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Together with the gradual spread of BIM in the AECO industry, the concept of open BIM began to take root. Semantically HBIM has demonstrated its ability to dialogue with a wide range of stakeholders though multiple visualization and representation tools.But to be able to apply them from the perspective of interoperability among all the professionals, it is necessary to work with standards. For this reason, there has been a growing interest in HBIM, but the process requires specialized standards, today there are only a few recommendations.The bSDD allows linking between all the content inside the database. It provides a standardised workflow to guarantee data quality and information consistency. Projects must be based on openBIM methodologies, using only open, non-proprietary standards and formats, to guarantee an interoperable and collaborative workflow.It has been applied to the Rame Tower, a pre-16th century cultural heritage site, and a characterisation has been achieved based on an international standard language that is interoperable, allowing all stakeholders to share and exchange information about the objects and their properties, increasing the future possibilities for coordination and collaboration throughout the life cycle of the asset.The Digital Twin obtained through this HBIM modelling process is fully dynamic, sharable, and usable in all phases of the asset’s life cycle, and the characterisation and codification based on the interrelation between IFC and bSDD makes the project fully open and sharable.In addition the incorporation of blockchain technology together with HBIM helps to improve aspects such as: authorship and traceability of processes, metadata registration and quality in the creation phases among others.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.16

Structural health monitoring of Cultural Heritage (CH) is a key topic in research, as well as damage identification and failure assessment. Hence, it is mandatory to have a proper documentation as basis for further analysis.3D models from photogrammetric and laser scanning surveys usually provide 3D point clouds that can be converted in meshes. These models can be used for different purposes, from documentation to visualization to structural analysis. The point clouds usually contain noise data due to different causes: non-cooperative material or surfaces, bad lighting, complex geometry, and low accuracy of the instruments utilized. Noise not only deforms the unstructured geometry of the point clouds, but also adds useless information and reduces the geometric accuracy of the mesh model obtained and, consequently, the results of any analysis performed on it. Point cloud denoising has become one of the hot topics of 3D geometric data processing, removing these noise data to recover the ground-truth point cloud, adding smoothing to the ideal surface. These cleaned point clouds can be converted in mesh with different algorithms, some automatically processed by photogrammetric software and then turned into volumes, suitable for different uses, mainly for structural analysis.The paper wants to analyse the geometric accuracy of few automatic processes available into commercial and open-source software for the conversion of superficial 3D meshes into volumetric models that can be used for structural analyses through FEA process.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.15

For years now, the increasing development of virtual reality technologies and digitisation processes in architecture has been leading cultural heritage communication towards an increasingly sustainable and inclusive approach. In this sense, the accumulation of data and, consequently, of specific information that the models bring with them, offers the opportunity for numerous insights related to the conversion of parameters to achieve an even broader communication towards users with perceptual limitations. The topic of perception, although now intrinsic in the fundamental criteria of architectural design, may receive less public attention compared to more immediate issues like building accessibility.From a practical point of view, the most innovative technologies to improve the quality of life of blind subjects come mainly from neuroscience laboratories, also and above all to assess the impact of so-called sensory substitutional devices on brain activity. What is presented in this study is therefore to extend what are the operating principles of the above-mentioned tools and contextualise them within the domain of the perception of valuable architectural space, for an understanding of geometry and proportion through sound.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.18

This study presents the virtual anastilosis of the Baroque dome in the presbytery of Valencia Cathedral, a significant architectural piece demolished two decades ago to reveal Renaissance frescoes. Employing a novel integration of multi-temporal laser scanning data, the research reconstructs the dome’s previous state, showcasing the potential of digital techniques in preserving architectural heritage. Initially, the dome was digitally documented before its removal in 2005, following the discovery of frescoes by Paolo de San Leocadio and Francesco Pagano, hidden behind of it. This documentation utilized phase difference laser scanning, a method that captured the dome’s geometry with high precision. Recently, further scanning of the cathedral’s main chapel was conducted, providing a detailed current state against which the previous model could be aligned and integrated. The methodology involved evaluating and optimizing both sets of data to accurately position the digitally reconstructed Baroque vault within its original context, overcoming challenges such as the absence of normal information in earlier scans. The result is a high-fidelity 3D model of the cathedral’s main chapel, with the Baroque vault accurately reinstated, illustrating the harmony between Baroque and Renaissance elements that was disrupted by the dome’s demolition.This project highlights the critical role of digitized surveying and 3D modelling in architectural heritage preservation, offering insights into the importance of maintaining a digital archive for heritage sites, allowing for virtual reconstructions that honor their historical integrity and complexity.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.14

In recent years, the field of reality-based 3D model generation has undergone a profound transformation, impacting disciplines such as preservation, archaeology, anthropology, and virtual museums by introducing concepts like virtual heritage and extended reality (XR). The integration of digital models and 3D survey data has become pivotal, enabling immersive experiences and providing unprecedented access to previously inaccessible archaeological sites.In 2022, the Soprintendenza Archeologia, Belle Arti e Paesaggio - Città Metropolitana di Bari embarked on a groundbreaking project to explore Lamalunga cave. This cave, housing a 172,000-130,000-year-old Neanderthal skeleton and 500 faunal remnants, became the focus of an interdisciplinary effort aimed at comprehensively documenting its morphological and typological details alongside the Neanderthal remains. Over a meticulous two-year period, the project meticulously recorded 28 previously undiscovered faunal remains using precise scanning, topographic surveying, and close-range photogrammetry. Central to this endeavor is the Science of Representation, employing advanced 3D modelling techniques such as NURBS algorithms and mesh retopology. These methods facilitated the creation of highly detailed and accurate digital replicas, capturing not only the cave’s intricate physical features but also preserving the contextual integrity necessary for detailed analysis and interpretation of the archaeological findings. This study provides an overview of the digitisation process, examining both the capabilities and limitations of digital models for XR applications. By leveraging cutting-edge technology, this approach enhances preservation, accessibility, inclusivity, and global engagement with one of the world’s most significant Neanderthal sites.DOI: https://doi.org/ 10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.6

Although Kahn was mainly known for his public buildings, he also carried out a large number of residential projects. In 1944, along with Oscar Storonov, he submitted the Parasol Houses project to the “Equipment for Living” competition (Brownlee, 1998), which was never built. The project represents his dedication to the modern architectural language and diverges from the austerity present in his earlier housing designs and his later approaches anchored in history and tradition.The main goal of this work is the recovery of the image, through current parameters, of the Parasol Houses project by means of the creation of a virtual model developed on the basis of BIM technology. This analysis aims to rescue and highlight the architectural memory of one of Kahn’s unbuilt works, emphasizing the importance it had for his professional evolution and his contribution to the Modern Movement.Based on the available documentation developed by the architect, a virtual 3D model has been elaborated that will make it possible to approach the “built” work, allowing different aspects of the project to be studied, such as the behaviour of light, the configuration of the spaces, the materials and the furnishings. The dissemination of the model via immersive and interactive platforms also aims not only to vindicate the memory of a project that never came into the word, but also to make up for the sensation of experiencing and interacting with the work of a fundamental architect like Kahn, to the extent of the enormous possibilities that new technologies offer, sharing the historical and artistic transcendence of his creations.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.17

Technologies and digital tools such as laser scanning and photogrammetry are nowadays widely used in the field of architectural heritage survey, being able of producing 3D models characterized by high metric and morphological accuracy. These databases are becoming essential also for the development of more effective interventions on heritage buildings. Despite the advancement of increasingly automated analytical procedures, the management and analysis of point cloud models can still be quite time-consuming and complex, depending on specific assessments to be carried out. In the direction of optimizing these processing steps, several research is being carried out by applying Artificial Intelligence processes to make predictions based on sample data.The aim of the paper is to analyse point clouds processing focusing on geometric and radiometric features for diagnostic analysis. A specific focus aims at analysing possible in-depth uses of the intensity value as a benchmark for historical surfaces assessment, toward an optimized models’ interpretation and classification of the 3D data points, integrating data and information from different sensors.Point clouds under analysis have been carried out by different acquisition techniques; this provides an interesting opportunity to compare the results in terms of intensity value produced by different sensors. The paper will analyse the State of the Art, also illustrating a set of outcomes obtained by the authors, deepening two specific case studies, in order to outline not only the main background and shortcomings in managing complex database, but also possible innovations pointing out new research questions.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.8

Segmental vaults built in the 2nd century A.D. represent perhaps the most distinctive characteristic of Hadrianic architecture. These composite vaults integrate sections of traditional shapes, such as spheres and cylinders, with more complex geometries, like the trikentron. These intricate structures pose substantial challenges in both the comprehension of their original construction and contemporary conservation efforts. This paper focuses specifically on Hadrianic vaulted systems based on circular plan layouts, such as the Serapeum at Hadrian’s Villa, the Horti Sallustiani in Rome, and the Temple of Venus in Baiae, by analysing reality-based mesh models generated from laser scanning and photogrammetry data. Leveraging advanced digital tools, including automated shape recognition, best-fit algorithms, and VPL-based modelling environments, the research aims to deepen our understanding of the geometrical principles underlying the design of these structures. A central objective is to correlate these findings with ancient architectural knowledge, providing insights into the design methodology of the time. This integrated approach highlights innovative aspects of Hadrianic architecture and explores the geometrical constructions employed by Hadrianic architects to achieve these complex designs. The study confirmed the pioneering use of ellipse-based geometries in the Serapeum at Hadrian’s Villa, challenging conventional interpretations of Roman dome construction. Additionally, the proposed workflow has proven effective in abstracting features of incomplete forms, which were then utilised in further geometric analyses. Notably, this research sheds new light on the design of the trikentron, a key innovation of Hadrianic architecture, identifying a common design approach across different instances of its use.doi: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.5

This contribution illustrates some methodologies used to develop a communication of cultural heritage in a multisensorial and accessible way. The considerations within this article guided the inclusion of items displayed in the exhibition “A Line Between Heaven and Earth: new accessibility for the ancient sundial of the University Palace” (Genoa, 21st December 2023-21st January 2024). Both the exhibition and this article center on an ancient astronomical device located within the University Palace building at the University of Genoa. Implemented in the eighteenth century, during the time the building housed the permanent headquarters of the Genoese Jesuit College, the sundial has recently been restored to working order.In this article, we illustrate an approach addressing the paradigm shift in the creation of accessible content based on two fundamental principles. Firstly, we start from a consideration of the relationship between a disabled person and the context, in which the latter – not the former - is understood to be the cause of inaccessibility. Secondly, we acknowledge that every cognitive fact is linked to the space in which it takes place. Thus, we consider the importance not only of sight, but also substitutive perceptions and those elements that link the body in its totality to the memory of the experience and to the dynamic exploration of the space itself.In order to enhance the accessibility of the aforementioned exhibition, a virtual tour was developed accompanied by explanations both in written and audio formats. A podotactile path and tactile models were also created to provide the correct support for the mental reconstruction of spaces, with the aim of illustrating spatial and knowledge paths adaptable to different needs.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.19

This work aims to facilitate the experience of visually impaired people in cultural visits with the purpose that they can access in an inclusive and accessible way to their artistic and architectural heritage. For this objective, we have designed a set of reduced models that reproduce the different artistic elements that make up the heritage spaces so that they can perceive them by touch while visiting the site. In order to carry it out, different surveys have been done through laser scanner and automated photogrammetry and the models have been printed using a 3D printer, due to its accessible cost and because it is a very widespread tool in today’s society. This experience has been put into practice, with the help of the service of specialized guides, in the city of Alcalá de Henares (Madrid), a World Heritage city, which houses numerous typological heritage samples, of different sizes and nature. In this sense, our proposal seeks to adapt the models to the narrative that is developed during the visit, finding the best time to introduce the typhlological material in every particular case. Besides, if the features of the work of art require it, several models at different scales must be fabricated to facilitate the comprehensive understanding of the heritage element: from the general to the particular. To assess the effectiveness of the proposed models, tests have been carried out with visually impaired people who belong to the ONCE (National Organization of Spanish visually impaired people) delegation of Alcalá de Henares, and who have valued the experience very positively, highlighting its usefulness and identifying its limitations and areas for improvement. DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.4

In recent years, the practice of using laser scanners or other technologies to create point clouds describing historical artifacts has become consolidated. The purpose of these surveys method is to carefully inspect architectural heritage elements. In this contest, H-BIM approach associates the geometric objects derived from these surveys with information useful for various fields (e.g., the maintenance or history of the elements). In this contribution, an analysis is made of the data required to use BIM models in extended reality (XR) applications to optimize the data accessibility for several end users (e.g., museum visitors, frails people).DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.9

The aim of the research was to investigate the facade of the Scuola Grande di San Marco in Venice through terrestrial photogrammetry and the procedures of perspective reversal, as well as digital representation and modeling. This investigation was conducted with particular interest in spatial reconstruction of the architectural elements defined in the perspective elevations.The selection of photogrammetric methodology has permitted the acquisition of geometric data pertaining to the building that, in certain instances, are challenging to infer. In addition to the projections and moldings of the Renaissance decorative apparatus, an orthogonal photographic mosaicking has been obtained that returns a planar projection of the main facade. The photogrammetric study was conducted in the lower portion of the elevation, where the illusionistic reliefs are situated. The reconstructions of these portions subsequently permitted the restoration of the plan and elevation in relation to the scene imagined in the marble perspectives, as well as the further three-dimensional modelling.The integration of advanced sensing applications, perspective restitution, and digital representation of architecture enables the development of models that can be translated into augmented or virtual reality applications and physical-tactile replicas. These models can be utilized in a wider range of contexts, according to the specific needs of different categories of public (e.g., age, education, culture, disability, etc.).They can serve as effective tools for dissemination and communication.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.12

The article presents a methodology for integrating data into 3D Heritage Building Information Modeling (3D-HBIM) digital models, specifically focusing on the Chapel of the Holy Chalice case study in the Metropolitan Cathedral of Valencia. This approach is oriented towards efficiently managing and visualising crucial information for conserving architectural heritage. The methodology begins with data acquisition through terrestrial laser scanning (TLS), an advanced technique that enables the acquisition of an accurate and detailed point cloud of the architectural environment.Following data acquisition, a meticulous process of segmentation and processing is undertaken. This phase involves the use of various machine learning algorithms, including Random Sample Consensus (RANSAC) and K-Means, for data classification. These algorithms play a crucial role in identifying and classifying points based on their geometry and chromatic characteristics. A key feature of the approach is the use of colorimetry-based classification, which detects significant changes in the RGB values of the points, thereby aiding in the identification of patterns and potential deterioration in construction materials.The processed data are seamlessly integrated into BIM environments, enabling the incorporation of detailed alphanumeric data and the comprehensive visualisation and analysis of three-dimensional models. This integration is pivotal for the accurate representation and analysis of heritage architecture, providing a robust foundation for decision-making regarding its conservation and maintenance.The article examines the benefits of the proposed methodology, highlighting how the combination of advanced data acquisition techniques and digital processing can significantly enhance the representation and analysis of historical architectural structures.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.11

Surface Reconstruction from raw Pointclouds generates polygonal meshes characterised by typical local issues that need to be addressed by a global reorganisation of mesh connectivity during the Remeshing process. While in the applications for which remeshing algorithms have historically been developed, the problem can be addressed without affecting the mesh polycount, for the authoring of 3D assets intended for Real-Time Rendering applications, maintaining a low polycount is mandatory. However, there is a trade-off between the number of polygons and accuracy. Hence, in cases where accuracy is a primary concern, such as with Digital Cultural Heritage Objects, the topology of the mesh that ensures this reduction becomes crucial since, to an even polycount, the dimensional discrepancy between the original and different simplified meshes can vary significantly.Therefore, it is vital to evaluate the characteristic quality obtainable from different remeshing algorithms with simplification, but despite the importance of the matter, there is a lack of metrics to perform such comparative benchmarks. This study aims to address this gap by defining and testing a Shape Complexity Index on real-world case studies, which is applicable uniformly and consistently to geometric shapes of generic complexity. Such index allows for pre-determine a target polycount and subsequently normalising signed distance computations among different test simplified meshes, posing the basis for both quantitative and qualitative analysis of accuracy achievable by any automatic remeshing tool. Additionally, the proposed workflow is employable as an instrument for planning, monitoring, and reporting a digitisation campaign of objects belonging to the Cultural Heritage.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.10

The article illustrates the methodology and the first experimentation of the “HERIVERSO project”, which aims to create a gamification platform for the digitisation and representation of Intangible Cultural Heritage (ICH). The workflow used is defined by the study of the criteria for the conservation of intangible values. This methodology was designed to be applicable to different examples of ICH, based on the experience of the pilot case. The project also aims to test a new way of managing tangible and intangible Cultural Heritage through blockchain technology, implementing a heritage management system that will work by tokenizing digital assets to enable their reinterpretation and sale.Underlying the project is therefore the question: how to digitise ICH and use it in gamification, without distorting its meaning or losing its values, but allowing a full fruition and accessibility? The methodology used to answer this question is described using the example of the chosen case study: the Corpus Christi celebration in Valencia (Spain).To achieve these objectives, an agnostic, scalable and flexible platform for the digitisation of spaces, artifacts and instruments has been developed, composed of six technological modules. The contents must be introduced by the cultural agent and are based on two essential elements for the functioning of the system: the geolocation of ICH in the territory and the geolocation of digital content and gamification dynamics within real environments. In addition, the use of NFTs ensure the authenticity of the intangible asset and facilitating the generation of economic benefits for it.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.7

The ongoing technological development in the AEC sector is also radically influencing the area of cultural heritage, which is notoriously very conservative. The processes of digitisation of the historical architecture and archaeological heritage are giving great pulse to projects and programmes aimed at physical and cultural accessibility, conservation, tourist attractiveness, dissemination and scientific research with positive effects in terms of enhancement and visibility.3D survey, H-BIM and scan-to-BIM processes, Machine Learning and Artificial Intelligence applications are contributing to a methodological and design approach revolution referred to cultural heritage.This paper shows a workflow related to the analysis of the degradation of ancient surfaces and its digital transposition on parametric models through the semi-automatic segmentation of high-resolution images. The goal is to provide a useful tool for populating ultra-specialized information in BIM environment for maintenance and restoration activities. The case study on which the methodology was applied is a part of the western fortifications of the Aragonese Castle of Ischia; these protect Piazza d’Armi, are overlooking the sea and incessantly subjected to the corrosive actions of the wind, salt and rain. The object has been identified for its intrinsic inaccessibility and the consequent difficulties to intervene with traditional survey and analysis of degradation approaches.The research is part of a scientific collaboration agreement between the Department of Civil, Building and Environmental Engineering of the University of Naples Federico II and the Aragonese Castle s.a.s. which is producing studies and research on architectural emergencies inside the fortified citadel.DOI: https://doi.org/10.20365/disegnarecon.32.2024.13

Portugal's early seaside holiday camps emerged prior to the Estado Novo era, serving as summer destinations for underprivileged children even before the implementation of national educational programs. Educational and charitable associations, supported by private philanthropy and the working class, played a pivotal role in the development of these facilities. Newspapers and cooperatives like Voz do Operário spearheaded social initiatives to address the challenges of the late nineteenth century, targeting workers and their families. These initiatives involved hundreds of children each summer, primarily between June and October, for the care of childhood tuberculosis and the recreation of young guests. These projects found space in existing buildings or gave rise to new buildings along a mostly pristine coastline, often at a considerable distance from urban centers. A significant example is the O Século seaside children's holiday camp, funded by private and public funds, operational since 1927 in S. Pedro do Estoril, between Lisbon and the renowned Cascais. The project went through at least three construction phases, influencing city public life and benefiting from the support of Lisbon’s famous Feira Popular, in operation until a few years ago. Archival documents, historical photographs, and blueprints testify to the evolution of these facilities over time. Transformations between 1944 and 1945 highlight the importance of this camp in the collectivity, its strategies of funding, and its needs, staff, and the children it hosted. Over the years, many of these facilities disappeared due to the tourism expansion in the area, unlike the case of O Século, which still partly continues programs dedicated to childhood.

The 1928 International Exhibition for the Fight against Tuberculosis, held in Rome in the Palazzo delle Esposizioni on Via Nazionale, and the 1937 Exhibition of Summer Camps and Childcare, also in Rome but in the Circus Maximus area, constitute two important chronological milestones of a research that connects architects and engineers on the theme of architecture for holiday camps for children. They are two stages of a ten-year journey that from an original purely sanitary-assistance purpose acquired that of nationalistic-ideological formation in which the Fascist regime transformed the buildings intended for tuberculosis treatment into actual gyms for the physical and spiritual training of young Italians, which can be considered as formidable propaganda machines. During the 1928 exhibition the role of the holiday camps for both the recovery and prevention of children from tuberculosis began to emerge and the commitment of the Roman engineer-architect Cesare Valle, who had been tackling the problem of the hospitalization of TBC patients in Rome since the 1920s, was underlined by the exhibition's wide resonance in newspapers and journals. Less than a decade later, in the exhibition dedicated to holiday camps, the technical-sanitary solutions had already taken on a supporting role, and in the designs of the citadel and the pavilions of the institutions for the care and education of children by various protagonists of the Italian architectural scene, it was above all architecture and propaganda that found an effective combination.

In Portugal, Salazar’s government, after the creation of the Estado Novo (1933–74), introduced a series of welfare policies following the example of what had been implemented in Italy. Although with different declinations, closely linked to the Lusitanian nationalist identity, Italy became a model for Salazarism. Various organizations such as the Fundação Nacional para a Alegria no Trabalho (FNAT), the Organização Nacional Mocidade Portuguesa (ONMP) and the Obra das Mães pela Educação Nacional (OMEN) were involved in building holiday camps for children in the country: they were located on the seaside, on the hills, and in mountain valleys, with functional programs related to childcare and leisure. Numerous leading figures in Portuguese politics were sent by the government to study and visit fascist welfare organizations in Italy, while architects – engaged since the late 1930s in drawing up layouts for summer camps – were urged to use a traditional architectural language. Based on a research conducted in several Portuguese archives, the essay traces the relationship between the two regimes to highlight, through political ideology and built works, similarities, and differences in the relationship between the modernity of architecture and the needs to represent national identity.

This paper aims to analyse the ambiguous relationship with modernity of the holiday spaces in the Third Reich. The Kraft durch Freude (KdF) and the Hitlerjugend, the two major Nazi organisations dedicated to normalising the leisure time of the Reich's subjects, were protagonists of architectural experiences characterised by opposing conceptions of modernity. Two radically opposed architectural models seem to emerge from the KdF Seebad Prora seaside resort and from the ideal layout of the camp recommended by the Hitlerjugend manuals: the machine and the camp. The analysis and comparison of these two models define an opportunity to investigate the complexity of the totalitarian spatial ecosystem by analysing its two-faced approach to modernity, its structural link with the regime and the contemporary perception of its difficult heritage, attempting to dispel certain prejudices and oversimplifications regarding Nazi Germany's planning.

Architecture held a central role in the child welfare programs developed in twentieth-century Greece. Τhis contribution discusses two key examples from the inter- and post-war periods: Panos-Nikolis Djelepy’s Children’s village in Voula, Athens (1933–34, 1936–39) and Emmanuel Vourekas’s Paidopoli in Agria, Volos (1955–58), both influenced by their respective political, social and cultural context. It explores how the projects have contributed to the establishment of a building typology centered around the imminent issue of the hospitality and care of the children and youth. A critical comparative analysis of the two projects is presented with a particular attention on the ways in which they addressed the relationship between building and context, inside and outside, nature and artifice, in line with the prevailing medical treatments in those days, casting a novel attention on issues of environmental performance.

In the Postwar years towards the pursuit of happiness and the construction of a new society, an unusual accommodation facility was built on a meadow just outside Cortina d'Ampezzo: the Albergo Meridiana. The originality of this building can be found in the female client, in its target– childhood, hosting boys and girls from 3 to 14 years old – and above all in the proposal of a house built according to the Montessori model, rather than a more traditional holiday camp. The design was entrusted to Edoardo Gellner and it represented not only one of the first mature works of the architect, but also a real design experimentation on Montessori’s theories of the environment. Also, the building was a testing ground on the interior design which will lead, in the following years, to the more corporate variation of the holiday for children: the Eni Village Summer Camp in Borca di Cadore. In smaller dimensions, the Meridiana anticipated architectural forms, interiors spaces and materials and construction methods, contributing to irreversibly modify the social and pedagogical approach of the architecture of holiday camps through Montessori’s words and theories.

The essay offers an introduction to the experience of holiday camps for children. Holiday camps were a form of social tourism which was typical of industrial societies and which affected the coasts, countryside, and mountains of Western countries for more than a century. After a brief presentation of the conditions that generated their emergence, the essay is organized according to three different dimensions, which are here called “promises:” the promises of salvation, preparation for life, and innovation.

This contribution aims to offer a reflection on the main pedagogical and organisational profiles of Italian climatic holiday camps at the end of the nineteenth century, focusing on three Milanese experiences: two of them, the Cura Climatica Gratuita ai Fanciulli Gracili, alunni delle scuole elementari comunali di Milano (for the pupils of municipal elementary schools in Milan), and the Colonie climatiche autunnali per fanciulli e fanciulle (for boys and girls), have as an emblematic connecting element the figure of the doctor and philanthropist Malachia De Cristoforis (1832–1915), a protagonist of the lively international debate on holiday camps taking place in those years; the third experience, the cure climatiche organised for the young guests of the Martinitt Orphanage, although a somewhat peculiar initiative in terms of the type of beneficiaries, shares some important traits with the previous ones, including the philanthropic character and the centrality attributed to immersion in nature, an element that ideally places the camps in the track of a centuries-old pedagogical reflection.

Originally established as welfare institutions at the beginning of the 20th century, under Italian fascism the function of the holiday camp was transformed into an instrument of indoctrination and physical training. Built predominantly using the architectural language of the razionalismo, the summer camps of the 1920s and 30s were impressive in their design and spatial organisation. But even if their modernist architecture does not seem to have any political references, there are several enrichment codes and symbols that form the backdrop to exert an ideological influence on the young visitors. Lettering, political emblems and slogans, works of art, machine aesthetics and ultimately the floor plan organisation all had an effect on the guests. With the colonie, an entire generation was disciplined, manipulated, sworn to Mussolini and the fascist regime and ultimately prepared for war. After the war, the buildings were mainly taken over by state or church relief organisations. With increasing individual tourism, many facilities have stood empty since the 1970s. Their desirable restoration and conversion, however, should take account of the ominous purpose and orientation and make them visible. Artistic and architectural interventions can be a way to critically question these legacies of fascism for future generations.

In the French Haute-Savoie there is still today a building that is deeply linked to the history of the Italian Republic, which not only testifies to its roots and values, but also represents a paradigm of childhood tragedies in the twentieth century. It is a holiday camp in Saint-Cergues Les Voirons (now converted into private apartments) which was built by the Italian “fuorusciti” for the children of the emigrated compatriots. The creation of this holiday camp was considered one of the most successful undertakings of international anti-fascism. After its opening in 1933, the holiday home was used for a few years by Italian emigrants’ children as well as a refuge for well-known anti-fascists; then it was adapted to the new needs of assistance to the most fragile and difficult children imposed by international circumstances. Five years after its opening, the building was in fact used as a holiday camp for Spanish refugee children from the civil war and, after the outbreak of the Second World War, it became a place to welcome children of any nationality, victims of the conflict and finally a home-refuge for young Jews fleeing deportation. This building, built in a typical alpine style, was most dissimilar from the fascist monumental architectural models. Built just a few kilometres from Geneva, it was much more than just a building: it was a real challenge against an autarchic regime that was increasingly turned in on itself, even in its educational models.

Holiday camps represent a significant example of the architecture for mass tourism in Sardinia after the Second world war, and a concrete example of the health and recreational function of local welfare state policies and religious pedagogical activities. Although marked by simple and sometimes questionable formal solutions – often far from relevant architectural experimentation – holiday camps are now characteristic elements of many Sardinian coastal landscapes, as well as examples of architectural and building articulations which were functional to the pedagogical conceptions of the time. Prominent among these cases are a seaside colony and an accommodation facility for social tourism in the picturesque bay of Solanas (hamlet of Sinnai) in southern Sardinia, both run by religious organizations and located just two hundred meters apart from each other. The first is the “Colonia Salesiana Don Bosco,” built between 1956–58, the second is the “Casa La Scogliera,” completed in 1971. The reconstruction of the design and construction history of the “Casa La Scogliera,” through unpublished original plans, documents, and memories, allows this article to assess the relationship that this building had both with the specific pedagogy developed in the context of religious organizations and with the tumultuous tourist development of Sardinia during the 1960s. This paper aims at revealing the history, values and critical issues of this architecture and the cultural context in which it is embedded, thus contributing to the current debate on the conservation and transformation of holiday camps.

In the fall of 1945, the former mountain holiday camp of the Milan-based Fascist Sciesa Group in Selvino (Bergamo) was transformed into a sanctuary for young Jewish refugees who had escaped persecution, ghettos, and extermination. The immediate perception that this served as a form of reparation was destined to fade over the following decades as this function was succeeded by others. The architectural and social history of Sciesopoli is marked by a long, unbroken concatenation of uses – some antithetical, others in continuity – unfolding from the early 1930s until the late 1980s. As the model of large buildings for mass vacations and therapies faced a crisis, Sciesopoli shared the fate of similar structures: abandonment due to the difficult, perhaps impossible, reutilization in the present. Today, the current needs no longer align with the dimensions and forms of this historical structure. For over fifty years, Sciesopoli has provided thousands of children and young people with the benefits of mountain air, outdoor activities, a heated swimming pool, anti-tuberculosis therapies, and refugee shelter. Presently, only the latter function may continue to exist as a social necessity. However, a refugee shelter is hardly an object of investment in the restoration of a deteriorated structure in need of adjustments, which have indeed occurred during Sciesopoli's seven lives.

Although the history of vacation camps is well documented, their future is yet to be explored. Looking back on the results of a research project that mobilized a multidisciplinary research team from the Nantes School of Architecture, this paper focuses on the future of a former vacation camp called in French “Palais des enfants” (“Children’s Palace”). The camp is located in Saint-Hilaire-de-Riez, a seaside town in Vendée, on the French Atlantic coastline. The specific case of the “Palais des enfants” in Saint-Hilaire-de-Riez offers an ideal case study for the many issues that affect the future of these heritages: who are the stakeholders playing extended roles in managing the future of this camp? What are the legal, social and environmental constraints affecting these heritages? Which economic strategies should be implemented to develop new attractions in a coastal town marked by social tourism? This site, as well as its future, have led us to ground our analysis in a set of spatial, political and social perspectives. They have above all opened up new horizons for joint research initiatives informed by design and by art.

Il Lido di Venezia, lembo di terra emersa tra mare e laguna, è da più di un secolo luogo di villeggiatura privilegiato dei veneziani. A partire dalla nascita del primo stabilimento balneare (1857), le spiagge del Lido sono divenute meta turistica nel Novecento con l’edificazione di importanti hotel di lusso e ville in stile liberty. È in questo clima di fermento che sorge, tra il 1936 e il 1937, la colonia marina “Principi di Piemonte,” su progetto di Daniele Calabi, commissionato dal Comune di Padova, che era interessato ad avere una meta turistica in terra veneziana. Inserita in un lotto di oltre 14.000 metri quadri, la colonia si compone di volumi organizzati attorno a una grande corte ritagliata in una rigida griglia geometrica, originariamente aperta verso il mare. Tuttavia, sono significativi i processi trasformativi che nel tempo hanno modificato l’impianto, arrivando in qualche caso a tradire l’idea del progettista. A partire dall’analisi della documentazione conservata nell’Archivio Progetti dell’Università Iuav di Venezia, l’articolo propone una rilettura dell’iter progettuale e del cantiere, inserendo la colonia nel contesto di sperimentazione e di innovazione di materiali e tecniche costruttive connesso alla stagione dell’autarchia. Lo studio considera infine i meccanismi in atto nel processo di riattivazione del sito che coinvolge stakeholder pubblici e privati, portando a evidenziare quanto le colonie per l’infanzia rappresentino una lente attraverso cui indagare le questioni culturali, tecniche ed economiche della conservazione e della valorizzazione del patrimonio moderno.

The foundation of Ostia Lido, which took place between 1909 and 1915 on the initiative of Paolo Orlando with the collaboration of the Associazione Artistica fra i Cultori di Architettura headed by Gustavo Giovannoni, represented a central episode not only in the expansion of the Third Rome towards the sea, but also of the Italian colonial culture. The construction of the Marine Hospice by Marcello Piacentini provided the first piece of the new settlement, addressed towards a language suspended between classicism and vernacular which was further developed by Vincenzo Fasolo in the nearby monumental Vittorio Emanuele III seaside holiday camp. Through the reading of the documents and the buildings’ locations, this article retraces the main design and construction processes of the two buildings, intimately linked to each other. It also traces the phases of abandonment and degradation, occupation and partial reuse that marked them in the postwar period, providing a picture of their current conditions and the opportunities that an systematic redevelopment could offer, inspired by the historical model of the “Albergo dei Poveri” and other spontaneous bottom-up activities.

This essay contributes to the discussion around the following question: what happens after a children’s holiday camp ceases its activities? Are abandonment and ruin an inevitable fate? The former mountain holiday camp “Rinaldo Piaggio” is the case study around which this reflection unfolds. The holiday camp was built by the Genoese architect Luigi Carlo Daneri in 1939 in Santo Stefano d'Aveto, Liguria, where it housed the children of employees of the Pontedera company until 1983. Later, it was sold and affected by an unsuccessful project to convert it into a healthcare residence, and as of today, it is painfully encumbered by a judicial sale procedure, and is in short “a masterpiece at auction.” The holiday camp is mentioned in many publications on modern architecture and was declared of cultural interest in 1996. This vast historical-critical consensus, however, was never followed by a monographic study aimed at understanding the problems of the building’s conservation, its functional recovery, and the preservation of its modernist qualities. After an introduction on the building, the text reconstructs the attempts to transform and update its use, focusing on what has happened in the last two years, between the start of bankruptcy proceedings and an unexpected opportunity to protect the architectural qualities of this masterpiece and promote the revival of its accommodation function.

In Italy alone, dozens of abandoned holiday camps for children are scattered throughout the landscape. The size and diffusion of this heritage calls for a scientific debate on the history and future of these buildings, which are often in a state of serious decay. From Alpine valleys to coastlines, former holiday camps for children tell a long story of educational, architectural, health and social experimentation, which has influenced generations of Europeans in the last 150 years. Holiday camps were hosted in traditional or modern structures, built from long-lasting materials such as reinforced concrete or temporary camping tents. Whatever their nature, holiday camps have left both physical and intangible traces on the European landscape and society. With this issue, in_bo engages in a debate on the history of holiday camps in Europe between the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, with particular consideration of contemporary reuse and restoration strategies of this architectural heritage.

Educated at the crossroads of various influences – Japanese architecture, vernacular European architecture, and the Modern Movement – Roland Schweitzer (1925–2018) traced a distinctive path in the French architectural scene. He is considered today as a precursor for a form of sensitive contemporary architecture that remains connected with the environment. Schweitzer sought to achieve a certain syncretism between contemporary and traditional form. Throughout his professional life, the humanist dimension of his approach founded its full expression in buildings with a social vocation. From the beginning of his career in 1954, the architect established fruitful relationships with popular education organizations. This proximity led to numerous projects and achievements – youth hostels, summer camps, family holiday centers – as well as long-term architectural research on these specific types of social tourism infrastructures. This paper focuses on the summer camps built in France by Schweitzer between 1958 and 1974. The analysis of the emblematic projects – especially the Cieux and Ballan-Miré holiday camps – allows us to understand how, thanks to a dialogue with the project sponsors and potential users of the site, the architect developed typologies and, more generally, an architectural language that was as close as possible to the uses and the users, educators and children, and enables to evaluate how architecture participated in the popular education projects linked to the New Education movement.

This paper discusses the role of ONMI in the management, coordination and construction of buildings for the protection of childhood, particularly the colonie (holiday camps) and the “Case della madre e del bambino,” built in Italy during the fascist regime. This article is based on research that is partly still in progress and partly already published. The considerations that arose around the role of commissioning also make it possible to highlight certain aspects related to the concept of rationalist architecture as a representation of the racist health instances of fascist ideologies. These aspects can be made explicit through the search for a correlation between original designs, buildings and functional and symbolic programmes. After the Second World War, most ONMI buildings survived (unlike the Case del Fascio and Case del Balilla), continuing to exercise to some extent the functions for which they were born, albeit with new meanings. These buildings were, in fact, the object of an absolutely necessary re-signification since they had in their genesis an ideological component, in the specific case racist, which was no longer acceptable in the changed historical-political context.

Brittany, a maritime territory, became at the end of the nineteenth century a territory of health and social experiences driven by a medical discourse that emphasised both the therapeutic virtues of seawater and the prophylactic qualities of sea air. Through regional examples, this study evokes the installation on the Breton coast of the first holiday camps for children, whose beneficiaries came from many French industrial towns, and benefited from the salubriousness of this marine climate. This study emphasizes the variety of the specialized establishments created in Brittany: from simple open-air schools to sanatoria and marine hospitals, which are then responsible for the fight against tuberculosis. These examples demonstrate how some municipalities specialized in hosting holiday camps for children, and how sometimes the proximity of these establishments to a more traditional resort led to conflicts on the use of the beach. The study highlights that after 1945 the social works of large French public companies multiplied the holiday camps for children on the Breton coast. Finally, the conclusion evokes the current situation, where this type of collective holiday is in crisis, and how the municipalities and institutions in charge of these establishments try to resist a very significant real estate pressure on the much-coveted Breton coast.

Existing literature on the first four decades of children’s holiday camps in the Netherlands (1880–1920) emphasizes that organizations had a dual goal with the care in the buildings; they focused on improving the physical health of children as well as child rearing. This article shows that the architecture of a holiday camp from the early years also focused on both goals. Both strengthening health and imparting upbringing played a role in the design of holiday camps of the Centraal genootschap voor Kinderherstellings- en vakantiekolonies that took a coordinating role for this new form of care for children. The Society divided the children into relatively small groups and implemented a group-system in the activities during the day. Both the social and medical goals were also implemented into the design of the building by architects. The first building in which this was given explicit effect was the Kerdijk holiday camp, which opened in 1907 in Egmond aan Zee. In this article, the author will analyze for the first time from an architectural-historical perspective holiday camp Kerdijk from the underlying ideas about the dual purpose of upbringing and health care. This purpose characterized the main organization for children’s holiday houses of the Central Society in the Netherlands between 1907–1920. From around 1920, the situation changed and the emphasis of life in the camps would increasingly be on health improvement.

The paper scrutinizes the evolution of the uses and functions entrusted to the Gustavo Fara holiday camp in the Italian municipality of Chiavari (Genoa) from the 1930s until today. The work analyzes the historical evolution of the building from its construction to the recent revitalization, including the tourism-oriented urban transformation of the western sector of the city’s waterfront, i.e. Preli. In particular, the essay questions the re-signification of the building in relation to its complex history (Fascism, refugee center, and elementary school) and interprets the more recent events that led to the recovery and conversion into apartments and a luxury hotel. The inquiry leads to answering the following research questions: How does the building dialogue with its surroundings? Is the former holiday camp seen as a difficult heritage of the Fascist regime or only as a representative building of twentieth-century rationalist architecture? How did the recovery process take (or fail to take) into consideration the needs of the community?

La introducción de nuevas tecnologías ha abierto nuevas vías metodológicas y enfoques teóricos de gran interés para la investigación arqueológica y la conservación del patrimonio histórico. Este estudio profundiza en las ventajas de los sistemas LiDAR en el análisis del paisaje y elementos arqueológicos en zonas con gran vegetación. La obtención de documentación gráfica tridimensional de la realidad con fines topográficos, patrimoniales, arquitectónicos o industriales se ha visto revolucionada en la última década por la aplicación de vehículos aéreos no tripulados (UAV), convirtiéndose en una herramienta básica en el trabajo diario de los técnicos, permitiendo documentar grandes superficies de terreno o lugares inaccesibles con una gran eficiencia y con mejores resultados si cabe que con los métodos clásicos. Los UAV, comúnmente conocidos como drones permiten aerotransportar distintos tipos de sensores, siempre condicionados por su dimensión y peso. Estas limitaciones hacían que principalmente se utilizarán sensores pasivos de reducido tamaño: es decir cámaras RGB, multiespectrales o infrarrojos. La constante evolución del sector ha permitido que los sensores activos de teledetección LiDAR (Light Detection and Ranging) estén disponibles a nivel consumidor abriendo nuevas posibilidades que la fotogrametría multiimagen no permite, como la adquisición de información con reducida luz ambiental, zonas sombreadas o la adquisición de datos bajo la vegetación. El objetivo de este estudio es realizar un análisis comparado de la representación tridimensional del terreno y de los elementos estructurales presentes en paisajes con densa vegetación, analizando en base a los parámetros de vuelo: altura y velocidad, el índice de penetración del pulso LiDAR aerotransportado para el registro de las características arqueológicas. El estudio también ofrece una serie de novedades metodológicas basadas en los datos extraídos y las especificidades de este tipo de sensores. En este punto podemos plantear la pregunta ¿qué diferencia existe entre la obtención de topografía con fines técnicos a arqueológicos? En topografía se establece la precisión del modelo digital en función de la escala de trabajo y se genera una superficie reglada, en la que el resultado final sufre un proceso de generalización que suaviza las formas del terreno con el fin de obtener curvas de nivel que representen el terreno y sean interpretables fácilmente en función de la escala. Por el contrario, en arqueológica se buscan indicios de actividad antrópica, por lo que se persigue una mayor definición de las formas, un mayor número de puntos, y aplicar unos sistemas de visualización específicos. Para nuestro propósito de estudio, hemos planteado dos escenarios bien distintos: uno ideal (sin ningún tipo de vegetación ni obstáculo y con topografía horizontal, en concreto una pista de aterrizaje de un campo de modelismo y por otro lado, uno muy complejo con densa vegetación de pinar y fuertes pendientes realizando una serie de vuelos de con diferente altura, (entre 70 y 120 m) y con distintas velocidades de avance de la aeronave (entre 5 y 10 m/s). Finalmente hemos realizado un estudio estadístico de los resultados que nos permitan determinarlos parámetros óptimos para los fines deseados, planteando un esquema y flujo de trabajo óptimos.

El parque de Moutidos es una de las intervenciones urbanas más destacadas en la trayectoria del arquitecto João Álvaro Rocha. Mediante la lectura secuencial de los dibujos que presentamos, algunos inéditos, se estudian el sistema de orden conceptual del proyecto y sus expresiones gráficas, las operaciones que lo posibilitan y el sistema tipológico y constructivo que lo materializa. La lectura presentada evidencia las preocupaciones del arquitecto sobre la coherencia entre el orden general y el orden constructivo y las consecuencias visuales de la definición de los elementos que configuran el proyecto. La interpretación de los dibujos planteada sustenta la idea de que el boceto es una herramienta esencial que permite la convergencia de todas las decisiones proyectuales y que resulta de utilidad en todas las fases de desarrollo del proyecto.

Reseñas de libros - The Church of St. John the Apostle and Evangelist of Massamagrell. History and intervention / La Iglesia de San Juan Apóstol y Evangelista de Massamagrell. Historia e intervención Vicent F. Zuriaga Senent (coord.). Publicacions Universitat de Valencia y Ajuntament de Massamagrell. 2023 ISBN: 978-84-9133-636-5. 402 páginas http://doi.org/10.7203/PUVOA-637-2 - El viaje sin retorno de Rafael Guastavino (1842-1908). Guastavino. L’arquitecte que va tabicar el cel. Francisco Agramunt Lacruz Diputació provincial de Valencia. Valencia. 2022. ISBN: 978-84-7795-915-1. 220 páginas. - Burkina Faso. Arquitectura, cultura y cooperación Camilla Mileto, Fernando Vegas y Lidia García-Soriano (Eds.). edUPV. 2024 ISBN: 978-84-1396-178-1. 479 páginas https://monografias.editorial.upv.es/index.php/fc/article/view/662/397 Reseñas de Tesis Doctorales - Arquitecturas barrocas y neobarrocas en las provincias de Castellón (España) y de Hei Long Jiang (China) Author/Autor: Fanwei Meng Thesis Supervisor/Director: Dr. Joaquín Ángel Martínez Moya Date/Fecha de Lectura: 06/05/2024

The renovation of façades to improve energy efficiency has led to rapid and unregulated change in the landscape of cities. A loss of identity is occurring in urban centres, with previously unknown materials, textures and colours distorting the composition and style of buildings and their respective façade surfacing. This article considers the graphic research conducted to create a pilot system that encourages consistency in façade interventions. Modelling and rendering techniques can generate scenarios to test the consequences of certain regulations. Those graphic techniques were accordingly used to view different regulatory proposals applied to façades. More comparative decision-making based on realistic images is hence achieved, using graphic expression as a decision-making mechanism in urban planning.

Toda intervención en el patrimonio arquitectónico precisa de un levantamiento de planos completo y riguroso sobre el que se puedan representar los materiales empleados en la construcción y las lesiones que afectan al edificio. Sobre esa misma planimetría será posible la posterior realización de diversos análisis. Tradicionalmente estos levantamientos han sido realizados mediante métodos de medición directa sobre croquis. Desde hace unos años, el escáner láser 3D y la fotogrametría se están imponiendo como métodos fiables y eficientes para la toma de datos. Sin embargo, en muchos casos, estos métodos pueden resultar poco eficientes cuando la arquitectura es extremadamente compleja, con espacios pequeños y muy compartimentados, produciéndose múltiples áreas ciegas a las que el rayo láser no tiene acceso. En estos casos puede resultar de gran utilidad realizar el levantamiento de planos mediante la combinación de ambas metodologías. La propuesta metodológica híbrida ha sido ensayada sobre uno de los edificios más significativos y visitados de la ciudad de Valencia: La Llotgeta del Mercado Central de Valencia.

La relevancia de esta investigación se centra en la explicación gráfica del versátil y flexible método de cálculo empleado por los Vandelvira para dar solución a los innovadores sistemas de abovedado esférico que nos han sido legados gracias a sus contribuciones. En el estudio presentado abordamos las diferencias en la formalización del método de cálculo en función de que el trazo final que queramos obtener ya sea un segmento, o por el contrario, un arco de circunferencia. Ello irremediablemente nos obliga a resolver el cálculo gráfico de dos formas distintas, por un lado desde la intrusión en la proyección vertical de un cono de revolución con su eje de giro perpendicular al plano horizontal, lo que engendraría un trazo circular en la proyección de la planta, o por otro lado, si en la planta buscamos una proyección de despiece en tramos rectos, la intrusión del cono en la proyección vertical la haremos de forma que el eje de giro del cono sea paralelo al plano horizontal.

Esta investigación aporta nuevos datos para la interpretación de la historia construida de los Pabellones de la Finca Güell, desde su construcción en 1884-1887 hasta nuestros días. El artículo clasifica y ordena la documentación existente en torno a este conjunto diseñado y construido por Gaudí en forma de fotografías, filmaciones, cartografías, levantamientos, proyectos, a menudo dispersa en diversas fuentes, y las contrasta con las observaciones de las catas realizadas durante la elaboración de los proyectos de restauración por los arquitectos autores del texto. La información reunida y cruzada de las diversas fuentes y confrontada con la realidad ha permitido la elaboración de una cronología precisa de las acciones llevadas a cabo en torno a estos edificios, detectando y corrigiendo incluso algunas fechas atribuidas incorrectamente a ciertas fotografías, lo que permite afrontar las obras de recuperación del conjunto con mayor conocimiento de causa.

Presentamos una aproximación a la Geometría Descriptiva desde las herramientas gráficas digitales, analizando la forma de interacción gráfica que surge de ellas y reflexionando sobre la importancia de los automatismos y los procedimientos asociados a dichas herramientas. Revisamos la idea clásica de pensamiento gráfico apoyándonos en el concepto de “pensamiento gráfico aumentado”, vinculado al nuevo paradigma de la simulación, entendido éste como una evolución del anterior basado en la representación. Comprender este cambio de paradigma nos permite abordar la Geometría Descriptiva con herramientas gráficas digitales desde una fundamentación gnoseológica más profunda, no sin evidenciar ciertas contradicciones que deben ser analizadas y discutidas. Centrándonos en los automatismos digitales, demostraremos que forman parte de una larga tradición en la historia de la Expresión Gráfica, ya que, al igual que otras máquinas de dibujo ideadas en el pasado, suponen la búsqueda de la “vía más corta” al problema de la construcción de la imagen. Finalmente, a modo de conclusiones, abordamos la inevitable conexión entre la Geometría Descriptiva y la Fabricación Digital.

En la nueva era digital, los trámites legales, servicios bancarios, compras, agendar citas médicas, entre otros, que anteriormente se hacían de manera personal, se deben de realizar en línea, lo que ha generado un reto para las personas mayores que generalmente no cuentan con habilidades digitales. Este trabajo tiene como objetivo proponer estrategias para contrarrestar dichos retos, a partir de identificar las barreras que enfrentan las personas mayores al utilizar las aplicaciones web, para ello se realizó una revisión de literatura siguiendo la metodología PRISMA, se seleccionaron 19 artículos de 362 documentos examinados determinando las barreras asociadas al uso de la tecnología en general, posteriormente se clasificaron e identificaron las barreras que se pueden abordar para mejorar la interacción con el usuario proponiendo estrategias basadas en las guías de diseño amigables con las personas mayores. Este trabajo encontró una carencia en el diseño de aplicaciones web para seguir las recomendaciones existentes, generando una interacción complicada en el uso de las páginas para los usuarios web, incluyendo a las personas mayores, para contrarrestar esto, se categorizaron y relacionaron un total de 17 barreras proponiendo 120 estrategias para mejorar la experiencia de las personas mayores.

El presente artículo realizó una revisión bibliográfica crítica en torno a la evolución de los centros comerciales en México bajo el neoliberalismo urbano, destacando cómo estos espacios, originados en Estados Unidos y popularizados en el país desde los años 70, se han integrado en la estructura de la ciudad y en la psique colectiva. En las últimas décadas han pasado de ser meros espacios de transacción a complejos que redefinen las prácticas culturales y sociales, diversificando la oferta comercial y promoviendo un nuevo tipo de ocio centrado en el estatus. La revisión bibliográfica realizada subrayó la escasez de estudios sobre las dinámicas socioculturales internas, intentando comprender cómo estos espacios influyen en la construcción de identidades y estatus dentro del contexto urbano neoliberal, reconfigurando la interacción social y el ocio en la ciudad. Así, pareciera existir un consenso en afirmar que a través de prácticas culturales como consumir, mirar y pasear, los centros comerciales adquieren connotaciones que incluyen el voyerismo, narcisismo y fetichismo. Sin embargo, la segregación y la naturaleza privatizada cuestionan su legitimidad como espacios urbanos integradores, concluyendo que representan una burbuja hiperreal que simula una ciudad "mejor", sin integrarse plenamente como parte de la ciudad real.

La expresión “interior urbano” une dos expresiones aparentemente opuestas, “interior” y “urbano”. A su carácter de oxímoron se le une la ambigüedad propia de ambos términos, dada por los numerosos enfoques con los que se estudia cada uno de ellos. Sin embargo, se trata de una categoría novedosa e interesante a la hora de describir lugares semicerrados vinculados a la ciudad, en los cuales el usuario siente los beneficios de un espacio seguro, acotado y significativo, donde puede desarrollar comportamientos propios del ámbito público y algunos del ámbito privado. Este trabajo parte de una discusión y clarificación preliminar sobre la terminología usada en estudios previos, necesaria para abordar la complejidad de análisis de un conjunto de espacios muy heterogéneo. Al mismo tiempo propone una taxonomía derivada de la observación cualitativa de interiores urbanos en la Ciudad de México. La descripción de cada caso en particular pone énfasis en el grado de apertura del espacio y en los rasgos que permiten describir cada interior en función de sus atributos dados por el ambiente, el lugar y la interioridad.

Urban regeneration and industrial archaeology, dating back between the fourties and the fifties of the 20th century, has drawn attention to architecture, equipment and evidence of human manufacturing, widening the scope of Heritage Preservation in Europe and all over the world. Scholars detected an overall and quite similar development of the approach to industrial Heritage throughout time in the western world, from an early spontaneus interest, through an exploitation mostly based on economic purposes, towards a more recent preservative and inclusive attitude in regenerating buildings and sites, that has a strong support from the voluntary sector in UK. This paper reports the concept and main achievements of a team that, since the seventies, has being pioneering an interdisciplinary, cost-effective and yet preservative approach to abandoned production sites. Blending economic return and true attention to people and site specificity, innovation and campaigns for protection and proper reuse, this approach has been proving to be able to decline the different acceptations of sustainability and, as for conceptual and operational aspects, presents some interesting food for thought.