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Young people with long-term health conditions (LTCs) can face challenges when making the transition to adult health services. This paper sought to identify studies that assess and explore transitional care for young people with LTCs. Two conditions were used as exemplars: juvenile idiopathic arthritis (JIA) and epilepsy. A scoping review of the literature was conducted by using search terms to search for papers in English between 2001 and 2016 concerning transitional care on four databases. Qualitative papers were reviewed and synthesized using thematic analysis. Quantitative papers using health outcomes were also synthesized. Twenty-eight papers were selected for review. Despite the wealth of literature concerning aspects of transitional care that are key to a successful transition for young people with JIA or epilepsy, there is a paucity of outcomes that define ‘successful’ transition and consequently a lack of reliable research evaluating the effectiveness of transitional care interventions to support young people moving to adult health services.

Children with profound cognitive impairment (PCI) are a heterogenous group who often experience frequent and persistent pain. Those people closest to the child are key to assessing their pain. This mixed method study aimed to explore how parents acquire knowledge and skills in assessing and managing their child's pain. Eight mothers completed a weekly pain diary and were interviewed at weeks 1 and 8. Qualitative data were analysed using thematic analysis and the quantitative data using descriptive statistics. Mothers talked of learning through a system of trial and error ("learning to get on with it"); this was accomplished through "learning to know without a rule book or guide"; "learning to be a convincing advocate"; and "learning to endure and to get things right." Experiential and reflective learning was evident in the way the mothers developed a "sense of knowing" their child's pain. They drew on embodied knowledge of how their child usually expressed and responded to pain to help make pain-related decisions. Health professionals need to support mothers/parents to develop their knowledge and skills and to gain confidence in pain assessment and they should recognise and act on the mothers' concerns.

Children can sometimes find it difficult to articulate their experiences if they have to rely solely on words. Giving children the opportunity to use arts-based research approaches can support their participation in research and create a bridge that enables them to express their perspectives and feelings. This paper focuses on the ethical and practical considerations when using photo elicitation interviews (PEI) in research with children. The discussion and examples provided are drawn from an international study that used auto-driven PEI, where photographs are taken by children themselves, to explore children’s experiences of living with a chronic condition and the impact condition management may have on their everyday lives. In this paper we critically explore the issues arising from our use of PEI including children’s participation and engagement, balancing power and control, and keeping children safe. The main areas of focus for the paper are how the PEI provided a means of shifting control; how setting photographic boundaries influenced our PEI study with children; and how we addressed risks associated with the method. Our experience shows that PEI is an engaging and valuable research method, providing a powerful medium for obtaining rich data with children. However, PEI is challenging and it requires researchers to conscientiously address ethical and practical aspects that extend beyond those inherent to standard (wordsalone) interviews.

To describe how individual schools manage medicines and strategies for implementation of guidance, to determine the nature of problems perceived by children, parents, teachers and healthcare professionals (HCPs) in relation to medicines management in schools and to highlight differences between these perceptions. A cross-sectional survey study in which questionnaires were completed by children, their parents and carers, groups of HCPs and head teachers. There were 158 respondents to this survey. The management of medicines varies between schools and this reflects how policy guidance is interpreted and is revealed by the differences in experience described. Head teachers acknowledge that there is a lack of expertise about medicines among their staff and they rely on interpretation of and adherence to policy and procedure and compliance with training was used as a measure of good medicines management. There are inconsistencies in how information about medicines is communicated between the healthcare team, families and schools, and there is evidence that this communication is not always timely or effective. This results in problems with medicines at school. Parents emphasised the need for staff at school to understand their child's condition and their medicines. There are differences between how individual schools manage medicines and interpret policy guidance and discrepancies between the views of each stakeholder group. There is some evidence that medicines management does not always meet the needs of children and their families. Fewer than half of parents and HCPs are satisfied with how medicines are dealt with in schools.

Aim To develop and test a new tool to assess the avoidability of adverse drug reactions that is suitable for use in paediatrics but which is also applicable to a variety of other settings. Methods The study involved multiple phases. Preliminary work involved using the Hallas scale and a modification of the existing Hallas scale, to assess two different sets of adverse drug reaction (ADR) case reports. Phase 1 defined, modified and refined a new tool using multidisciplinary teams. Phase 2 involved the assessment of 50 ADR case reports from a prospective study of paediatric inpatients by individual assessors. Phase 3 compared assessments with the new tool for individuals and groups in comparison to the ‘gold standard’ (the avoidability outcome set by a panel of senior investigators: an experienced clinical pharmacologist, paediatrician and pharmacist). Main Outcome Measures Inter-rater reliability (IRR), measure of disagreement and utilization of avoidability categories. Results Preliminary work—Pilot phase: results for the original Hallas cases were fair and pairwise kappa scores ranged from 0.21 to 0.36. Results for the modified Hallas cases were poor, pairwise kappa scores ranged from 0.06 to 0.16. Phase 1: on initial use of the new tool, agreement between the two multidisciplinary groups was found on 13/20 cases with a kappa score of 0.29 (95% CI -0.04 to 0.62). Phase 2: the assessment of 50 ADR case reports by six individual reviewers yielded pairwise kappa scores ranging from poor to good 0.12 to 0.75 and percentage exact agreement (%EA) ranged from 52–90%. Phase 3: Percentage exact agreement ranged from 35–70%. Overall, individuals had better agreement with the ‘gold standard’. Conclusion Avoidability assessment is feasible but needs careful attention to methods. The Liverpool ADR avoidability assessment tool showed mixed IRR. We have developed and validated a method for assessing the avoidability of ADRs that is transparent, more objective than previous method

There is limited evidence to underpin the assessment and management of pain in children with profound cognitive impairment and these children are vulnerable to poor pain assessment and management. Health professionals working with children with profound cognitive impairment from a single paediatric tertiary referral centre in England were interviewed to explore how they develop and acquire knowledge and skills to assess and manage pain in children with cognitive impairment. The interviews were transcribed and subjected to thematic analysis. Nineteen health professionals representing different professional groups and different levels of experience participated in the study. A meta-theme ‘navigating uncertainty; deficits in knowledge and skills’ and two core themes: ‘framing as different and teasing things out’ and ‘the settling and unsettling presence of parents’ were identified. Uncertainty about aspects of assessing and managing the pain of children with cognitive impairment tended to erode professional confidence and many discussed deficits in their skill and knowledge set. Uncertainty was managed through engaging with other health professionals and the child’s parents. Most health professionals stated they would welcome more education and training although many felt that this input should be clinical and not classroom oriented.

Executive Summary and Key Recommendations In 2011, the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE) published guidelines for the recognition, referral and diagnosis of children and young people on the autistic spectrum1. NICE recommended that each local area establish co-ordinated multidisciplinary and multi-agency referral, assessment and diagnostic pathways (hereafter referred to as the “pathway”) for children with a suspected ASD. In February 2014, the Cheshire and Merseyside Strategic Clinical Network (CMSCN) established an Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) Special Interest Group (SIG) to review community services for children with ASD and their families in the Cheshire and Merseyside region. The aim of the SIG was to: 1. Identify and map current multi-agency pathways from diagnosis to transition for Children and Young People (CYP) with Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) 2. Review existing Parent Support Programmes for CYP aged 11-15 years with ASD 3. Develop a process to allow measurement of CYP and family experience The SIGs programme of work was originally intended to run until March 2016. However, ongoing changes to national service improvement policy and the adaptation of Strategic Clinical Network (SCN) priorities meant the SIGs work programme was condensed to one year with an aim to complete by March 2015. As a result, work on aims 2 and 3 were “paused” with acknowledgement and scope for wider stakeholders to explore these issues further. Key Findings  There was considerable variation in the availability and quality of referral pathways within the Cheshire and Merseyside region and it was difficult to establish to what extent some referral pathways were meeting NICE guideline recommendations.  Parents reported poor access to services and frustration and confusion with the referral pathway.  With a few exceptions, the voluntary sector was largely disengaged from the process. Those that gave a reason for not engaging with the process cited a fee

There is an increase in the number of children with profound cognitive impairments who are cared for at home and who require complex interventions. Often parents are responsible for the provision of these interventions; the amount of professional support for parents providing care in the home varies. Many children with profound cognitive impairments experience pain arising from a range of different causes (e.g., positioning, treatment-related, and the usual pains of childhood). This presentation will explore the experiences and perceptions of parents whose children experience pain as part of everyday life and how they manage this at home. A longitudinal qualitative study was undertaken with eight parents caring for their child with cognitive impairment as part of a larger study that also interviewed health professionals. In-depth qualitative interviews were undertaken with parents prior to and on completion of a series of weekly structured telephone interviews taking place over an eight week period. The focus of data collection was on the nature and types of pain the child experienced, how parents determined if their child was in pain, their approach to management, the support they received and their perceptions of their child’s pain management. Data were analysed using thematic analysis. Parents talked of the overwhelming sense of being ‘left to get on’ with managing their child’s pain. Parents reported that health professionals viewed them as experts on their child, but this was at odds with their own feelings of being ill-equipped and uncertain to effectively look after their child’s pain. The children experienced high levels of persistent pain that impacted on the child’s and family’s social, physical and psychological well-being. All of the families had experienced or continued to experience frustration with gaining recognition of their child’s pain from health professionals and receiving an appropriate, tailored course of action to meet their child’s needs. In

Background and aims. Engaging children in research about their lives is an essential component of providing excellent health care services. Utilising participatory, visual/arts-based approaches such as photo-elicitation (PE) can extend opportunities for children to reflect on and talk about their lives. This paper aims to explore the use of, benefits and issues associated with using PE with children. Methods. PE is a participatory, qualitative method that does not rely on high levels of verbal or written literacy and which creates equitable conditions for children’s engagement in research. Within a broad brief, children are asked to take topic-related photos. Apart from safety/privacy related guidance about where it might not be appropriate to take photographs, the children are free to take any image that has meaning to them. The children then select the images they wish to discuss and the researcher literally has to ‘follow’ the children’s data and adopt a flexible approach to the conversational interview. Results. Reflecting on our experience with PE we note how the quality of discussion is enhanced and intriguing and unexpected insights into children’s lives are revealed. What children choose to photograph or omit can create interesting tensions; these and other lessons will be shared along with exemplar photographs and stories. Conclusions. Although PE provides considerable opportunities and benefits, it is challenging research to be part of and requires skilled researchers to ensure children are safe during research engagement and that the data provides a robust depth of insight into their lives.

Objective Few patients participate in cancer support groups despite their benefits. This study investigated the importance of Theory of Planned Behaviour variables in predicting group participation, relative to disease impact, existing support, coping and demographic variables. Methods Longitudinal study of patients with colorectal, lung or prostate cancer recruited from a specialist oncology centre. Patients self-completed surveys at baseline and six-month follow up. Baseline measures included Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) variables, distress and control over cancer (IPQ-R), coping (Brief COPE), social support (MSPSS), health related quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30) and readiness to participate (PAPM). Group participation and recommendations to participate were measured at follow up. Univariable and Random Forest analyses investigated predictors of baseline readiness to participate and participation by six-month follow up. Results N = 192 patients completed baseline questionnaires. N = 13 participated in a group and N = 59 did not by six-month follow up. Baseline readiness to participate was associated with inadequate support and positive views of support groups. Lower cognitive functioning, recommendations and readiness to participate predicted group participation by six-month follow up. Conclusion and practice implications Practitioners may facilitate group participation by promoting positive views of groups, recommending participation and focusing on patients experiencing greater disease impact and less existing support.

Objective Few patients participate in cancer support groups despite their benefits. This study investigated the importance of Theory of Planned Behaviour variables in predicting group participation, relative to disease impact, existing support, coping and demographic variables. Methods Longitudinal study of patients with colorectal, lung or prostate cancer recruited from a specialist oncology centre. Patients self-completed surveys at baseline and six-month follow up. Baseline measures included Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) variables, distress and control over cancer (IPQ-R), coping (Brief COPE), social support (MSPSS), health related quality of life (EORTC QLQ-C30) and readiness to participate (PAPM). Group participation and recommendations to participate were measured at follow up. Univariable and Random Forest analyses investigated predictors of baseline readiness to participate and participation by six-month follow up. Results N = 192 patients completed baseline questionnaires. N = 13 participated in a group and N = 59 did not by six-month follow up. Baseline readiness to participate was associated with inadequate support and positive views of support groups. Lower cognitive functioning, recommendations and readiness to participate predicted group participation by six-month follow up. Conclusion and practice implications Practitioners may facilitate group participation by promoting positive views of groups, recommending participation and focusing on patients experiencing greater disease impact and less existing support.

Background: There is little research on parents' experiences of suspected adverse drug reactions in their children and hence little evidence to guide clinicians when communicating with families about problems associated with medicines. Objective: To identify any unmet information and communication needs described by parents whose child had a suspected adverse drug reaction. Methods: Semi-structured qualitative interviews with parents of 44 children who had a suspected adverse drug reaction identified on hospital admission, during in-patient treatment or reported by parents using the Yellow Card Scheme (the UK system for collecting spontaneous reports of adverse drug reactions). Interviews were conducted face-to-face or by telephone; most interviews were audiorecorded and transcribed. Analysis was informed by the principles of the constant comparative method. Results: Many parents described being dissatisfied with how clinicians communicated about adverse drug reactions and unclear about the implications for their child's future use of medicines. A few parents felt that clinicians had abandoned their child and reported refusing the use of further medicines because they feared a repeated adverse drug reaction. The accounts of parents of children with cancer were different. They emphasised their confidence in clinicians' management of adverse drug reactions and described how clinicians prospectively explained the risks associated with medicines. Parents linked symptoms to medicines in ways that resembled the established reasoning that clinicians use to evaluate the possibility that a medicine has caused an adverse drug reaction. Conclusion: Clinicians' communication about adverse drug reactions was poor from the perspective of parents, indicating that improvements are needed. The accounts of parents of children with cancer indicate that prospective explanation about adverse drug reactions at the time of prescription can be effective. Convergence between parents and cli

Background Trials have demonstrated that patients benefit from participation in cancer support groups. However, only a minority of patients join groups. Better understanding of factors predicting patients' intention to join groups and their preferred group formats is required to aid strategies to increase support group attendance and ensure that groups are suited to patients' preferences. Objective To investigate variables predicting patients' intention to join cancer support groups and the support group formats they would find most useful. Design Self-completed questionnaires. Factor analysis of patients' perceptions of support groups and the group formats perceived to be most useful. Comparison of patients intending and not intending to join groups and bi-variate correlation analyses of variables associated with preferred group format, using non-parametric and parametric analysis as appropriate. Setting Recruitment through oncology outpatient clinics shortly after diagnosis. Participant 192 patients with cancer of the colon (105), lung (57) or bladder (30). Of these, 67% were male and 33% female. Main Measures Demographic and clinical variables, perceived social support (MSPSS), perceived control and distress over cancer (IPQ-R), strategies for coping with cancer (Brief COPE), functioning and symptoms (EORTC QLQ C30), views and preferences regarding support groups (questionnaires designed from qualitative patient interviews). Results Variables predicting participants' intention to join a group included worse family support, higher distress, coping through instrumental support seeking and little perceived difficulty in joining. Factors predicting preference for patient-led, emotion-focused groups included being female, higher distress, worse functioning in several domains, and coping through planning, positive reframing, religion, instrumental support seeking, distraction and denial. Preference for professionally led, information-based groups related to active copi