Search

Advances in technology and the application of lasers in some areas of dentistry have increased over time. The low power laser has become an effective method for the relief of discomfort in orthodontic treatments. The objective of this research is to determine the usefulness of the therapeutic laser as a tool in the management of pain in orthodontic treatments. A search for scientific articles that mainly covered this topic was carried out in the databases: Google Scholar, Elsevier and the digital journals, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tamé, the Angle Orthodontics in the period of January 2018 to March 2022. 1410 articles were found, of which 34 studies were chosen that included the use of laser in orthodontic treatments. Of the total selected, 13 were bibliographic review articles, 20 clinical trials and 1 case report. It was determined that the recommended wavelength for a favorable and relieving result to exist, in the areas of pain where the laser is applied, is 810 nm (nanometers) and that the laser sessions can be applied daily or intermittently. with a maximum irradiation of 10 seconds in each area of pain. A maximum of 20 sessions are indicated for the combination of laser orthodontic treatment.

Advances in technology and the application of lasers in some areas of dentistry have increased over time. The low power laser has become an effective method for the relief of discomfort in orthodontic treatments. The objective of this research is to determine the usefulness of the therapeutic laser as a tool in the management of pain in orthodontic treatments. A search for scientific articles that mainly covered this topic was carried out in the databases: Google Scholar, Elsevier and the digital journals, American Journal of Orthodontics and Dentofacial Orthopedics, Tamé, the Angle Orthodontics in the period of January 2018 to March 2022. 1410 articles were found, of which 34 studies were chosen that included the use of laser in orthodontic treatments. Of the total selected, 13 were bibliographic review articles, 20 clinical trials and 1 case report. It was determined that the recommended wavelength for a favorable and relieving result to exist, in the areas of pain where the laser is applied, is 810 nm (nanometers) and that the laser sessions can be applied daily or intermittently. with a maximum irradiation of 10 seconds in each area of pain. A maximum of 20 sessions are indicated for the combination of laser orthodontic treatment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Background: 4-aminoantipyrine is one of the pyrazolone derivatives, it has been exposed to a large range of biological activities as an antimicrobial, analgesic, antiviral, anti-inflammatory, and anticancer compound. One of the important derivatives is the hybrid pyrazolone which includes two organic or inorganic drugs attached to give new pharmaceutical agents which may be the same or different activity from the original drugs. Aim: This research aimed to synthesize novel compounds derived from 4-aminoantipyrine and test their biological activity. Methods: Synthesis of 4-aminoantipyrine derivatives, which contain structurally two heterocyclic moieties, pyrazolone with oxadiazole, triazole, or tetrazole rings. The structures of the compounds were identified by 1H-NMR and FT-IR spectroscopy. The in vitro, developed compounds were screened for their analgesic activity and antibacterial activity against medically important gram (+) and gram (-) bacterial strains. Results: The antibacterial evaluation tests showed that some compounds gave good activity and others had no activity. The analgesic activity referred that the synthesized compounds had promising potency. The free binding energy (S) of the compounds with the protein 6B73 were -4.90 to -8.76 kcal/mol, whereas free energy (S) with the protein 5C1M gave -4.94 to -9.21 kcal/mol. Discussion: Among the tested compounds, it was found that compounds 1a, 4b, and 5a had more potent antibacterial activity. The analgesic activity showed that compounds 1b, 4b, and 5a gave the best activity using hot plate methods compared with the standard drug. On the other hand, compounds 1a, 4b, and 5b gave good activity using the writhing test method. Conclusions: Potent, good, or moderate analgesic and antibacterial agents were synthesized using simple and high-yield chemical reactions. The chemical reactions include the synthesis of hybrid antibacterial and analgesic agents using pyrazolone compounds. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Independentemente do indiví­duo ser atleta de alto rendimento, atleta amador ou praticante de exercí­cio fí­sico, o desejo por performance e de participar de competições tem difundido treinos de alta intensidade. A dor muscular de iní­cio tardio (DMIT), que começa aproximadamente 24h após o estresse e pode durar até 7 dias, é consequência do treinamento intenso ou da disputa em competições. Por conseguinte, a automedicamentação de anti-inflamatórios não esteroidais (AINEs) se tornou comum por aqueles que são acometidos pela DMIT. Todavia, devido aos efeitos colaterais do uso crônico de AINEs, os profissionais do esporte buscam soluções sustentáveis para a DMIT, neste contexto o Zingiber officinale surge como possí­vel alternativa para o uso de AINEs. Diante disso, o objetivo desta revisão sistemática é avaliar a eficâcia da suplementação do Zingiber officinale em aliviar a dor muscular de iní­cio tardio. Para tanto, foi realizada pesquisa eletrônica de artigos cientí­ficos, publicados entre 2000 e 2019, indexados nas bases de dados PubMed, Scientific Electronic Library Online (SciELO) e Biblioteca Virtual em Saúde (BVS). Apesar da diversidade de protocolos de dano muscular (exercí­cio de endurance ou resistência) e suplementação (padronização, dose e duração), a suplementação de Zingiber officinale foi capaz de reduzir a DMIT em 77,8% dos estudos. Outrossim, estudos ainda são necessários para melhorar a compreensão da DMIT e definir o mecanismo de ação do Zingiber officinale, a fim de evitar adaptações indesejáveis.

RESUMO O presente trabalho objetivou comparar o efeito do flunixin meglumine, cetoprofeno e meloxicam no tratamento da dor pós-operatória de ovinos submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia. Foram utilizados 32 ovinos, machos, pesando em média 35,5±3,5kg, distribuídos em três grupos: GFlu (flunixin meglumine 1,1mg/kg i.v.), GCet (cetoprofeno 3,0mg/kg i.v.) e GMel (meloxicam 0,5mg/kg i.v.). Exame clínico e coletas de sangue foram realizados no M0 (pré-avaliação), M1 (10 minutos após a pré-avaliação), M2 (início da sutura para fixação da cânula ruminal), M3 (logo após o término da cirurgia) e em duas, 12, 23, 25, 48 e 72 horas após a cirurgia (M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h, M48h e M72h), quando foram avaliados cortisol, glicose, proteína total, albumina, γ-glutamiltransferase (GGT), aspartato aminotransferase (AST), creatina quinase (CK), ureia, creatinina e hemograma. Nos M2h, M12h, M23h, M25h e M48h, foi realizada avaliação comportamental. O GFlu apresentou maior concentração de cortisol no M12h e no M48h e maior escore de dor na fístula e no testículo no M12h, quando comparado ao GMel. Os animais do GCet apresentaram menor interação com outros membros da baia no M23h. A ação analgésica do meloxicam foi maior em animais submetidos à implantação de cânula ruminal e orquiectomia, quando comparado ao flunixin meglumine e ao cetoprofeno.

Introducción: el dolor resultante de una fractura es de difícil control y requiere intervención analgésica así como la inmovilización de la extremidad. No existe en la literatura actual un estudio que compare la intensidad del dolor percibido por el paciente con los diferentes tipos de fracturas, tampoco que especifique qué tipo de manejo inicial se debe realizar para los pacientes con fracturas en extremidades según el tipo de fractura o su clasificación. Objetivo: determinar la efectividad del manejo analgésico inicial realizado a los pacientes con diagnóstico de fracturas en extremidades, y determinar si existe relación entre el dolor percibido por el paciente, el tipo de fractura y la respuesta analgésica. Materiales y métodos: estudio observacional, descriptivo y prospectivo para analizar a los pacientes con diagnóstico de fracturas en extremidades atendidos en el Hospital Universitario del Caribe entre los meses de mayo y junio del 2014, se excluyeron pacientes con más de 24 horas de evolución de la fractura, utilización previa a la atención de analgésicos o sustancias psicoactivas, alteración del estado de conciencia, antecedentes de patología neuromuscular o tratamiento analgésico crónico, se utilizó la clasificación AO-ASIF de las fracturas para determinar la localización y tipo de fractura, también se usó la escala verbal del dolor para valorar su intensidad al ingreso y una hora después de postanalgesia. La efectividad de la analgesia fue determinada tomando como efectiva una reducción en 50% o más del dolor al ingreso. Resultados: en el período de estudio se identificaron 88 pacientes, de los cuales 21 fueron excluidos por los criterios, en total se analizaron 67 pacientes. Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la percepción del dolor según la evaluación con la escala verbal del dolor en todos los grupos de observación, con medianas de dolor más altas al ingreso y disminución luego de una hora de aplicación del manejo analgésico inicial; sin embargo, solo en el 54.7% de los pacientes se consideró efectiva la intervención. No se encontró diferencia estadísticamente significativa entre el dolor percibido al ingreso al comparar localización y segmento óseo fracturado, pero si hubo diferencia al comparar la intensidad del dolor según la complejidad del trazo de fractura, siendo mayor el grado de dolor en los trazos de alta complejidad. Conclusiones: los analgésicos utilizados para el manejo del dolor en la muestra de pacientes estudiados disminuyeron significativamente el dolor, sin embargo, no lograron una adecuada “efectividad” en el manejo inicial del dolor en los diferentes grupos de fracturas de extremidades. Rev.cienc. biomed.2015;6(2)290-297

Dipyrone (metamizole) is well-known for its powerful effect with central and peripheral activity. This meta-analysis involved articles published between 1973 and 2021, revealing that Brazil is the country which most published scientific articles relating the use of dipyrone in dogs, and this drug is widely recommended as an analgesic to control pain in cases of postoperative and cancer. Dipyrone is one of the favorite drugs used in small animal clinic in Brazil, and 12 commercial brands are available to use in dogs at doses among 25 to 50mg/kg for oral, intravenous and intramuscular administration. The effects of dipyrone may be potentiated when used in combination with other analgesic agents such as tramadol. In several studies, the occurrence of vomiting has been observed as an adverse effect, especially when the drug is used during surgical procedures, but metamizole has presented a low potential to cause gastric ulceration. The meta-analysis study of the use of dipyrone in dogs shows the clinical importance of this drug in Brazil, being an effective and safe medication, as long as it is used in the indicated dose of 25 mg/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

A Comissão para o Manejo da Dor estabeleceu um plano de melhoria no controle da dor em 2012. Avaliar as tendências do consumo de analgésicos em um hospital de ensino terciário e o impacto econômico associado. Estudo descritivo, retrospectivo, feito entre 2011 e 2015. A análise incluiu: produtos anti‐inflamatórios e antirreumáticos não esteroides, analgésicos opioides e outros analgésicos e antipiréticos. Os dados foram convertidos em DDD/100 leitos‐dia para analisar as tendências de consumo. Principal medida do desfecho: avaliação do consumo de analgésicos após o estabelecimento de um plano de melhoria no controle da dor. O consumo total de produtos anti‐inflamatórios e antirreumáticos não esteroides diminuiu em 24,8 DDD/100 leitos‐dia (−28,3%), representando a maior parte da redução total do consumo de analgésicos (−13%) e o custo total (−44,3%). O consumo global de opioides aumentou acentuadamente de 22,3 DDD/100 leitos‐dia em 2011 para 26,5 DDD/100 leitos‐dia em 2015 (+18,9%). Em 2011, o opioide mais consumido foi a morfina (8,6 DDD/100 leitos‐dia). No entanto, houve uma tendência crescente no consumo de fentanil (de 8,1 para 12,1 DDD/100 leitos‐dia em 2015), o que resultou na substituição de morfina por fentanil como o opioide mais consumido em 2015 (12,1 DDD/100 leitos‐dia). Em 2015, o grupo dos outros analgésicos e antipiréticos representou 46,2% do consumo total de analgésicos. Acetaminofeno foi o analgésico mais consumido (53,2 DDD/100 leitos‐dia em 2015) e teve o maior custo total, representou 55,4% do custo total em 2015. O consumo de opioides mostrou uma tendência crescente durante o período de cinco anos, fentanil substituiu morfina como o opioide mais usado. Em geral, o uso diminuído de analgésicos foi devido à tendência decrescente do consumo de produtos anti‐inflamatórios e antirreumáticos não esteroides. Pain management committee established a pain performance improvement plan in 2012. The aim of the study was to assess the trends in analgesic consumption in a tertiary teaching hospital and the associated economic impact. A descriptive, retrospective study was conducted between 2011 and 2015. The analysis included: anti‐inflammatory and antirheumatic products non‐steroids, opioid analgesics and other analgesics and antipyretics. Data are converted into DDD/100 bed‐days to analyze consumption trends. Main outcome measure: assessment of the analgesic consumption after the implementation of a pain performance improvement plan. Overall, non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory and antirheumatic products consumption decreased in 24.8 DDD/100 bed‐days (–28.3%), accounting for most of the total analgesic consumption decrease (–13%) and total cost (–44.3%). Opioid consumption increased markedly from 22.3 DDD/100 bed‐days in 2011 to 26.5 DDD/100 bed‐days in 2015 (+18.9%). In 2011, the most consumed opioid was morphine (8.6 DDD/100 bed‐days). However, there was an increasing trend in fentanyl consumption (from 8.1 to 12.1 DDD/100 bed‐days in 2015), which resulted in fentanyl replacing morphine from the most consumed opioid in 2015 (12.1 DDD/100 bed‐days). In 2015, the group of other analgesics and antipyretics represented 46.2% of the total analgesic consumption. Acetaminophen was the most commonly consumed analgesic drug (53.2 DDD/100 bed‐days in 2015) and had the highest total cost, it represented 55.4% of the overall cost in 2015. Opioid consumption showed an increasing trend during the 5 year period, with fentanyl replacing morphine as the most used opioid. In general, analgesics diminished use was due to the decreasing trend of consumption of non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory and antirheumatic products. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT In this article, a group of experts in headache management of the Brazilian Headache Society developed through a consensus strategic measurements to treat a migraine attack in both the child and the adult. Particular emphasis was laid on the treatment of migraine in women, including at pregnancy, lactation and perimenstrual period.

Objective: To show the effectiveness and safety of topical sevoflurane after ambulatory and prolonged administration in patients with refractory vascular ulcers., Methods: Retrospective observational study analyzing clinical improvement and vascular ulcers surface area variation after topical application of sevoflurane. Inclusion criteria were patients with painful vascular ulcers refractory to usual therapies and who were treated with topical sevoflurane for at least 36 months. The following variables were collected: age, sex, medical history, associated comorbidity, ulcer etiology and medical treatment. The visual analog scale was used to measure baseline and break through pain intensity before and after treatment., Results: Nine patients met the inclusion criteria of the total number of patients treated whose median age was 74.8 ± 7.5 years. Cases 2 and 9 died during follow-up. In all cases, the analgesic action of topical sevoflurane was rapid (3.1 ± 2.1 minutes), intense (visual analog scale: 7 ± 1.1 to 1.4 ± 1.1 points) and long-lasting (6 to 24 h). With the exception of case 4, all patients experienced a large reduction in vascular ulcers surface area (15.1 ± 5.0 a 2.7 ± 4.2) and tolerance was not observed over time., Conclusion: Topical application of sevoflurane is an analgesic and re-epithelializing strategy for vascular ulcers with a successful safety profile., (Copyright © 2023 Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria (S.E.F.H). Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U. All rights reserved.)

ABSTRACT Ottonia martiana is a plant popularly known in Brazil by the use for toothache. Ethanolic extract (EE), hexane fraction (HF), dichloromethane fraction (DF) and piperovatine obtained from O. martiana were assayed in vitro and in vivo. The acute toxicity of EE was determined, and LD50 values of 164.5 and 65.0 mg/kg by the oral and intraperitoneal routes, respectively, indicated a high toxicity for EE in vivo, explaining its popular use by topical administration only. A local anesthetic-like effect of EE and its fractions was observed in experimental models using pain induction, and such effect involved an analgesic action. The antimycobacterial activity of EE, HF, DF and piperovatine was evaluated against Mycobacterium tuberculosis H37Rv ATCC 27924. EE, HF, DF, and piperovatine showed a potential antimycobacterial effect with MICs of 16.0, 62.0, 62.0 and 8.0 μg/mL, respectively. Piperovatine was more effective than the EE or the other fractions. The selectivity index (SI=IC50/MIC) values calculated for EE, HF, DF and piperovatine based on the MICs and the cytotoxicity against J774 macrophages (IC50 by MTT assay) revealed values of 6.43, 2.34, 1.5 and 9.66, respectively.

This study aimed to evaluate the effects of tramadol on tear production, intraocular pressure (IOP) and pupil diameter (PD) in healthy dogs. Dogs were randomly assigned to receive 4mg kg-1 (n=11) and 6mg kg-1 (n=11) of tramadol hydrochloride intramuscularly. Tear production (Schirmer tear test, STT-1), IOP (applanation tonometry) and the PD (electronic pachymetry) were assessed before, 30 and 60 minutes after administration of tramadol. Data were compared by analysis of variance for repeated measures (P

Copyright of Boletín Latinoamericano y del Caribe de Plantas Medicinales y Aromáticas is the property of Universidad de Santiago de Chile and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The increase of age is related to the greater consumption of medicines often correlates with the greater occurrence of noncommunicable chronic diseases in this age group. Therefore, it is important to investigate the profile of self-medication in the elderly. Observational, descriptive study, with a cross-sectional design. The sample consisted of 86 older adults with a mean age of 68 years (SD = 6), predominantly the age group of 60 to 69 years (66.3%), 82.6% female. 73.3% of the interviewees reported having already bought some medication without a prescription, being anti-inflammatories/analgesics (41.9%) the most cited, followed by muscle relaxants (11.6%) and vitamins/minerals (9.3 %). The most frequent reasons to buy medication without prescription were: "I had used it before and solved my problem" (56.1%), "I had a pharmaceutical indication" (15.1%) and "the medicine was good for a relative and / or friend "(15.1%). Among the elderly with 60 to 69 years of age, 84.2% reported purchasing medication without a prescription, while among those aged 70 to 79 this percentage was only 48%. There is a high prevalence of self-medication in the elderly, being the anti-inflammatory/analgesic, followed by the muscle relaxants most used. Self-medication is not free of health risks, and this practice is cause for concern, so it is necessary to instruct the population to seek a health professional. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In pharmacological therapeutics drugs available for decades have been revised against new applications and, for some pathologies in veterinary medicine, the therapeutic options may be unlimited so that, any new application is relevant for professional practice. This article aims to identify new uses and possibilities of application of lidocaine in veterinary medicine from its pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics profile by reviewing the theoretical and methodological approaches developed recently on the subject. Many of the updates that apply to human medicine can be implemented in veterinary medicine just as the studies in their early stages need positive results in animals, so that the therapeutic potential of a substance can be quickly valued in the field of veterinary medicine. Data was collected through databases, books and scientific magazines search with publications of studies in humans or animals and the combination of results was made in four specific issues: lidocaine as a prokinetic agent; lidocaine as anesthetic and analgesic; lidocaine against antimicrobial activity; and lidocaine as protective agent in the ischemia reperfusion injury. This way, the proposal is to apply the use of this substance in more situations than the conventional ones in the professional veterinary activity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Justification. Pain has a high prevalence in the general population, being higher in inpatient, with figures close to 80%. Pain management is not always suitable due to several factors, one of the most important the lack of knowledge in the management of analgesics. One of the first measures of improving care to reduce pain in a hospital should be determine the prevalence of this symptom and analyze the therapeutic approach performed. That is why the aim of this study was to analyze the use of analgesics in patients of a fourth-level hospital in Bogota, Colombia, identify the most commonly used analgesics, range of doses, possible interactions and adverse drugs reactions. Results. The 78.9% of the patients were pain. Analgesics were prescribed in 561 hospitalized patients. The most used were acetaminophen (33.3%) and tramadol (29.7%). The most common range of duration of analgesic therapy was 1-5 days (81.7%). 37 cases of overdosing and 3 cases of duplicate therapy were identified. 28 cases of adverse drug reactions (ADRs) were presented. Discussion. Proper treatment of pain plays a vital role in assessing patient satisfaction. There are different trends analgesic use in inpatient, being the most used acetaminophen and nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs). It should further investigate on this issue to have stronger scientific evidence to dictate a universal application guidelines for proper pain relief. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To evaluate the dose-response analgesic effect of metformin in an acute pain event in rodents. Materials and methods: Eighty (80) mice were used. The analgesic effect was evaluated using the abdominal writhing test in mice. Eight (8) groups of 10 mice each were formed: one diclofenac 8 mg/kg group, one tramadol group, one target group, and five experimental groups of metformin at doses of 50, 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg. For the statistical analysis, the D'Agostino-Pearson test, one-tailed ANOVA test, Tukey's test, and Pearson's correlation coefficient were used. Results: The D'Agostino-Pearson normality test revealed a p-value < 0.05 in all groups. The ANOVA test showed a p-value < 0.0001. The Tukey's range test obtained a p-value < 0.05 between the target group and metformin groups at all doses, and between the diclofenac group and metformin groups at doses of 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg, and a p-value > 0.05 between the tramadol group and metformin groups at doses of 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg. The Pearson's correlation coefficient was r = -0.6897 and R = 0.4756, and yielded a p-value < 0.0001. Metformin showed a pain inhibition percentage in the range of 34.89 % to 92.62 %. Conclusions: It has been demonstrated that metformin at doses of 100, 150, 200 and 250 mg/kg had an acute analgesic effect in the abdominal writhing test in mice, with the 250 mg/kg dose being the one that showed the best effect. In addition, a dose-response effect was obtained in escalated doses of metformin. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Management of acute pain is essential in the treatment of burned patients. Current pain management approaches focus on the control of the somatic component reflecting the insult. However, the injury comprises emotional, physical, and psychological components that require multi-disciplinary management, including pharmacological and nonpharmacological interventions to break the vicious circle of pain and its complications. Objective: To perform a nonsystematic review of the literature on the pharmacological and nonpharmacological management of pain in patients with extensive burns. Methods: Nonsystematic review of the literature published between 2000 and 2016 in MEDLINE/PubMed, Embase, Sciencedirect, SciELO, LILACS, Google Scholar, academic books, and institutional management guidelines. Results: After analyzing the literature, it was found that the management of acute pain in the patients with severe burn injury should be based on a multidisciplinary approach. Conclusions: Management of acute painin patientswithsevere burn injury should not focus only on the somatic components of pain but should also encompass the emotional, physical, and psychosocial components, in order to provide comprehensive management, both pharmacological and nonpharmacological. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Objective: To show the effectiveness and safety of topical sevoflurane after ambulatory and prolonged administration in patients with refractory vascular ulcers ., Methods: Retrospective observational study analysing clinical improvement and vascular ulcers surface area variation after topical application of sevoflurane. Inclusion criteria were patients with painful vascular ulcers refractory to usual therapies and who were treated with topical sevoflurane for at least 36 months. The following variables were collected: age, sex, medical history, associated comorbidity, ulcer aetiology, and medical treatment. The visual analogue scale was used to measure baseline and break through pain intensity before and after treatment., Results: Nine patients met the inclusion criteria of the total number of patients treated whose median age was 74.8±7.5 years. Cases 2 and 9 died during follow-up. In all cases, the analgesic action of topical sevoflurane was rapid (3.1±2.1 min), intense (visual analogic scale: 7±1.1 to 1.4 ± 1.1 points), and long-lasting (6-24 h). With the exception of case 4, all patients experienced a large reduction in vascular ulcers surface area (15.1±5.0 to 2.7±4.2) and tolerance wasn't observed over time., Conclusion: Topical application of sevoflurane is an analgesic and re-epithelialising strategy for vascular ulcers with a successful safety profile., Competing Interests: Conflicts of interest None declared., (Copyright © 2023. Publicado por Elsevier España, S.L.U.)

The plant, and especially the fruit of Lagenaria breviflora is widely used in folklore medicine in West Africa as a herbal remedy for the treatment of human measles, digestive disorders, and as wound antiseptics (e.g. umbilical incision wound), while livestock farmers use it for Newcastle disease and coccidiosis treatment in various animal species, especially poultry. The purpose of this study was to contribute with new information on this plant leaves extract effect, as few studies have considered their effects. We collected fresh leaves of Lagenaria breviflora from the school farm of the University of Ibadan, Nigeria in May 2011. Dried leaves were ground and a 200g sample was used to prepare the extract. The grounded leaves material was allowed to shake in 1 000mL distilled water for 48h, in an orbital shaker at room temperature of 24°C. The obtained extract was filtered and concentrated to dryness under reduced pressure at 40ºC, and the thick solution was lyophilized, for a final extract yield of 12.6%. Standard phytochemical methods were used to test the presence of saponins, alkaloids, tannins, anthraquinones, cardiac glycosides, cyanogenetic glycosides and flavonoids. The anti-inflammatory activity of the aqueous leaf extract of the plant was assessed using carrageenan-induced paw edema and histamine-induced paw edema in rats. The analgesic effect was determined using the acetic acid writhing method as well as formalin test in mice. Our results showed that the extract at 100 and 200mg/ kg body weight significantly reduced the formation of the oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the extract showed a good analgesic effect characterized by reduction in the number of writhes when compared to the control. The extract caused dose-dependent decrease of licking time and licking frequency in rats injected with 2.5% formalin, signifying its analgesic effect. These results were however less than those of indomethacin, the reference drug used in this study. Since the plant extract reduced significantly the formation of oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine, as well as reduced the number of writhes in acetic acid-induced writhing models and dose-dependent decrease of licking frequency in rats injected with 2.5% formalin, the results have validated the basis for the traditional use of Lagenaria breviflora against inflamed purulent wounds, swellings, and bruises seen in some infectious diseases such as New Castle disease.

La ingesta del sodio que contienen los alimentos y algunos medicamentos puede producir una elevación de los valores de presión arterial de los individuos. La Organización Mundial de la Salud recomienda de forma global no superar la ingesta diaria de 2 g de sodio en los adultos sanos (5 g de sal común). Para grupos de riesgo se establecen límites más estrictos (0,5-1,5 g de sodio diarios). En España se estima que cada persona consume al día 11 g de sal por término medio. Diversos estudios, realizados en distintas poblaciones, han podido objetivar una correlación directa entre la ingesta de sodio en la dieta y la prevalencia de hipertensión arterial. Otros estudios corroboran el efecto de la reducción del consumo de sal en la dieta sobre la disminución de los valores de presión arterial y de la morbilidad y mortalidad cardiovascular. Muchos medicamentos contienen una elevada cantidad de sodio por tener excipientes efervescentes (1 g de paracetamol efervescente puede llegar a aportar más de 0,5 g de sodio), de forma que, si su posología es cada 6-8 horas, pueden superar los límites diarios de sodio recomendados, incluso para un adulto sano. En este artículo se revisa la evidencia disponible sobre el efecto beneficioso de una dieta hiposódica para el control de la hipertensión, las consideraciones sobre el uso de analgésicos y AINE en los pacientes con enfermedad cardiovascular y se insiste en la advertencia de evitar, siempre que sea posible, el uso de medicamentos efervescentes, especialmente en los mayores de 50 años.

Margaritaria discoidea is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of various body pains in Central, Eastern and Southern Africa. The aqueous extract of its stem bark was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. The extract at 50, 100 and 200mg/kg body weight reduced significantly the formation of oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the extract had a good analgesic effect characterized by a reduction in the number of writhes when compared to the control. Similarly, the extract caused dose-dependent decrease of licking time and licking frequency in rats injected with 2.5% formalin. These results were also comparable to those of indomethacin, the reference drug used in this study. Acute toxicity test showed that the plant may be safe for pharmacological uses. This study has provided some justification for the folkloric use of the plant in several communities for conditions such as stomachache, pain and inflammations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1193-1200. Epub 2009 December 01.Margaritaria discoidea es una planta medicinal usada para el tratamiento de varios dolores corporales en la parte sur, central y oriental de África. Se investigaron las propiedades analgésicas y antiinflamatorias de la extracción acuosa de la corteza de su tallo en modelos animales. Los extractos de 50, 100 y 200mg/kg de peso corporal redujeron significativamente la formación del edema inducido por la carragenina y la histamina. En el modelo de contracción abdominal inducida por ácido acético, el extracto mostró un buen efecto analgésico caracterizado por la reducción en el número de contracciones en comparación con el grupo control. El extracto causó una disminución dependiente de la dosis del tiempo y la frecuencia de lamido en las ratas inyectadas con formalina al 2.5%, lo cual evidencia su efecto analgésico. Estos resultados fueron comparables con los de la indometacina, la droga de referencia usada en este estudio. La prueba de toxicidad aguda mostró que la planta podría ser segura para usos farmacológicos. Este estudio proporciona justificación para el uso folclórico de esta plata en varias comunidades, con el objetivo de tratar padecimientos tales como dolor de estómago, dolor e inflamaciones.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: O bloqueio de plexo cervical permite avaliação neurológica durante a endarterctomia, além de manter analgesia pós-operatória. A clonidina é agonista alfa2 com efeito analgésico em diferentes bloqueios. O objetivo deste estudo foi comparar o efeito analgésico da clonidina com bupivacaína em relação à bupivacaína isolada em bloqueio de plexo cervical. MÉTODO: Foram avaliados 30 pacientes de forma aleatória e duplamente-encoberta divididos em dois grupos: G1 recebeu 1,5 mg.kg-1 de bupivacaína a 0,375% associados a 150 ¼g de clonidina (2 mL) e G2, 1,5 mg.kg-1 de bupivacaína a 0,375% associados à solução fisiológica (2 mL). Foram avaliados: frequência cardíaca e pressão arterial nos momentos 0 (bloqueio), 30, 60, 90 e 120 minutos; necessidade de complementação anestésica; momento para primeira complementação analgésica; quantidade de analgésico usada e intensidade da dor nos momentos 0 (término da operação), 30, 60, 120, 240 e 360 minutos. RESULTADOS: A complementação anestésica com lidocaína foi de 3,8 mL no G1 e 3,6 mL no G2 sem diferença estatística significativa. O momento para a primeira complementação foi de 302,6 ± 152,6 minutos no G1, e de 236,6 ± 132,9 minutos no G2, sem diferença significativa. Não houve diferença na dose de dipirona e tramadol usada. Não houve diferença na intensidade da dor entre os grupos. CONCLUSÃO: A associação de 150 ¼g de clonidina à bupivacaína em bloqueio de plexo cervical para endarterectomia de carótida não promoveu melhora significativa do efeito analgésico avaliado por intensidade da dor, primeira complementação analgésica e quantidade de analgésico complementar.JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: El bloqueo de plexo cervical permite la evaluación neurológica durante la endarterectomía, además de mantener la analgesia postoperatoria. La clonidina es agonista alfa-2 con un efecto analgésico en diferentes bloqueos. El objetivo de este estudio fue comparar el efecto analgésico de la clonidina con la bupivacaína con relación a la bupivacaína aislada en bloqueo de plexo cervical. MÉTODO: Se evaluaron 30 pacientes, de forma aleatoria y en doble ciego, divididos en dos grupos: G1 recibió 1,5 mg.kg-1 de bupivacaína a 0,375% asociados a 150 ¼g de clonidina (2 mL) y G2, 1,5 mg.kg-1 de bupivacaína a 0,375% asociados a la solución fisiológica (2 mL). Se evaluaron la frecuencia cardiaca y la presión arterial en los momentos 0 (bloqueo), 30, 60, 90 y 120 minutos; la necesidad de complementación anestésica; el momento para la primera complementación analgésica; la cantidad de analgésico usado y la intensidad del dolor en el momento 0 (término de la operación), 30, 60, 120, 240 y 360 minutos. RESULTADOS: La complementación anestésica con lidocaína fue de 3,8 mL en el G1 y 3,6 mL en el G2 sin diferencias estadísticas significativas. El momento para la primera complementación fue de 302,6 ± 152,6 minutos en el G1, y de 236,6 ± 132,9 minutos en el G2, sin diferencia significativa. No hubo diferencia en la dosis de dipirona y tramadol usada. No hubo diferencia en la intensidad del dolor entre los grupos. CONCLUSIÓN: La asociación de 150 ¼g de clonidina a bupivacaína en el bloqueo de plexo cervical para la endarterectomía de carótida, no generó ninguna mejoría significativa del efecto analgésico evaluado por la intensidad del dolor, en la primera complementación analgésica y en la cantidad de analgésico complementario.BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neurological evaluation can be done during cervical plexus block for endarterectomy, which also maintains postoperative analgesia. The objective of this study was to compare the analgesic effects of clonidine associated with bupivacaine to those of bupivacaine in cervical plexus block. METHODS: A randomized double-blind study was undertaken with 30 patients divided in two groups: G1 received 1.5 mg.kg-1 of 0.375% bupivacaine associated with 150 ¼g of clonidine (2 mL), and G2 received 1.5 mg.kg-1 of 0.375% bupivacaine associated with NS (2 mL). The following parameters were evaluated: heart rate and blood pressure at 0 (block), 30, 60, 90, and 120 minutes; the need for anesthetic supplementation; time until the first analgesic supplementation; amount of analgesic used; and pain severity at 0 (end of the surgery), 30, 60, 120, 240, and 360 minutes. RESULTS: Group 1 received 3.8 mL of lidocaine for anesthetic supplementation, while G2 received 3.6 mL of lidocaine, but this difference was not statistically significant. In G1, the time until the first supplementation was 302.6 ± 152.6 minutes, and in G2 it was 236.6 ± 132.9 minutes, which was not statistically significant. Differences between the doses of dypirone and tramadol were not observed. Differences in pain severity between both groups were not observed either. CONCLUSION: The association of 150 ¼g of clonidine and bupivacaine in cervical plexus block for carotid endarterectomy did not improve significantly the analgesic effects evaluated by pain severity, time until the first analgesic supplementations and amount of supplementary analgesics.

JUSTIFICATIVA E OBJETIVOS: As citocinas pró-inflamatórias têm função importante na fisiopatologia das síndromes dolorosas neuropáticas. O objetivo desse estudo foi avaliar os níveis plasmáticos de citocinas pró-inflamatórias antes e após o tratamento com tramadol em pacientes com hérnia discal e síndrome do túnel do carpo e compará-los com indivíduos normais. MÉTODO: Investigou-se 38 pacientes com dor neuropática por hérnia discal ou síndrome do túnel do carpo. Todos os pacientes foram tratados com tramadol de liberação controlada (100 mg em 12h) durante 10 dias. Realizaram-se coletas de sangue venoso (5 mL), no período matutino, antes do tratamento e no 11º dia e as amostras foram armazenadas até análise (-70ºC). Foram utilizados testes enzimáticos ELISA para dosagem de citocinas plasmáticas (TNF-±, IL-1, IL-6) e receptores sTNF-R1, (R & D Systems). Realizou-se dosagem de citocinas em soro de 10 voluntários sadios. RESULTADOS: A concentração de TNF-± antes (5,8 ± 2,8 pg.mL-1) foi significativamente maior que após o tramadol (4,8 ± 2,1 pg.mL-1; p = 0,04, Teste Mann-Whitney). Não houve diferença significativa de IL-1², IL-6 e sTNF-R1 antes e após o tratamento. As concentrações plasmáticas de TNF-± (sadios: 1,4 ± 0,5; pacientes com dor: 5,8 ± 2,8 pg.mL-1; p = 0.01) e IL-6 (sadios: 1,2 ± 0,8; pacientes com dor: 3,5 ± 2,6 pg.mL-1; p = 0,01) foram significativamente maiores nos pacientes com dor neuropática que nos voluntários, Teste de Mann-Whitney. CONCLUSÕES: Nos pacientes com hérnia discal e síndrome do túnel do carpo as concentrações plasmáticas de TNF-± e IL-6 foram maiores que em voluntários sadios, não havendo diferença das concentrações de sTNF-R e IL-1². Houve redução da concentração plasmática de TNF-± após tratamento com tramadol (100 mg em 12h), mas não de IL-6, sTNF-R e IL-1².JUSTIFICATIVA Y OBJETIVOS: Las interleucinas proinflamatorias tienen una función importante en la fisiopatología de los síndromes dolorosos neuropáticos. El objetivo de este estudio, fue evaluar los niveles plasmáticos de interleucinas proinflamatorias antes y después del tratamiento con tramadol en pacientes con hernia de disco y síndrome del túnel del carpo, y compararlos con individuos normales. MÉTODO: Se investigaron 38 pacientes con dolor neuropático por hernia de disco o síndrome del túnel del carpo. Todos los pacientes fueron tratados con tramadol de liberación controlada (100 mg en 12h) durante 10 días. Se realizaron muestras de sangre venosa (5 mL), por la mañana, antes del tratamiento y en el 11º día, y las mismas se almacenaron para ser analizadas (-70ºC). Se utilizaron test enzimáticos ELISA para la dosificación de las interleucinas plasmáticas (TNF-±, IL-1, IL-6) y receptores sTNF-R1, (R & D Systems). Se realizó la dosificación de interleucinas en suero de 10 voluntarios sanos. RESULTADOS: La concentración de TNF-± antes (5,8 ± 2,8 pg.mL-1) fue significativamente mayor que después del tramadol (4,8 ± 2,1 pg.mL-1; p = 0,04, Test de Mann-Whitney). No hubo diferencia significativa de IL-1², IL-6 y sTNF-R1 antes y después del tratamiento. Las concentraciones plasmáticas de TNF-± (sanos: 1,4 ± 0,5; pacientes con dolor: 5,8 ± 2,8 pg.mL-1; p = 0.01) y IL-6 (sanos: 1,2 ± 0,8; pacientes con dolor: 3.5 ± 2,6 pg.mL-1; p = 0,01) fueron significativamente mayores en los pacientes con dolor neuropático que en los voluntarios, test de Mann-Whitney. CONCLUSIONES: En los pacientes con hernia discal y síndrome del túnel del carpo, las concentraciones plasmáticas de TNF-± y IL-6, fueron más elevadas que en los voluntarios sanos, no habiendo ninguna diferencia en las concentraciones de sTNF-R y IL-1². Hubo una reducción de la concentración plasmática de TNF-±; después del tratamiento con tramadol (100 mg en 12h), pero no de IL-6 sTNF-R y IL-1².BACKGROUND AND METHODS: Proinflammatory cytokines play an important role in the pathophysiology of neuropathic pain syndromes. The objective of this study was to evaluate plasma levels of proinflammatory cytokines before and after treatment with tramadol in patients with herniated intervertebral disks and carpal tunnel syndrome, and to compare them with normal individuals. METHODS: Thirty-eight patients with neuropathic pain secondary to herniated intervertebral disks or carpal tunnel syndrome participated in this study. All patients were treated with controlled release tramadol (100 mg every 12 hours) for 10 days. Venous blood (5 mL) was collected in the morning, before treatment and on the 11th day, and stored (-70° C) until analysis. ELISA was used to determine the plasma levels of cytokines (TNF-±, IL-1, IL-6) and receptors sTNF-R1 (R & D Systems). Plasma levels of cytokines of 10 healthy volunteers were also determined. RESULTS: The concentration of TNF-± before (5.8 ± 2.8 pg.mL-¹) was significantly higher than after treatment with tramadol (4.8 ± 2.1 pg.mL-1; p = 0.04, Mann-Whitney test). The levels of IL-1², IL-6, and sTNF-R1 before and after treatment with tramadol showed no significant differences. Plasma levels of TNF-± (healthy individuals: 1.4 ± 0.5; pain patients: 5.8 ± 2.8 pg.mL-1; p = 0.01) and IL-6 (healthy individuals: 1.2 ± 0.8; pain patients: 3.5 ± 2.6 pg.mL-1; p = 0.01) were significantly higher in patients with neuropathic pain, Mann-Whitney Test. CONCLUSIONS: In patients with herniated intervertebral disks and carpal tunnel syndrome, plasma levels of TNF-± and IL-6 were higher than in healthy volunteers, while differences in the concentrations of sTNF-R and IL-1² were not observed. Plasma levels of TNF-±, but not of IL-6, sTNF-R, and IL-1², decreased after treatment with tramadol (100 mg every 12 hours).

ABSTRACT The present study was designed to investigate the antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities of the ethanol extract from Ageratum fastigiatum branches. Phytochemical screening and total phenol and flavonoid contents were determined. The antioxidant activity was assessed by 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycrilhydrazin (DPPH) and iron reducing power methods. The antinociceptive effect was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing, formalin, hot plate and tail immersion assays; while the carrageenan-induced paw edema and pleurisy tests were performed to examine the anti-inflammatory activity against acute inflammation. The extract revealed the presence of flavonoids, tannins, coumarins, terpenes, sterols and saponins. Expressive levels of total phenols and flavonoids and a promising antioxidant effect were quantified. At the doses of 50, 100 and 200 mg/kg, the extract inhibited the writhing, reduced both phases of paw licking time and increased the reaction time on the hot plate. In the tail immersion test, the extract (50, 100 and 200 mg/kg) caused a significant inhibition of pain. In these doses, the paw edema, exudate volume and leucocyte mobilization were significantly reduced. These results suggest that A. fastigiatum can be an active source of substances with antioxidant, antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, adding scientific support to the appropriate use in the Brazilian folk medicine.

Stevens-Johnson syndrome is a mucocutaneous dermatosis, infrequent, which is of unknown etiology, probably being triggered by an immune disorder mediated through the action of specific immunoglobulins to drugs. Several drugs can be considered triggers of the disease. Clinically, it is presented by vesicle-bullous lesions and hemorrhagic crusts on the skin and mucous membranes. The aim of this study is to report a case of a patient diagnosed with the syndrome who had severe impairment of the oral mucosal, ocular, genital, anal, and skin. The importance of knowledge of this disease by the dentist, clinical oral and maxillofacial aspects, since, in most cases, the oral mucosa is compromised; as well as knowledge of drugs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Arquivos de Neuro-Psiquiatria is the property of Thieme Medical Publishing Inc. and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

The present study aims to evaluate safety and effectiveness of a drug based on meloxicam associated to dipyrone. Animals were divided in three groups: Group 1 - meloxicam 0,1mg/kg, SID; Group 2 - meloxicam 0,1mg/kg + dipirona 25mg/kg, SID; Group 3 - meloxicam 0,1mg/kg + dipirona 25mg/kg, BID. To evaluate the clinical and laboratorial safety, 24 healthy adult dogs were treated orally for 28 consecutive days. Physical examines and blood and urine collections were made to valuate de presence of side effects of the drugs. To evaluate the effectiveness in controlling OH postoperative pain, 36 bitches were treated orally for five days. Pain assessment by the criteria of the Glasgow pain scale of canine pain and clinical exams were performed daily. In the first part of the survey, there was no laboratorial difference between groups. No clinical alteration was noticed in groups 1 and 3, but in Group 2 there were vomit and diarrhea en two animals. In the second part of the survey, there was no difference between clinical parameters and pain scores within each group, and no difference was found between groups in the physical examines. The association of meloxicam and dipyrone in dose of 0,1mg/kg + 25mg/kg, respectively, each 12 or 24 hours for up to 28 days, is safe and effectiveness in controlling post-surgical pain in dogs. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study aimed to evaluate the anti-inflammatory and antinociceptive effects of hydroalcoholic extract of P.gonoacantha leaves (EPG). The toxic effect of the EPG was tested against A.salina in order to determine a secure dose for subsequent assays. The antinociception was evaluated using the acetic acid-induced writhing and hot plate tests in Wistar rats. The anti-inflammatory effect of EPG was evaluated by carrageenan-induced paw edema tests in rats. The bioassay with A.salina showed low toxicity of EPG (LC50=1,508mg/L). Oral administration of EPG (50, 100 and 150mg/kg) significantly decreased the number of acetic acid-induced writhes, around 61.3%, 71.8% and 64.9% respectively. However, EPG failed to prolong the latency time in the hot plate test, suggesting that EPG predominantly inhibits peripheral pain mechanisms. The oral administration of EPG at doses of 50 and 100mg/kg significantly inhibited paw edema at 3rd h after the injection of the phlogistic agent by 34.5% and 37.5%, respectively. These data suggest that EPG has both antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory activities, and these effects may be attributed to inhibition of COX-2 and prostaglandin release. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lupinus mutabilis Sweet is a plant with high calorie content and many pharmacological effects; therefore, we consider it as a nutraceutic plant. Objective: The present investigation was made with the purpose of comparing the analgesic properties of Lupinus mutabilis S with Morphine, using the standardized technique of CYTED from Plantar Test. Materials and Method: We used fifty albino mice; male of Holtzman bred weighing 25 grams approximately and got from biotherius at MINSA, Chorrillos, to whom previous conditioning in the biotherius from Facultad de Medicina Humana at Universidad de San Martin de Porres and supply of food and water, distributed in the following five groups, G1: Negative control group, G2: Lupinus mutabilis 300 mg/kg; G3: Lupinus mutabilis, 300 mg/kg + Naloxona, 5 mg/kg; G4: Morphine, 10 mg/kg and G5: Morphine.10 mg/kg + Naloxona, 5 mg/kg. It was determined the basal painful threshold to each one of the animals in different groups, using the test of the Hot Plate, the same thing was repeated at 30, 60 and 90 minutes after administration by intraperitoneal via of substances according to each group. The results were analyzed statistically with the program GraphPad Prism and Excel XP. Results: We appreciate an analgesic effect of Lupinus mutabilis Sweet similar to morphine, the same that was blocked by Naloxone in both group treated with Morphine and Lupinus mutabilis at the first 30 minutes. Conclusions: Lupinus mutabilis Sweet showed a good pharmacological action, which like to Morphine that was blockaded by Naloxone. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Margaritaria discoidea is a medicinal plant used for the treatment of various body pains in Central, Eastern and Southern Africa. The aqueous extract of its stem bark was investigated for its anti-inflammatory and analgesic activities in animal models. The extract at 50, 100 and 200mg/kg body weight reduced significantly the formation of oedema induced by carrageenan and histamine. In the acetic acid-induced writhing model, the extract had a good analgesic effect characterized by a reduction in the number of writhes when compared to the control. Similarly, the extract caused dose-dependent decrease of licking time and licking frequency in rats injected with 2.5% formalin. These results were also comparable to those of indomethacin, the reference drug used in this study. Acute toxicity test showed that the plant may be safe for pharmacological uses. This study has provided some justification for the folkloric use of the plant in several communities for conditions such as stomachache, pain and inflammations. Rev. Biol. Trop. 57 (4): 1193-1200. Epub 2009 December 01. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Copyright of Revista de la Sociedad Química del Perú is the property of Sociedad Quimica del Peru and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)

Copyright of Revista Odonto Ciencia is the property of EDIPUCRS - Editora Universitaria da PUCRS and its content may not be copied or emailed to multiple sites or posted to a listserv without the copyright holder's express written permission. However, users may print, download, or email articles for individual use. This abstract may be abridged. No warranty is given about the accuracy of the copy. Users should refer to the original published version of the material for the full abstract. (Copyright applies to all Abstracts.)