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Madrasas, traditionally known as centers of Islamic learning and play a pivotal role in educating and shaping the religious and social fabric of Muslim communities around the world. This critical analysis examines the dual role of madrasas in providing religious education and fostering social services within their communities. This research begins by delineating the historical foundations of madrasa and its adaptation in contemporary contexts. It scrutinizes the pedagogical methods employed in religious education, assessing their efficacy in transmitting Islamic teachings while addressing modern educational standards. Furthermore, this study evaluates the extent to which Jamia Irshad Uloom Marek engaged in social services, including educational services, publication services, preaching services, social services and political services. This research also explored the services of some important Ulemas, Qaris and Hafiz Quran who educated from the institution of Jamia Irshad Uloom Marek and their services. Besides, this study also provides and insight into critical analysis of curriculum standard and critical analysis of the social and religious services given by Jamia Irshad Uloom Marek. Through a synthesis of descriptive analysis seeks to offer insights into the transformative potential of Jamia Irshad Uloom Marek beyond religious education, highlighting their role as catalysts for social cohesion and communal well-being. This study aims to inform policymakers, educators, and religious leaders on strategies to enhance the holistic contributions of madrasas to their communities in the 21st century in general and Jamia Irshad Uloom Marek in particular. The findings of this research suggests that the foundation of Jamia Irshad Uloom Merik was laid in 1953 by Wali Kamil Qutb-ul-Aqtab, Imam Awaliya Hazrat Maulana Sayyin Hamdullah Halejawi. Jamia Irshad al-Uloom Marek has a professional and religious relationship with the Sunni Hanafi Deobandi Ahl-e-Sunnah Wal-Jamaat from the foundation of the madrasa until today. The findings of this study further pinpoint that this institution has been a hub of Islamic teaching and produced number of Ulemas, Qaris, and Hafiz Quran in the region as a whole.

One of the most captivating stories in the Holy Quran is that of Prophet Yusuf (peace be upon him). This narrative begins with the mysterious disjointed letters (Muqattaʿat), which symbolize the beautiful names of Allah. For instance, the letter "Alif" signifies Allah, "Lam" denotes Latif (the Subtle), and "Ra" represents Rahman (the Merciful). The true meaning of these disjointed letters is known to the Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him) and our revered saints, who receive this knowledge from the Prophet's blessed presence. Occasionally, these letters reveal their secrets directly to the saints. Surah Yusuf spans the twelfth and thirteenth parts of the Quran, and it is celebrated as the "best of stories" (Ahsan al-Qasas) due to its exquisite narration. This surah is unique because it tells a complete story from beginning to end within a single chapter, entirely dedicated to the story of Yusuf. The surah narrated Allah's immense grace and blessings upon His grateful servants and is named after the honorable Prophet Yusuf (peace be upon him), whose story it recounts. The Quran magnificently narrates many stories of the prophets, each aspect of their lives filled with immense goodness and guidance. However, the title "Ahsan al-Qasas" is reserved exclusively for the illustrious life story of Yusuf, the Truthful (peace be upon him). His life story is rich with invaluable truths and is rightly called Ahsan al-Qasas, as the Quran itself refers to it. This surah tells the life story of a sacred personality whose purity and greatness are associated with the holy and pure character of the Seal of the Prophets, Muhammad (peace be upon him). Surah Yusuf describes the radiant beauty of a figure granted perfect beauty by Allah Almighty, thanks to the benevolence of the beloved Prophet Muhammad (peace be upon him), the distributor of beauty. This surah encompasses the completion of humanity, highlighting Islam's comprehensive political system and state and economic principles, which are so beneficial that even non-Muslim nations can implement them without hindrance. This is the true beauty and truth of Islam. We must remember that success and achievement in this world depend on knowledge, skill, continuous effort, and persistent action, not merely on religion and spirituality. Accepting the universal truths of Islam, combined with knowledge and skill, brings about results and benefits, not just changing one's religion. Islam obligates the state to establish social and economic justice, eliminate oppression and exploitation, and uphold moral values. Once moral and legal values are established, the system of punishments protects them. Values cannot be instilled in a society devoid of them merely through punishments.

Every region has its customs and traditions. In Muslim society, these customs and traditions can be followed in the light of Islamic teachings and these must align with the principles of the Quran and Sunnah rather than clashing with them. However, due to various reasons, the culture of other nations steadily began to influence Muslim customs and traditions. This outside influence greatly impacted death-related rituals. Although Islam has already provided Muslims with simple, easy, dignified, and comprehensive guidance about death rituals despite many people are seen to be following non-Sharia rituals as mandatory customs. There have been numerous discussions and debates among people about these so-called death rituals and their legal status in Islam. In this regard, some research work has been done on this topic at national level in Pakistan; however, there has not been sufficient research work carried out on this topic in the province of Sindh. Hence, this topic was chosen to elucidate the Shariah status of death rituals at the regional level. The current death rituals in Khairpur Mir's have been researched and evaluated with Shariah arguments and an attempt has been made to differentiate between the rituals that are in accordance with the teachings of the Qur'an and Sunnah and that are contrary to the spirit of the teachings of Islam and shariah. During this research, it was found with the Shariah arguments that some death rituals were in accordance with the teachings of the Quran and the Sunnah imposing certain conditions whereas most of the social death rituals were found to be illegal and unfounded in Islam.

The Holy Qur'an is a book of guidance that calls to goodness and praises good people. Similarly, Burn forbids actions and condemns those who do evil. In this book, along with describing the human qualities and flaws, it is encouraged to adopt good traits and avoid bad traits. One of these bad traits is pride and arrogance. Pride and arrogance are dangerous and bad habits. Due to this bad habit, the individual and collective life of a person is affected. Pride and arrogance are the root cause of all major bad habits like cruelty, disobedience etc. In addition to the Holy Quran, pride and arrogance have been condemned and their harms have been described in other inspired books. In order to understand the meaning and meaning of pride and arrogance, this article has been written under the title "The Concept and Meaning of Pride and Arrogance in the Light of Divine Teachings". In which the meaning of pride and arrogance is explained in the light of inspirational books, as well as its causes, harms and consequences are mentioned. Along with this, the negative effects of pride and arrogance on society have been described and the treatment to get rid of this disease has also been reported.

As Allah Ta'ala started the series of Prophets to guide the people and sent down His orders to those who were not only explained but also became an example in practice. In the same way, Allah revealed the last book to the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) and commanded the Messenger of Allah (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him)“And We have sent down the Dhikr to you so that you may make it clear to the people who Something has been sent down to them so that they may reflect" (Surat al-Nahl). And this is how the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) explained the interpretation of the Qur'an. And in the same way, the companions of the Holy Prophet (peace and blessings of Allah be upon him) also passed on this trust. And finally, this series of commentary took the form of the first book in the form of Ibn Jarir al-Tabari's commentary "Jami al-Bayan fi Taweel Al-Qur'an" and this series of commentary that started from the era of Prophethood is still ongoing and is a link of the same series. Tafsir Bayan al-Qur'an is also. It is the result of the religious services of Dr. Israr Ahmed. Dr. Asrar Ahmad, may Allah have mercy on him, is considered one of the great scholars and commentators of the Qur'an of the present century. And among the special rewards of Allah Almighty, Allah Almighty gave him this opportunity to show him a period in his life when the whole world It is present in people's pockets, and that is why his interpretations of the Holy Qur'an have been heard by him not only in Pakistan but also in the whole world. Dr. Sahib Raha's efforts and efforts have been published in a commentary form, which began in his own lifetime, and the first volume of his Tafsir Bayan al-Qur'an was published in his lifetime, which the case was written by Dr. Asrar Ahmad Rahmatullah Alaihi himself. Dr. Asrar Ahmad Rehmatullah Alaihi's Tafsir Bayan Al-Qur'an is not his authorship or compilation but is taken from his translation of the Al-Qur'an which was preserved in CDs and DVDs.

The use of functional feeds in aquaculture is currently increasing. This study aimed to assess the combined impact of dietary green microalgae Chlorella fusca and ethanol-inactivated Vibrio proteolyticus DCF12.2 (CVP diet) on thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus) juvenile fish. The effects on intestinal microbiota and the transcription of genes related to metabolism, stress, and the immune system were investigated after 90 days of feeding. Additionally, the fish were challenged with Aeromonas hydrophila and polyinosinic–polycytidylic acid (poly I:C) to evaluate the immune response. Microbiota analysis revealed no significant differences in alpha and beta diversity between the anterior and posterior intestinal sections of fish fed the control (CT) and CVP diets. The dominant genera varied between the groups; Pseudomonas and Brevinema were most abundant in the CVP group, whereas Brevinema, Cetobacterium, and Pseudomonas were predominant in the CT group. However, microbial functionality remained unaltered. Gene expression analysis indicated notable changes in hif3α, mhcII, abcb1, mx, and tnfα genes in different fish organs on the CVP diet. In the head kidney, gene expression variations were observed following challenges with A. hydrophila or poly I:C, with higher peak values seen in fish injected with poly I:C. Moreover, c3 mRNA levels were significantly up-regulated in the CVP group 72 h post-A. hydrophila challenge. To conclude, incorporating C. fusca with V. proteolyticus in C. labrosus diet affected the microbial species composition in the intestine while preserving its functionality. In terms of gene expression, the combined diet effectively regulated the transcription of stress and immune-related genes, suggesting potential enhancement of fish resistance against stress and infections.

Some of the characteristics of probiotics used in aquaculture are the antagonistic activity against pathogens and the activation of the immune response. Moreover, some probiotics with common antigens to pathogens can produce antibodies that react with these pathogens. One of those potential probiotics is Vibrio proteolyticus DCF12.2, a strain with the capacity to produce antibodies in soles (Solea senegalensis) that react with Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Vibrio harveyi antigens. Therefore, the objective of the work was to determine the capacity of DCF12.2 to activate the immune response in the sole, providing protection against both pathogens. For this purpose, DCF12.2 was administered to cultured soles by intraperitoneal injection, bath, and diet. The DCF12.2 strain activated the gene expression related to the fish immune response and increased the antibody production with cross-reaction to P. damselae subsp. piscicida and V. harveyi cells. Challenges with P. damselae subsp. piscicida resulted in a 30–40% relative percent survival (RPS) through DCF12.2 treatments. After challenge with V. harveyi, only intraperitoneal treatment protected the fish (67% RPS). In conclusion, the DCF12.2 strain showed great potential to be used to prevent diseases caused by both pathogens, and indicates a way to use probiotics as live vaccines.

In recent years, a clear emphasis has been placed on replacing fishmeal and fish oil in aquafeeds with other alternative ingredients, including algae, particularly in low trophic omnivorous fish species. This work aimed at evaluating the effects of moderate dietary supplementation with the green microalga Chlorella fusca on growth, metabolism, and digestive functionality in juvenile thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus). Fish were fed a control diet (CT) or a diet containing 15% C. fusca (C-15) biomass during 90 days. C. labrosus fed with the C-15 diet showed higher growth performance (in terms of final weight and length, weight gain, and specific growth rate) than the control group. Somatic indices and muscle proximate composition were similar at the end of the feeding trial. Regarding fatty acids profile, C. fusca-fed fish showed a selective retention of docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) in the liver, and arachidonic acid (ARA), eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), and DHA in the muscle. Dietary inclusion of this microalga significantly increased intestinal total alkaline protease, leucine aminopeptidase, and alkaline phosphatase activities in specimens fed with C-15 diet. Furthermore, intestine histological analysis revealed the absence of damage signs on gut morphology in fish fed the microalgae supplemented diet. Thick-lipped grey mullets fed the C-15 diet increased plasma glucose and decreased plasma lactate. Overall, the effects observed on liver (lipid metabolism, glycolysis and glycogenolysis) enzyme activities, together with adequate fatty acid profile, metabolic response, and gut morphology, and a significant increase in the intestinal mucosa’s digestive and absorptive capacity, could explain the positive effects on growth performance obtained in fish fed the microalgae-supplemented diet. In conclusion, the results obtained showed that C. fusca is suitable as dietary ingredient for feeding thick-lipped grey mullet juveniles.

This study aimed to evaluate the combined effect of dietary Chlorella fusca and ethanol-inactivated Vibrio proteolyticus DCF12.2 (C + V diet) in Chelon labrosus juveniles, highlighting their nutritional, physiological, and morphological effects. The results showed that the combined dietary inclusion of C. fusca and V. proteolyticus significantly enhanced growth performance and feed utilization compared to the control group. The C + V diet increased the fish lipid quality index (FLQ), n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and n-3/n-6 ratio, which might be beneficial in terms of human nutrition. The C + V diet considerably increased carbohydrate metabolic activity by statistically boosting plasma glucose. The dietary inclusion of C. fusca in conjunction with V. proteolyticus increased metabolic enzyme activity as well as intestinal absorption capacity compared to that found in the control group. In conclusion, the experimental diet was suitable for feeding C. labrosus, increasing their growth and the nutritional characteristics of the muscle and intestine, without causing tissue damage.

The biochemical composition, molecular diversity, and two different bioactivities of Asparagopsis armata and Rugulopteryx okamurae (two alien species with different invasive patterns in the southern Iberian Peninsula) were analyzed through spectrophotometric methods and Fourier transform ion cyclotron mass spectroscopy (FT-ICR-MS). A total of 3042 molecular formulas were identified from the different extracts. The dH2O extracts were the most molecularly different. A. armata presented the highest content of nitrogenous compounds (proteins, CHON) and sulphur content, whereas R. okamurae was rich in carbonated compounds (total carbon, lipids, CHO, and CHOP). Antioxidant capacity and phenolic content were higher in R. okamurae than in A. armata. Antimicrobial activity was detected from both species. A. armata showed capacity to inhibit human and fish pathogens (e.g., Staphylococcus aureus or Vibrio anguillarum), whereas R. okamurae only showed inhibition against human bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Cutibacterium acnes). In R. okamurae, molecules with a great number of pharmaceutical activities (e.g., anti-inflammatory or antitumoral), antibacterial, biomaterial, and other utilities were found. The main molecules of A. armata had also pharmaceutical applications (e.g., antimalarian, antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, or antiarthritis). The valorization of these species can help to counteract the environmental effects of the bioinvasions.

Abstract Babesia spp. are tick-transmitted apicomplexan parasites that infect erythrocytes of a wide range of vertebrates including domestic animals, and can be associated with a considerable economic loss due to introduction of prophylactic measures, decreased production and rates of morbidity and mortality. An efficient detection assay needs to be set up for accurate diagnosis and prevention of disease. The present work is aimed at verifying the occurrence of Babesia bigemina infection in water buffaloes in the southeastern region of Pakistan by using both traditional blood smear and molecular techniques. A total of 100 blood samples were collected from tick-free and tick-infested animals (50 animals each group). The overall prevalence was recorded as 20% and 17% by using thin blood smear and PCR methods, respectively. Moreover, the analysis of infection in tick-infested and tick-free animals showed the infection rates of 36% and 4% by using blood smear method, and 30% and 4% with that of PCR method, respectively. Despite the higher prevalence rate recorded by blood smear method, which may be the result of non-specific identification of Babesia species, these results indicate that the PCR assay used in this study provides a useful tool for accurate diagnosis of the Babesia bigemina infection in bovines. Key words: Babesia bigemina, diagnosis, PCR, prevalence, blood smear technique

This study aimed to characterize the intestinal microbiota of wild thick-lipped grey mullets (Chelon labrosus) and explore its potential functionality on the host. Intestinal contents of anterior and posterior sections from wild fish were collected and DNA was extracted. Subsequently, the V3–V4 regions of 16S rRNA were sequenced using the Illumina technology and results were analyzed by bioinformatics pipeline. The functional profile of the microbial community was analyzed using PICRUSt software. Shannon and Simpson diversity indices were significantly higher in the posterior section of wild specimens. The overall taxonomic composition suggests a certain homogeneity in the anterior section of the intestine and heterogeneity in the posterior section. Due to this, no statistical differences were detected at any level among both intestinal sections. Predicted functions of intestinal microbiota showed the most abundant were those related to amino acid metabolism, carbohydrate metabolism, energy metabolism, membrane transport, and cell replication and repair. Furthermore, the analysis revealed microbial functional genes related to the elimination of environmental toxins.

Probiotics can be used to reduce disease outbreaks in aquaculture. Some of them are characterised by their antagonistic activity against pathogens or the stimulation of the fish immune response, including the production of specific antibodies. If a probiotic has common antigens with a determined pathogen, it could produce antibodies with a cross-reaction to that pathogen. Thus, a probiotic with these characteristics could be used in a similar way to a live vaccine. The aim of this study was to select bacteria with antigenic similarity and antagonistic activity against the pathogens Photobacterium damselae subsp. piscicida and Vibrio harveyi, and to determine their ability to stimulate the production of antibodies in sole (Solea senegalensis, Kaup) with cross-reaction against these pathogens.Dot blot was used to detect strains with cross-reaction using sera immunized against P. damselae subsp. piscicida Lg41.01 and V. harveyi Lg16.00. A total of 138 strains were selected from 718 strains, based on the intensity of the dot blot reaction. A second selection was performed to detect their ability to inhibit the pathogens growth. Five strains inhibited the growth of P. damselae subsp. piscicida, four strains inhibited the growth of V. harveyi, while two strains inhibited both pathogens. A Western blot confirmed the cross-reactions of the selected strains with the pathogens.Selected strains were subsequently inoculated into sole specimens by intraperitoneal injection. Four strains produced antibodies with cross-reaction against the pathogens. None mortality was observed in the inoculated fish. Further research demonstrated the storage capability of the selected strains in saline solution and feed, their growth at low pH, and identified their enzymatic characteristics. In conclusion, the selected strains showed antimicrobial activity and capacity to activate a specific immune response against fish pathogens.

Nowadays, every internet user is part of cyber world. In this way, millions of users, knowledge seekers, and service provider organizations are connected to each other, a vast number of common people shifted their everyday activities to cyber world as they can save their time, traffic problem and gets effective and costless services by using various services such as, online banking, social networking sites, government services and cloud services. The use of Cyber services, eBusiness, eCommerce and eGovernance increases the usage of online/cyber services also increased the issue of cyber security. Recently, various cases have been reported in the literature and media about the cyber-attacks and crimes which seriously disrupted governments, businesses and personal lives. From the literature. It is noticed that every cyber user is unaware about privacy and security practices and measures. Therefore, cyber user has provided knowledge and fully aware them from the online services and also about cyber privacy and security. This paper presents a review on the recent cybercrimes, threats and attacks reported in the literature and media. In addition, the impact of these cyber breaches and cyber law to deal with cyber security has been discussed. At last, a defensive model is also proposed to mitigate cyber-criminal activities.

Aquaculture procedures usually induce stress that affects the physiological status of fish. For this reason, the inclusion of additives in fish feeds to palliate stress might be a good alternative. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) essential oil (CEO) against bacterial pathogens and to determine its dietary impact on the growth performance of Sparus aurata. In vitro tests confirmed that CEO possesses antimicrobial activity against several fish-specific pathogens. For the in vivo tests, three experimental groups were fed for 60 days with different concentrations of CEO: CTRL (0 mL kg−1 fish feed); CEO1 (1 mL kg−1 fish feed); and CEO2 (2 mL kg−1 fish feed). At the end of the experiment, the physiological status was characterized. Subsequently, the specimens of the CTRL and CEO2 groups were subjected to a challenge with an injection of Poly I:C for immune stimulation. Although S. aurata individuals tolerated CEO inclusion without compromising growth performance, it significantly reduced glycogen in the CEO2 group, concomitant to an increment of total peripheral leucocytes. Moreover, different hematological profiles’ responsive patterns against an inflammatory stimulus were observed. In conclusion, our results suggest that the use of CEO as a fish feed additive can prevent bacterial outbreaks and improve potential in vivo disease resistance in S. aurata without negatively affecting growth.

Introduction: The Theileria annulata is a haemo protozoan parasite that causes economically significant fatal tick-borne diseases in domesticated and wild animals. Methodology: The research focused on identifying Theileria annulata infection in both cattle and buffalo through molecular methods. To achieve this, DNA extraction was conducted using whole blood samples, followed by the design of specific primers for Theileria annulata and subsequent PCR (Polymerase Chain Reaction) analysis. Results: Data were also collected on tick infestation and host-parasite relationship. A total of 2400 Cattle and Buffaloes were evaluated during the study. District-wise detection indicated that the highest rate of infected samples was recorded from Peri-Urban (Cattle=88.33%, Buffalo= 61.94%) and Urban areas (Cattle=65.38%, Buffalo=54.10%) of district Hyderabad, while the lowest rate was recorded from Peri-urban (Cattle=24%, Buffalo=17.9%) and Urban (20.38%, Buffalo=16.66%) areas of district Karachi, Month wise detection of Theileria annulata indicated the highest rate in July (Cattle= 74.0%, Buffalo=47.5%) and the lowest rate in December (Cattle=11.7%, Buffalo=18.1%). The prevalence of parasitic infection showed a notable increase (P<0.05) in the areas of the Suburban region than in Cityscape areas. Conclusion: In the molecular identification of Theileria annulata, the infection rate exhibited a notable difference between District Hyderabad and District Karachi, with a higher prevalence in the former and a lower incidence in the latter. Additionally, cattle displayed greater susceptibility to tick infestation in comparison to buffalo. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The thick-lipped grey mullet (Chelon labrosus) is a nominee fish species for aquaculture diversification in Spain because it is an omnivore and euryhaline species, but limited knowledge about the nutritional attributes of this species is available. This study aimed to characterize the chemical composition of wild and cultured fish. The muscle proximate composition, and fatty acid and amino acid profiles were assessed. The cultivated specimens showed a higher lipid content and lower protein and ash contents compared with the wild specimens. The predominant tissue fatty acids in both the wild and cultivated fish were palmitic acid (16:0), oleic acid (18:1n-9) and docosahexaenoic acid (DHA, 22:6n-3). A higher content of arachidonic acid (ARA, 20:4n-6), eicosapentaenoic acid (20:5n-3) and DHA were detected in the muscle of wild mullets, while the fish supplied with commercial pellets showed higher quantities of monounsaturated fatty acids, and lower quantities of saturated fatty acids and polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs). Regarding PUFAs, n-3 fatty acids were predominant in wild mullets, while n-6 and n-9 were more abundant in farmed fish. In terms of amino acid composition, except for histidine in wild specimens, the amino acid amounts were higher than the FAO/WHO standard. In conclusion, C. labrosus may contribute to improving the dietary intake of highly polyunsaturated n-3 fatty acids, with a benefit to human health, owing to that fact that a 100-g fillet portion of cultivated and wild C. labrosus can provide 770 mg and 1160 mg of EPA and DHA, respectively, which exceeds the 250 mg dietary daily intake recommended by the FAO/WHO.

Assessment of working capital management is mandatory to ensure managerial implication and decision making therefore the study contains an assessing role of manager’s Islamic associations, religious sentiments and biased behaviors affecting working capital management in Islamic Banks of organization of Islamic countries. For empirical assessment positivist approach is incorporated by using systematic sampling in parallel to belief congruence and prospect theories. The results show the considerable differences among Islamic association of managers, their religiously factors and working capital management. Furthermore the results show that Islamic association of managers and their religiously factors have significant mediating moderated impact on working capital management. The dire need is to enhance corporate culture in sample countries for better financial sustainability in the light of Islamic codes. The study provides valuable information for policy and decision makers.

Conventional and molecular detection of plasmodium, causative agent of malaria was carried out, during 2014-15 aiming at comparing the sensitivity of both the protocols. For conventional diagnosis, thin blood smear from 50 malaria suspected victims from Umerkot, Tandojam and adjoining areas were prepared and stained with Romanovisky stain, whereas molecular confirmation on same sample was done by Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR). For identification of species, restriction enzyme (AluI) analysis of the amplified product was performed. Blood smear examination indicated that 18 (36%) cases were positive with plasmodium parasite, whereas PCR analysis detected plasmodium at 850 base pairs (bps) showing that only 6 (12%) blood samples were infected with plasmodium. When PCR positive samples were subjected to AluI enzyme, the protocols revealed that all victims were positive with Plasmodium falciparum. Comparison of conventional and molecular techniques revealed that 12 (66.60%) false Positive cases were detected by microscopy, whereas PCR assay did not conform to these results. Statistical analysis on the prevalence of malaria reveled non-significant difference from Umerkot and Tandojam at P> 0.05 (X2 = 1.815; P= 0.1779) with 1 degree of freedom (df) whereas PCR results demonstrated significant difference at P< 0.05.

As obligate blood-feeding arthropods, ticks transmit pathogens to humans and domestic animals more often than other arthropod vectors. Livestock farming plays a vital role in the rural economy of Pakistan, and tick infestation causes serious problems with it. However, research on tick species diversity and tick-borne pathogens has rarely been conducted in Pakistan. In this study, a systematic investigation of the tick species infesting livestock in different ecological regions of Pakistan was conducted to determine the microbiome and pathobiome diversity in the indigenous ticks.A total of 3,866 tick specimens were morphologically identified as 19 different tick species representing three important hard ticks, Rhipicephalus, Haemaphysalis and Hyalomma, and two soft ticks, Ornithodorus and Argas. The bacterial diversity across these tick species was assessed by bacterial 16S rRNA gene sequencing using a 454-sequencing platform on 10 of the different tick species infesting livestock. The notable genera detected include Ralstonia, Clostridium, Staphylococcus, Rickettsia, Lactococcus, Lactobacillus, Corynebacterium, Enterobacter, and Enterococcus. A survey of Spotted fever group rickettsia from 514 samples from the 13 different tick species generated rickettsial-specific amplicons in 10% (54) of total ticks tested. Only three tick species Rhipicephalus microplus, Hyalomma anatolicum, and H. dromedarii had evidence of infection with "Candidatus Rickettsia amblyommii" a result further verified using a rompB gene-specific quantitative PCR (qPCR) assay. The Hyalomma ticks also tested positive for the piroplasm, Theileria annulata, using a qPCR assay.This study provides information about tick diversity in Pakistan, and pathogenic bacteria in different tick species. Our results showed evidence for Candidatus R. amblyommii infection in Rhipicephalus microplus, H. anatolicum, and H. dromedarii ticks, which also carried T. annulata.

The present study was carried out on sixteen young goats of Kamori breed having age 9-10 weeks and weighing 14-15 kg body weight (BW). After an adaptation period of two weeks, goats were housed in the outerdoor pens (4 animals/pen) under ambient temperature and lighting. The animals were randomly divided into two groups, C and rbST. The animals in rbST group received intramuscular injection of rbST fortnightly, at the dose rate of 1 mg/kg. BW and those in C were kept as control. The experiment lasted for a period of 22 weeks. Animals were fed adlibitum the total mixed ration as a basal diet composed of roughages and concentrates (60:40), twice a day at 08:00 am and 05:00 pm and water was provided ad libitum. The hematological analysis of blood sampled on week 10 of experiment showed an increase (P < 0.05) in red blood cells (RBC) count and hemoglobin concentration in rbST treated goats than that of untreated goats, however, no significant effect (P< 0.05) of rbST was observed on hematological parameters in the blood of goats sampled on week 22 of the experiment. The serum total protein and glucose concentrations increased (P< 0.05) and the total lipid concentration decreased in goats of rbST group than that of control, however, no significant change (P< 0.05) was found in these variables on week 22 of the experiment. The serum IGF-I concentrations increased in the blood of rbST treated on week 10 and 22 of the experiment. The serum T3 concentration increased (P< 0.05) in rbST group than that of control on week 10 of trial but did not differ (P< 0.05) between the groups on week 22 of the trial. While the serum T4 concentration was not different (P< 0.05) between the group, on week 10 and 22 of the experiment. In conclusion, the present study reveals that rbST treatment stimulated eryhthropoises and increased serum concentrations of IGF-I and T3 in the blood of goats sampled on week 10.

The study was conducted to determine the prevalence of gastrointestinal nematodes of goats (n=1065) in and around Hyderabad using qualitative and quantitative coprological examinations. Results revealed that 43.10% (459) goats were infected with different species of nematodes including Haemonchus contortus (14.65%), Trichuris ovis (8.17%), Trichostrongylus axei (7.61%), Trichostrongylus colubriformis (6.76%), Oesphagostomum columbianum (5.35%), Ostertagia circumcincta (5.35%), Chabertia ovina (4.79%) and Strongyloides papillosus (4.51%). Infections with mixed species of nematodes were recorded in 6.54% (n=30/459; T. ovis + H. contortus), 5.23% (n=24/459; C. ovina + H. contortus), 5.88% (n=27/459; S. papillosus + C. ovina), and 12.42% (n=57/459; O. circumcincta + T. ovis) goats. Of the total infected (n=459); 51.4, 38.3 and 10.2% goats had light, moderate and heavy infections, respectively. The prevalence, nature and intensity of the helminthiasis in goats warrant an immediate attention to devise strategies for its control to reduce the production losses.