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An early analysis of circulating monocytes may be critical for predicting COVID-19 course and its sequelae. In 131 untreated, acute COVID-19 patients at emergency room arrival, monocytes showed decreased surface molecule expression, including low HLA-DR, in association with an inflammatory cytokine status and limited anti-SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response. Most of these alterations had normalized in post-COVID-19 patients 6 months after discharge. Acute COVID-19 monocytes transcriptome showed upregulation of anti-inflammatory tissue repair genes such as BCL6, AREG and IL-10 and increased accessibility of chromatin. Some of these transcriptomic and epigenetic features still remained in post-COVID-19 monocytes. Importantly, a poorer expression of surface molecules and low IRF1 gene transcription in circulating monocytes at admission defined a COVID-19 patient group with impaired SARS-CoV-2-specific T cell response and increased risk of requiring intensive care or dying. An early analysis of monocytes may be useful for COVID-19 patient stratification and for designing innate immunity-focused therapies.

IntroductionMonoclonal antibodies (mAb) targeting plasma cells are malignant gammopathy designed and approved therapies. In recent years, these antibodies have also been increasingly introduced for non-malignant conditions such as autoimmune-mediated diseases. The Anti-Phospholipid Syndrome (APS) is an immune-mediated disorder in which autoantibodies against phospholipid associated proteins could elicit the activation of the coagulation cascade in specific situations. Therefore, the mainstream treatment for APS patients is the use of anticoagulant therapy. However, there are refractory patients who would benefit from targeting the antibodies rather than their effects. Rituximab, a B-cell depleting mAb, and intravenous immunoglobulins (IVIG) have been used in APS patients without showing a clear beneficial effect or a significant drop in anti-phospholipid antibody (aPL) levels.Clinical caseWe present our first APS case treated with daratumumab, an anti-CD38 mAb, in a 21-year-old patient with APS who presented with recurrent venous thromboembolic events despite adequate anticoagulant therapy. She tested positive for lupus anticoagulant, anti-cardiolipin IgG, anti-beta-2-glycoprotein-I IgG and anti-phosphatidylserine/prothrombin IgG and IgM. She was administered one dose weekly of daratumumab for 4 weeks. The treatment showed an adequate safety profile and was well tolerated. The patient was discharged after undergoing a clinically significant improvement. After the therapy, her levels of positive aPL declined significantly and most continued to decrease during the next three months. The patient experienced a new thrombotic episode two years after the therapy associated with poor adherence to antithrombotic therapy.ConclusionsThe treatment with daratumumab showed an adequate safety profile, was well tolerated and led to a significant clinical improvement. Levels of aPL lowered on therapy and the next three months and then rose again during follow-up. Further investigation is needed to better elucidate the role and optimal timing and doses of daratumumab in treatment of refractory APS.

The immune response foreign antigens require a perfect coordination of cells that participate in its different phases. The objective of the response is the rapid destruction of the microorganisms with a minimum repercussion on self-cells and tissues. The regulation of this process is carried out fundamentally by T lymphocytes. There are two main types of coordinator cells: helper cells, what organize the initial immune response, and regulatory cells, what avoid immune attack against self and once the infection is controlled, disassemble the response. There are three types of helper cells which coordinate answers to intracellular parasites (TH1), helmints (TH2) and extracellular bacteria and fungi (TH17). The hyperfunction of TH17 cells is associated with diseases as reumatoid arthritis, due to the hypersecretion of the proinflammatory citoquine IL17. The condition of helper or regulatory cell is the current object of review. TH1, TH2 and TH17 cells have helper and also regulatory functions. In addition, regulatory T cells play an important role in the coordination of the first moments of the response to viral infection in a direct and indirect way, inducing differentiation of TH17 cells.

The immune response foreign antigens require a perfect coordination of cells that participate in its different phases. The objective of the response is the rapid destruction of the microorganisms with a minimum repercussion on self-cells and tissues. The regulation of this process is carried out fundamentally by T lymphocytes. There are two main types of coordinator cells: helper cells, what organize the initial immune response, and regulatory cells, what avoid immune attack against self and once the infection is controlled, disassemble the response. There are three types of helper cells which coordinate answers to intracellular parasites (TH1), helmints (TH2) and extracellular bacteria and fungi (TH17). The hyperfunction of TH17 cells is associated with diseases as reumatoid arthritis, due to the hypersecretion of the proinflammatory citoquine IL17. The condition of helper or regulatory cell is the current object of review. TH1, TH2 and TH17 cells have helper and also regulatory functions. In addition, regulatory T cells play an important role in the coordination of the first moments of the response to viral infection in a direct and indirect way, inducing differentiation of TH17 cells.