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This article discusses the relationship between neonatal skin dysbiosis and the development of infantile atopic dermatitis (AD). The study found that infants who developed AD at one year of age exhibited skin dysbiosis as early as the third day of life. The use of moisturizer was associated with a lower risk of AD and food allergy (FA) during infancy. However, the study had limitations, and further research is needed to validate the efficacy of moisturizer-based interventions in preventing AD and FA. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Among skin commensal fungi, lipophilic Malassezia species exist on nearly all human skin surfaces. The pathophysiology of Malassezia-associated skin diseases remains poorly understood due in part to the lack of appropriate animal models. Our objective was to investigate the mechanisms underlying Malassezia-induced skin inflammation using a novel murine model that physiologically recapitulates Malassezia skin infection.Methods: Mice were inoculated epicutaneously with Malassezia yeasts without barrier disruption and in the absence of external lipid supplementation. Skin inflammation, lesional fungal loads, and expression of cytokines and antimicrobial peptides were evaluated in wild-type and mutant mouse strains.Results: Malassezia-induced skin inflammation and epidermal thickening were observed on day 4 after inoculation in wild-type mice. High fungal burdens were detected in the cornified layer on day 2 and decreased thereafter with near complete clearance by day 7 after inoculation. Malassezia-induced skin inflammation and fungal clearance by the host were interleukin-17 (IL-17) dependent with contribution of group 3 innate lymphoid cells. Moreover, IL-17-dependent skin inflammation was mediated through IL-36 receptor and keratinocyte MyD88 signaling.Conclusion: Using a new skin infection model, it is shown that Malassezia-induced IL-17- dependent skin inflammation and control of fungal infection are mediated via keratinocyte IL-36 receptor/MyD88 signaling. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article presents a case study related to 72-year-old Japanese female with stage IV lung cancer and multiple bone metastases received full doses of pembrolizumab, carboplatin, and pemetrexed as first-line treatment including the pembrolizumab is an anti-programmed death-1 checkpoint inhibitor.