most was not associated with addiction severity, ps > .05. The relationship between ADHD symptom severity and addiction severity did not depend on the type of video game played or preferred most, ps > .05.Conclusion: Gamers who have greater ADHD symptom severity may be at greater risk for developing symptoms of video game addiction and its negative consequences, regardless of type of video game played or preferred most. Individuals who report ADHD symptomatology and also identify as gamers may benefit from psychoeducation about the potential risk for problematic play. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and Objective: Attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD) is commnest psychological disorders in children. This study was done to evaluate the effectiveness of rhythmic games on social skills of children with ADHD. Methods: In this quasi -experimental study with pretest, post test and follow up with control group, 30 boys student with ADHD were non-randomly divided into the two groups. Conners rating scale and social skills checklist were used. Results: Social skills significantly increased in ADHD students and this effectiveness continued in follow up stage (P

Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) is characterized by inattention and/or hyperactivity/impulsiveness. For many adults, ADHD remains undiagnosed and/or untreated impacting their quality of life. There is a growing interest to use mobile technology interventions as a complementary support for mental health issues. Mobile apps could be usefully personalized for helping adults in managing ADHD issues. The aim of this study is to examine perceived helpfulness, ergonomics and willingness to use of an ADHD mobile app based on the PAPM model. A sample of 6 ADHD patients tested the ADHD mobile app prototype and were interviewed about their satisfaction and the perceived helpfulness of the app. Data indicate that participants were very satisfied with ADHD app and perceived it as being moderately to very helpful regarding their ADHD symptoms. These findings suggest that the app has the potential to be an effective self-management tool for ADHD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Methylphenidate (MPH) is used as the first line drug for treating the attention deficit hyperactive disorder (ADHD). Therapeutic dose of MPH is known to causes psychotic symptoms in a small number of cases and these symptoms usually disappear on discontinuing MPH. Here we describe a case of 11 years old boy with diagnosis of ADHD and mild intellectual disability, who was treated with methylphenidate and later developed acute psychosis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Neurodevelopmental learning and attentional disorders (NLAD) such as dyslexia, dyscalculia and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) affect at least 6% of the adult population or more. They are associated with atypical cognitive patterns in early and adult life. The cognitive patterns of affected individuals in late life have never been described. One main challenge is detecting individuals in clinical settings during which mild cognitive changes could be confounding the clinical presentation. This is a critical research gap because these conditions interact, across the life course, with an individual's risk for dementia. Also, learning disabilities which present in childhood pose persistent cognitive differences in areas involving executive function, reading and math. Clinicians lack tools to detect undiagnosed neurodevelopmental in adults with memory disorders. The majority of patients presenting at memory clinics today come from a generation during which NLAD were not yet clinically recognized. In this study, we hypothesized that a self-report scale can detect NLAD in a memory clinic population.Methods: We developed a self-report, retrospective childhood cognitive questionnaire including key attributes adapted from prior validated measures. 233 participants were included in the primary analysis.Results: Confirmatory Factor Analysis resulted in a best-fit model with six labelled factors (Math, Language, Attention, Working Memory, Sequential Processing, and Executive Function) and 15 total question items. The model demonstrated unidimensionality, reliability, convergent validity, discriminant validity, and predictive validity. Using 1.5 standard deviations as the cut-off, subjects were categorized into: Normal (n = 169), Language (n = 10), Math (n = 12), Attention (n = 10) or Other/Mixed (n = 32).Conclusion: A self-report measure can be a useful tool to elicit childhood cognitive susceptibilities in various domains that could represent NLAD among patients in a memory clinic setting, even in the presence of mild cognitive impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper presents the development of a computational platform for social interaction analysis through text in terms of quantity and content of information to approach the intervention and tracing of mental pathologies. Some indexes to measure the individual cognitive development and information retrieval techniques has been adapted to the analysis context aimed to determine characteristics and find patterns on the individual linguistic components and his development. The study considered ten patients: six diagnosed with Asperger Syndrome and four with Attention Deficit Hyperactive Disorder. Evidences of the characteristics for each pathology such as abrupt change of a conversation matter, and redundancy over conversation subjects were found. Literature results and the results of this study suggest that these systems for computed mediated communication allow discovering information and empowering the cognitive development of a person. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study developed and validated a measure of sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) for adults, which is a comorbid symptom in about half of the adults with ADHD. The aim of this new measure was to overcome the shortcoming of existing scales to discriminate SCT from depression due to contaminated items. The items to measure SCT were identified by a literature review, and their content validity was evaluated by experts. The items were rated in reference to situations when the participants were not depressed. Responses of 471 undergraduate students were used for factor analyses to help select the items. The results of a joint factor analysis, combining depression items and SCT items, showed that this new measure of SCT for adults demonstrated a good ability to discriminate SCT from depression. The resultant 9-item SCT scale showed adequate convergent validity, discriminant validity, and internal consistency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]