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During a survey of endophytic fungi in a tropical dry forest (Caatinga) in Brazil, we obtained isolates from Anadenanthera colubrina (Fabaceae) trees. Based on morphological characters and phylogenetic analyses of ITS, LSU, TUB2, and TEF1 sequences, these isolates were recognised as unique fungal lineages in the genus Aureobasidium, leading to the proposal of two new species. Aureobasidium caatingaense sp. nov. is characterised by straight or slightly curved, ellipsoidal and oblong conidia, and lacking budding cells. It is distinguished from its sister species, Aureobasidium santateresinhaense sp. nov., which exhibits globose to subglobose and elongated conidiogenous cells slightly larger and variably shaped conidia, occurrence of occasional budding cells that are hyaline to brownish pigmented, and rapidly growing colonies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This work describes the chemical composition of the stems of Astronium graveolens Jacq. (Anacardiaceae). The CH 2 Cl 2 and EtOAc soluble fractions of this extract were subjected to chromatographic procedures that allowed obtaining the unreported dimers (7" R *, 8" S *) 2′, 4,4′, 5-tetrahydroxychalcone-(2 → 7", 8 → 8")-2′", 4", 4′"- trihydroxy-7", 8"-dihydrochalcone and (7 S *,8 R *,7" S *,8" S *)-2′,4,4′,5,7-pentahydroxy-7,8-dihydrochalcone-(2→7",8→8")-2′",4",4"'-7 ", 8 "- dihydrochalcone, the previously isolated chalcone dimer named matosine (7 S *,8 S *,7'' S *,8" R *)-2′,4,4′, 5,7-pentahydroxy-7,8-dihydrochalcone-(2→7", 8→8")-2′", 4", 4′"-trihydroxy-7", 8"- dihydrochalcone). Besides these specific chalcone dimers, sitosterol, sitosterol-3- O -β-D-glucoside, methyl gallate, gallic acid, and quercitrin were also isolated. These compounds were identified by mono and bidimensional NMR data analysis and HRMS. Methanolysis of triacylglycerides yielded a mixture of fatty acid methyl esters, which were identified by GC-MS. The profile indicated this fraction is composed of saturated (54.13 %) and unsaturated (46.21 %) fatty acids, and palmitic acid and oleic acid are the major components. The brine shrimp test of the extract showed that the soluble fraction CH 2 Cl 2 of the stems exhibited high toxicity; meanwhile, the EtOAc soluble fraction presented moderate toxicity. The Elmann test indicated that the EtOAc was considered an expressive AChE inhibitor, and the chalcone dimers 1 , 2, and 3 present excellent anticholinesterase activities inhibiting 83.88 %, 70.72 %, and 62.60 % AChE at concentrations of 500 µM, respectively. [Display omitted] • New chalcone dimers were isolated from Astronium graveolens stem. • Astronium graveolens extracts and isolated chalcone dimers inhibit anticholinesterase enzyme. • Chalcone dimers were isolated for the first time in Astronium genus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Mangifera indica, a member of the Anacardiaceae family, is an important medicinal plant renowned for its wide range of biological activities. This study aims to examine M. indica from South Africa and describe its key micromorphological features related to foliar structures. Methods employed in this study include stereomicroscopy, scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and transmission electron microscopy (TEM) for an in-depth analysis of foliar biology. Additionally, ImageJ software was used to measure the length and diameter values associated with different trichome types on M. indica leaves. The morphological evaluation using stereo- and SEM techniques revealed the presence of non-glandular trichomes with cuticular warts as well as glandular peltate trichomes. TEM micrographs confirmed the presence of numerous mitochondria, starch grains, plastoglobuli, and plastids, providing corroborating evidence of cellular organelles within these cells. Histophytochemical analysis of specific leaf sections further validated that alkaloids and phenolics are the major medicinal compounds obtained through extraction methods. The observations indicated no significant difference between summer and winter seasons concerning common morphology-related characteristics across all categories. The overall findings demonstrate that M. indica's usefulness for compound extractions remains consistent throughout the year due to its similar attributes between seasons. Consequently, continuous cultivation is established as crucial for developing sustainable approaches toward modern medicine. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Lannea egregia Engl. & K. Krause (family: Anacardiaceae) is a well-known medicinal plant in Nigeria whose various parts have been shown to elicit several biological activities. This study specifically explored the leaf of L. egregia for potential cytotoxic compounds. Methods: n-Hexane, dichloromethane and methanolic extracts of the leaf were prepared using the Soxhlet apparatus and concentrated using the rotary evaporator. Compounds were isolated by reversed-phase preparative high-performance liquid chromatography, and the structures were determined by spectroscopic means. The methanolic extract and the isolated compounds were screened for cytotoxicity against HeLa and MCF-7 cancer cell lines, using the MTT assay. Results: Three flavonoids, myricetin (1), myricetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (2) and quercetin 3-O-α-L-rhamnoside (3), were isolated from the methanolic extract of the leaf of L. egregia. The methanolic extract and compound 3 showed the most potent inhibition profiles against the cells, with IC50 values (Mean ± SEM) of 45.3 ± 1.5 µg/mL and 57.5 ± 0.4 µg/mL for the methanolic extract, and 36.5 ± 2.0 µM and 57.9 ± 10.1 µM for compound 3, against HeLa and MCF-7 cells, respectively. Conclusion: Conclusion: This work shows that L. egregia leaf is moderately cytotoxic, and rich in flavonoids, and the cytotoxicity of the extract is, at least partially, due to the presence of cytotoxic flavonoids. This is the first report on characterized isolated compounds from the leaf of L. egregia and the occurrence of flavonols in the leaf.

The chloroplast genome structures and its phylogenetic relationship were studied in Mangifera similis Blume from Bangka Island, Indonesia. The total size of the chloroplast genome was 158,977 bp, comprising large single copy (LSC) region (87,764 bp, 55.21 %), small single copy (SSC) region (18,423 bp, 11.59 %) and two inverted repeat regions (IRs) (26,395 bp, 16.60 %). As many as 132 genes (112 are unique) were recognized within the M. similis chloroplast genome, including 87 (80 are unique) protein-coding genes, 37 tRNAs (28 are unique), and eight rRNAs (4 are unique). Phylogeny analysis of the 22 species in the Anacardiaceae showed distinct genetic relationships between its six genera. The eight Mangifera species were divided into two groups, the first consisting of three subgroups of M. similis, M. odorata, M. longipes, M. persiciforma, and M. hiemalis, while in the second group, eight M. indica samples formed a monophyletic group which was sister to M. sylvatica and M. siamensis. The closest genetic relationships between M. similis and M. odorata need to be clarified using more Mangifera genome studies, especially those included in the IUCN Redlist. The first report of the M. similis cp genome will be useful for its phylogenetics, taxonomy, and conservation.

Background: The larvae of Altenia spp. and gall aphids are known to feed on plants related to Anacardiaceae. This study documents the aphidophagous habit of Altenia wagneriella, which was verified by molecular techniques, subsequently by the gut dissection test, and direct observation. Materials and methods: To identify the moth larvae and adult aphids, two mitochondrial genes, cytochrome c oxidase I (COI) and cytochrome b (Cytb), were amplified by polymerase chain reaction (PCR). Nested PCR with the aphid-specific primer pairs AphidF and AphidR was used to detect aphids in the body of moth larvae. The specificity of the primers was verified by PCR analysis of DNA from moth larvae and adult aphids. Results: The method detected aphids in moth larvae, and a band of approximately 200 bp was amplified from moth larvae feeding on aphids. No cross reactions with moth larvae were observed. In the laboratory, all moth larvae feeding on aphids (Forda marginata) were also PCR positive for aphids. Conclusions: Gall-inducing insects are microhabitat engineers that manipulate their host to obtain a better nutrient supply, as well as protection from natural enemies and abiotic factors. This is the first recorded instance worldwide of the carnivorous larva of the moth A. wagneriella acting as an aphid predator, as well as the first record of a host insect for this species. Additionally, it is the first effort to molecularly analyze the predator-prey relationship between the moth larvae and the aphids inside the wild pistachio gall. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

• Traditionally, it represents an alternative for respiratory and gastrointestinal disorders. • Absence of trichomes and presence of resinous ducts on the stem. • Druse-type crystals on the petiole and midrib. • Presence of paracytic stomata on the abaxial surface. • The histochemistry revealed the location of the metabolites. Anacardium occidentale belongs to the Anacardiaceae family and is popularly known as cashew. It is provided with several pharmacological activities, described in the National List of Medicinal Plants of Interest to the Unified Health System. Its anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antimicrobial, antidiabetic, molluscicidal, and larvicidal activities stand out. As it is a plant of great economic and medicinal importance, it is necessary to characterize the pharmacobotanical profile of this species. Thus, the present work aims to carry out a microscopic and histochemical characterization applied to the quality control of A. occidentale. Cross-sections of the stem, petiole and leaf blade were performed, as well as longitudinal sections of the stem and paradermal sections of the leaf blade. Anatomical studies were performed under light, polarization and scanning electron microscopy. For histochemical analysis, different reagents were used according to the metabolite under investigation. Among the anatomical structures that provide a detailed diagnosis of the studied parts of this species, the presence of resin ducts, druse crystals, glandular trichomes, paracytic stomata, and isobilateral mesophyll stand out. Histochemistry identified the location of different substances, such as starch, phenolic compounds, lipophilic compounds, lignin, essential oils, tannins, triterpenes, steroids, and calcium oxalate crystals in the leaf blade. Through the analysis of ultra-anatomical images by SEM-EDS, it was also possible to verify that the crystals found in the leaf blade are calcium oxalate. Its elemental composition was shown in detail. In view of the results, the importance of this study is justified because important characteristics of the anatomical structure of the stem and leaves of this medicinal species of wide distribution in Brazil are now identified. They are essential parameters for the determination of botanical authenticity. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

BACKGROUND: Mangifera indica L. (mango), a medicinal plant rich in biologically active compounds, has potential to be used in disease‐preventing and health‐promoting products. The present investigation reveals and uncovers bioactive metabolites with remarkable therapeutic efficiency from mango (family: Anacardiaceae) seeds. RESULTS: Biological activity was determined by antimicrobial, antioxidant and anticancer assays, and metabolite profiling was performed on gas chromatography coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (GC‐QTOF‐MS) and liquid chromatography coupled to quadrupole time‐of‐flight mass spectrometry (LC‐QTOF‐MS) platforms. Validation of active metabolites was carried out by in silico molecular docking (Molinspiration Cheminformatics Server and PASS). Extracted and identified metabolites were screened; 54 compounds associated with various groups were selected for the in silico interaction study. CONCLUSIONS: Molecular docking revealed lead molecules with a potential binding energy score, efficacy and stable modulation with a selected protein domain. Investigation, directed by in vitro and in silico analysis, confirms mango seeds as an excellent source of potential metabolites as a therapeutic agent. © 2024 Society of Chemical Industry. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Members of the Botryosphaeriaceae are well-known endophytes and stress-related pathogens. We recently characterised the diversity of Botryosphaeriaceae in healthy tissues of three tree species in the Anacardiaceae, namely Sclerocarya birrea, Mangifera indica and Lannea schweinfurthii. Here we ask how that diversity compares with the Botryosphaeriaceae diversity associated with dieback on those tree species. Samples were collected from agroecosystems (Tshikundamalema and Tshipise in Limpopo) and conservation areas (Nwanedi and the Mapungubwe National Park in Limpopo and the Kruger National Park in Mpumalanga) ecosystems. Species were characterised using multigene sequence data and morphological data. Diplodia allocellula, Dothiorella brevicollis, Do. viticola, Lasiodiplodia crassispora, L. mahajangana and Neofusicoccum parvum occurred on both asymptomatic and symptomatic samples. Dothiorella dulcispinea, L. gonubiensis and L. exigua, as well as a previously unknown species described here as Oblongocollomyces ednahkunjekuae sp. nov, only occurred in asymptomatic branches. An interesting aspect of the biology of O. ednahkunjekuaeae is that it appears to be adapted to higher temperatures, with an optimum growth at 30 °C, and faster growth at 35 °C than at 25 °C. Lasiodiplodia pseudotheobromae only occurred in symptomatic branches. Neofusicoccum parvum was notably absent from conservation areas, and in agroecosystem it was most common on M. indica. Only L. crassispora and L. mahajangana overlapped on all three tree species and were the dominant species associated with dieback. These results show that not all Botryosphaeriaceae occurring asymptomatically in an area contribute equally to disease development on a related group of hosts, and that environmental disturbance plays a significant role in the distribution of N. parvum. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe nine angiosperm fossil woods from sediments of the Cardiel Formation (Upper Cretaceous) near the Cardiel Lake, Santa Cruz Province, Argentinian Patagonia. On the basis of the characteristics of the anatomy, the specimens were placed in three fossil species: Weinmannioxylon trichospermoides related to the Cunoniaceae, Burseroxylon panzai sp. nov. possibly related to the Anacardiaceae or Burseraceae, and a new taxon with unknown affinity, Tortorellixylon oligoporosum gen. et sp. nov. Angiosperms are 15% of the assemblage and conifers 85%, which is consistent with previous studies of fossil woods from the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia. Most specimens show poorly distinct growth ring boundaries that suggest a weakly marked annual seasonality during the deposition of the Cardiel Formation. In addition, the specimens' size and the rings' curvature are consistent with large trees. Decay patterns similar to those produced by modern xylophagous fungi are also recognized in most specimens. The identification of three species in an assemblage of nine fossil woods suggests a significant taxonomic richness of angiosperms, and the taxonomic composition suggests a Late Cretaceous age for the Cardiel Formation (probably Campanian–Maastrichtian). These new records allow a better understanding of the composition of the fossil forests of the Late Cretaceous of Patagonia, in which the tree canopy was apparently dominated by conifers. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Numerous herbal products have been the subject of research regarding their potential role in cancer prevention or adjuvant therapy. Pistacia atlantica and its main phytochemicals have garnered significant attention for their potential anti-cancer effects. The study aimed to assess the growth inhibitory effects of P. atlantica essential oil (PAEO) on MKN-45 and AGS cells. This study quantified the volatile compounds in PAEO using Gas Chromatography–Mass Spectrometry (GC–MS). Subsequently, MKN-45 and AGS cells were treated with varying concentrations of PAEO (5%, 2.5%, 1.25%, 0.625%, 0.3125%, 0.156%, 0.0781%, 0.0391%, 0.0195%) for 24 h. Cell viability was evaluated through the MTT assay. The impact of PAEO on gene expression was investigated by quantifying the mRNA levels of Bax and Bcl2 in the various experimental groups using quantitative Real-Time PCR (qRT-PCR) analysis. Additionally, flow cytometry was utilized to evaluate apoptosis in the treated cells. The analysis of PAEO revealed that α-pinene was the predominant monoterpene, constituting 87.9% of the oil composition. The cytotoxic effects of PAEO were evaluated, and it was found that the oil significantly reduced the viability of MKN-45 and AGS cells. The IC50 for MKN-45 cells was determined to be 1.94 × 10–3% after 24 h of treatment, while for AGS cells the IC50 was 2.8 × 10–3% after 24 h. Additionally, the research revealed that PAEO triggered a notable rise in apoptotic cells in both AGS and MKN-45 cell lines. Moreover, at the molecular level, the findings indicated an increase in Bax expression and a decrease in Bcl2 mRNA expression, providing further evidence of the induction of apoptosis in both MKN-45 and AGS cell lines following PAEO treatment. The findings of this study offer evidence supporting the cytotoxic effects of PAEO on gastric cancer cell lines by promoting apoptosis. The findings suggest that PAEO may offer potential as a therapeutic candidate in managing and treating gastric cancer. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Applying elicitors in plants growing under natural conditions change the metabolic content of volatile compounds extracted from their tissues. Here, we have investigated how abiotic elicitors influence the volatile composition of the ethyl acetate extract of Anacardium othonianum seedlings propagated in vitro and ex-vitro cultures. Abiotic factors such as salicylic acid, silver nitrate, light quality, and cultivation mode affected the composition of volatile compounds in ethyl acetate extract of A. othonianum leaves seedlings. GC/MS analysis demonstrated that α-tocopherol was the main metabolite in cultures added with chemical elicitors, reaching 22.48 ± 4.06% in the case of 30 µM salicylic acid. Higher concentrations of salicylic acid decreased the amount of α-tocopherol. The addition of AgNO3 had a linear effect on α-tocopherol. Thus, the production of this metabolite indicates that salicylic acid and AgNO3 elicitors positively affect α-tocopherol production at specific concentrations helping to understand how plant culture can be better manipulated. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

ABSTRACT The characterisation and evaluation of accessions are important steps in both the management of a germplasm collection and in a plant genetic improvement program. Carrying out characterisation and evaluation, whether morphological or molecular, requires observing the overall features of plants in the field, or collecting leaves for DNA extraction, which is time consuming and costly; whereas DNA extracted directly from the seeds allows access to the genome without the need for planting the seeds, which speeds up the selection of genotypes of interest and information on genetic variability. The aim was to develop a non-destructive method for extracting DNA from cashew seeds. The seeds were mechanically perforated using a mini-grinder, and a sample of the endosperm was removed. Various protocols and commercial kits for DNA extraction were tested, as well as materials to seal the opening made in the seed. It is possible to extract cashew tree DNA from the endosperm, preferably using commercial kits with cementitious adhesive as the sealing material, offering a germination percentage of 60% of the perforated seeds.

El Gigante rockshelter in western Honduras provides a deeply stratified archaeological record of human-environment interaction spanning the entirety of the Holocene. Botanical materials are remarkably well preserved and include important tree (e.g., ciruela (Spondias), avocado (Persea americana)) and field (maize (Zea mays), beans (Phaseolus), and squash (Cucurbita)) crops. Here we provide a major update to the chronology of tree and field crop use evident in the sequence. We report 375 radiocarbon dates, a majority of which are for short-lived botanical macrofossils (e.g., maize cobs, avocado seeds, or rinds). Radiocarbon dates were used in combination with stratigraphic details to establish a Bayesian chronology for ~9,800 identified botanical samples spanning the last 11,000 years. We estimate that at least 16 discrete intervals of use occurred during this time, separated by gaps of ~100-2,000 years. The longest hiatus in rockshelter occupation was between ~6,400 and 4,400 years ago and the deposition of botanical remains peaked at ~2,000 calendar years before present (cal BP). Tree fruits and squash appeared early in the occupational sequence (~11,000 cal BP) with most other field crops appearing later in time (e.g., maize at ~4,400 cal BP; beans at ~2,200 cal BP). The early focus on tree fruits and squash is consistent with early coevolutionary partnering with humans as seed dispersers in the wake of megafaunal extinction in Mesoamerica. Tree crops predominated through much of the Holocene, and there was an overall shift to field crops after 4,000 cal BP that was largely driven by increased reliance on maize farming.

The fruit of Choerospondias axillaris (Anacardiaceae), known as south wild jujube in China, has been consumed widely in several regions of the world to produce fruit pastille and leathers, juice, jam, and candy. A comprehensive chemical study on the fresh fruits led to the isolation and identification of 18 compounds, including 7 new (1–7) and 11 known (8–18) comprised of 5 alkenyl (cyclohexenols and cyclohexenones) derivatives (1–5), 3 benzofuran derivatives (6–8), 6 flavonoids (9–14) and 4 lignans (15–18). Their structures were elucidated by extensive spectroscopic analysis. The known lignans 15–18 were isolated from the genus Choerospondias for the first time. Most of the isolates exhibited significant inhibitory activity on α-glucosidase with IC50 values from 2.26 ± 0.06 to 43.9 ± 0.96 μM. Molecular docking experiments strongly supported the potent α-glucosidase inhibitory activity. The results indicated that C. axillaris fruits could be an excellent source of functional foods that acquire potential hypoglycemic bioactive components. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Chios mastic gum (CMG) derived from Pistacia lentiscus L. var. chia family Anacardiaceae has shown beneficial effects on a wide range of human disorders beside other traditional uses. In this study the essential oil of CMG was isolated by hydrodistillation from Pistacia lentiscus L. var. Chia followed by the identification of its chemical composition revealing the dominancy of α-pinene (29.2%) and Caryophyllene (9.7 %). The oil acute wound healing activity was tested in vivo on excision wound model using albino rats and showed promising results since wounds were healed by almost 97% by the end of the 20 days compared to about 79% displayed by the untreated group. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The most common macrofossils in the highly diverse flora from Laguna del Hunco (early Eocene of Chubut, Argentina) are "Celtis" ameghinoi leaves, whose true affinities have remained enigmatic for a century. The species accounts for 14% of all plant fossils in unbiased field counts and bears diverse insect-feeding damage, suggesting high biomass and paleoecological importance. The leaves have well-preserved architecture but lack cuticles or reproductive attachments. We find that the fossils only superficially resemble Celtis and comparable taxa in Cannabaceae, Ulmaceae, Rhamnaceae, Malvaceae, and many other families. However, the distinctive foliar morphology conforms in detail to Dobinea (Anacardiaceae), a genus with two species of shrubs and large herbs ranging from India's Far East and Tibet to Myanmar and central China, and we propose Dobineaites ameghinoi (E.W. Berry) gen. et comb. nov. for the fossils. This discovery strengthens the extensive biogeographic links between Eocene Patagonia and mainland Asia, provides the first fossil record related to Dobinea, and represents a rare Gondwanan macrofossil occurrence of Anacardiaceae, which was widespread and diversified in the Northern Hemisphere at the time. The diverse leaf architecture of Anacardiaceae includes several patterns usually associated with other taxa, and many other leaf fossils in this family may remain misidentified. Los macrofósiles más comunes en la flora altamente diversa de la Laguna del Hunco (Eoceno temprano de Chubut, Argentina) son hojas de "Celtis" ameghinoi, conocidas desde hace un siglo y cuyas afinidades han sido enigmáticas. La especie representa el 14% del total de las hojas fósiles en censos imparciales de campo, y los ejemplares exhiben diversos daños producidos por alimentación de insectos, lo que sugiere que habrían tenido elevada biomasa e importancia ecológica. Las hojas presentan la arquitectura bien conservada, pero carecen de cutículas o conexiones con estructuras reproductivas. Encontramos que los fósiles sólo se parecen superficialmente a Celtis y a taxones comparables de Cannabaceae, Ulmaceae, Rhamnaceae, Malvaceae, y muchas otras familias. Sin embargo, la morfología foliar distintiva se ajusta en detalle a Dobinea (Anacardiaceae), un género con dos especies de arbustos y grandes hierbas que se distribuye desde el Oriente de la India y el Tíbet hasta Myanmar y China central. Proponemos Dobineaites ameghinoi (E.W. Berry) gen. et comb. nov. para las hojas fósiles. Este hallazgo refuerza los ya extensos vínculos biogeográficos entre el Eoceno de Patagonia y Asia continental, proporciona el primer registro fósil relacionado con Dobinea y representa una rara presencia macrofósil gondwánica de Anacardiaceae, una familia que estaba muy extendida y diversificada en el hemisferio norte en ese momento. La diversa arquitectura foliar de las Anacardiaceae incluye varios patrones comúnmente asociados con otros grupos de plantas por lo que muchos fósiles de hojas de esta familia pueden permanecer aun mal identificados. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The fruits of some Anacardiaceae tree species are important sources of food and water for vertebrate species in seasonal tropical forest. During a monitoring study using camera-traps in a tropical dry forest of the Tehuacán-Cuicatlán Biosphere Reserve, Mexico, we documented tree visitation and fruit consumption in the 'Chupandillo' Cyrtocarpa procera by medium to large-sized terrestrial mammals species. From 2012 to 2017, we established cameras-traps in front of six adult chupandillo trees during 385–499 days. A total of 4,831 photographs were obtained during a total of 2,706 days. The camera-traps recorded 12 mammals species visiting, passing in front the tree, or consuming its fruits. The white-tailed deer, cotton rabbit, collared peccary and gray fox were the species that presented the highest number of visit events, with the two ungulate species recorded visiting all of the sampled trees. These species, as well as coati, consumed fruits of this tree species from September to October. The white-tailed deer visited during the day, while the collared peccary mainly visited during the twilight-night time period. We propose that fruits of C. procera are an important resource for mammals in this region, in particular for white-tailed deer and collared peccary. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

In the eastern Adriatic flora the genus Pistacia L. (Anacardiaceae) is represented with P. lentiscus L., P. terebinthus L., their hybrid P. × saportae Burnat and the cultivated P. vera L. In addition, an endemic putative taxon from Mt. Biokovo was described in 1985 as P. calcivora Radić. Our aim was to resolve relationships between the four putative indigenous taxa of this genus in Croatia (P. lentiscus, P. terebinthus, P. × saportae and P. calcivora) based on genetic (AFLP) and morphological data. Specifically, we aimed to determine the presence of the hybrid taxon P. × saportae and to validate the controversial taxonomic status of P. calcivora at the molecular and morphological levels. Our combined results indicate the presence of two well separated groups of populations. The first group included all individuals of P. terebinthus and the individuals initially assigned to the potential taxon P. calcivora based on leaf morphology, suggesting that there is no support for the described taxon P. calcivora and that it should be considered as a synonym for P. terebinthus. The second group corresponded to P. lentiscus and included the majority of the presumed hybrid individuals of P. × saportae. However, four hybrid individuals were confirmed at the molecular level and were placed between the two parental taxa in the phylogenetic tree, confirming the presence of P. × saportae in Croatia. Although confirmed P. × saportae individuals were genetically closer to P. lentiscus, they were morphologically more similar to P. terebinthus, hindering their correct identification in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

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Background: The suamc genus Rhus (sensu stricto) includes two subgenera, Lobadium (ca. 25 spp.) and Rhus (ca. 10 spp.). Their members, R. glabra and R. typhina (Rosanae: Sapindales: Anacardiaceae), are two economic important species. Chloroplast genome information is of great significance for the study of plant phylogeny and taxonomy. Results: The three complete chloroplast genomes from two Rhus glabra and one R. typhina accessions were obtained with a total of each about 159k bp in length including a large single-copy region (LSC, about 88k bp), a small single-copy regions (SSC, about 19k bp) and a pair of inverted repeats regions (IRa/IRb, about 26k bp), to form a canonical quadripartite structure. Each genome contained 88 protein-coding genes, 37 transfer RNA genes, eight ribosomal RNA genes and two pseudogenes. The overall GC content of the three genomes all were same (37.8%), and RSCU values showed that they all had the same codon prefers, i.e., to use codon ended with A/U (93%) except termination codon. Three variable hotspots, i.e., ycf4-cemA, ndhF-rpl32-trnL and ccsA-ndhD, and a total of 152–156 simple sequence repeats (SSR) were identified. The nonsynonymous (Ka)/synonymous (Ks) ratio was calculated, and cemA and ycf2 genes are important indicators of gene evolution. The phylogenetic analyses of the family Anacardiaceae showed that the eight genera were grouped into three clusters, and supported the monophyly of the subfamilies and all the genera. The accessions of five Rhus species formed four clusters, while, one individual of R. typhina grouped with the R. glabra accessions instead of clustering into the two other individuals of R. typhina in the subgenus Rhus, which showed a paraphyletic relationship. Conclusions: Comparing the complete chloroplast genomes of the Rhus species, it was found that most SSRs were A/T rich and located in the intergenic spacer, and the nucleotide divergence exhibited higher levels in the non-coding region than in the coding region. The Ka/Ks ratio of cemA gene was > 1 for species collected in America, while it was < 1 for other species in China, which dedicated that the Rhus species from North America and East Asia have different evolutionary pressure. The phylogenetic analysis of the complete chloroplast genome clarified the Rhus placement and relationship. The results obtained in this study are expected to provide valuable genetic resources to perform species identification, molecular breeding, and intraspecific diversity of the Rhus species. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Lannea L. genus belongs to the Anacardiaceae botanical family and has long been used in traditional medicinal systems of many countries to manage several health conditions, but no studies have been conducted regarding its usefulness as a source of herbal medicine for human use. A literature review was conducted on scientific papers indexed on B-On, Pubmed, and Web of Science databases. Our results showed that medicinal plants from this botanical genus, mostly constituted by bark and leaf, are often used to approach a wide variety of disease symptoms, like fever, inflammatory states, pain, and gastrointestinal disorders. Phytochemical profiles of Lannea species revealed that phenolic acid derivatives including hydroquinones, phenolic acids, flavonoids, condensed tannins, and triterpenoids are the main classes of secondary metabolites present. Among the total of 165 identified compounds, 57 (34.5%) are flavonoids, mostly quercetin- and myricetin-derived flavonols and catechin and epicatechin flavan-3-ol derivatives also containing a galloyl group. In vitro and in vivo studies allowed the identification of 12 different biological activities, amongst which antimicrobial, antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and cytotoxic activities were the most frequently cited and observed in in vitro essays. Our review contributes useful information for the scientifical validation of the use of Lannea species in traditional medicinal systems and shows that more research needs to be conducted to better understand the concrete utility of these as herbal medicines. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Pistacia chinensis is extensively employed in traditional medicine. This study aimed to isolate and evaluate the therapeutic effects of 3’4’78-tetrahydroxy-3-methoxyflavone from P. chinensis crude extract. Materials and Methods: The study utilized column chromatography for isolation. The plant extract and its isolated compound were assessed for in vivo analgesic (hot plate model), anti-inflammatory (carrageenan-induced paw edema), sedative (open field model), and muscle relaxing properties (inclined plane and traction test). Results: In the thermal-induced analgesic model, a significant analgesic effect was observed for the extract (25, 50, and 100 mg/kg) and the isolated compound (2.5, 5, 10, and 15 mg/kg) at higher doses. The extract (100 mg/kg) significantly prolonged latency time (21.98 seconds) after 120 minutes of administration. The isolated compound elevated the latency time (20.03 seconds) after 30 minutes, remaining significant up to 120 minutes with a latency time of 24.11 seconds. The anti-inflammatory effect showed a reduction in inflammatory reactions by 50.23% (extract) and 67.09% (compound) after the fifth hour of treatment. Both samples demonstrated significant sedative effects, with the extract hindering movement by 54.11 lines crossed compared to the negative control (180.99 lines). The isolated compound reduced the number of lines crossed to 15.23±SEM compared to the negative control. Both samples were also significant muscle relaxants. Docking studies indicated that the compound’s therapeutic effect is due to inhibiting COX and nociceptive pathways. Conclusion: The isolated compound from Pistacia chinensis exhibits significant analgesic, anti-inflammatory, sedative, and muscle relaxing properties, with potential therapeutic applications by inhibiting COX and nociceptive pathways.

Brazilian peppertree (Schinus terebinthifolia), a member of the Anacardiaceae family, has invaded territory throughout the world, including the southeastern and western United States. Similar to fellow family members poison ivy and poison oak, Brazilian peppertree causes allergic contact dermatitis (ACD) in susceptible individuals. As this pest increases its range, dermatologists living in endemic areas should familiarize themselves with Brazilian peppertree, its effects on the skin, and how to treat any associated ACD. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Sumac (Rhus coriaria L.) is one of the medicinal plants of Anacardiaceae family and widely used as a spice in Iran and Arab countries. Rhus coriaria var. zebaria is a small tree or large shrub, wildly growing in Iraq and described as a new variety with special characteristics. These increase the importance of studying sumac in these areas. Here, the phytochemical variations and the antibacterial activity of 50 accessions of this variety from five different climatic conditions was evaluated in order to identify the best accession to use and the best area for its cultivation. This is the most comprehensive study on this plant. Essential oil compounds were identified using GC–MS method and according to the results, Z, E-2,13-octadecadien, caryophyllene oxide, 2,4-decadienal, E-caryophyllene and nonanoic acid were among the main compounds. Also, the variety is a rich source of minerals including K, Ca, Mg, Na, P, and N. Sumac fruit extract from Akre Xerds had the highest anthocyanin and the lowest amount was from Kavilca region. The radical scavenging effect of extract from Dostic area in the concentration of 400 µg/mL is closer to the effect of ascorbic acid. The largest inhibition was found in the sumac extracted oil of Xasto Zhere area against S. aureus in compared with penicillin and amoxicillin and enrofloxacin antibiotics. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The aim of this paper is to investigate the social significance of children's work in cashew supply chain activities in Ghana. Using survey and semi-structured interviews, we gathered data from 218 children working in cashew supply chain activities in Ghana. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics and thematic analysis approach. The results show that children's involvement in various stages of cashew supply chain activities is highly gendered. Working in cashew supply chain allowed children to gain farming and life skills, earn income to meet some school expenses, and support household livelihood building efforts. Work allowed children to meet their peers outside of the home economy to engage in conversational activities that are not easily supplied by leisure activities. While there are perceived negative implications of children's work on schooling, we conclude by reiterating the need for policy to recognise the significant learning opportunities and social interaction for children working on family cashew farms. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Two new baccharane triterpenes, 17,24-epoxy-23-en-baccharan-3-one (1) and 17,24(S)-epoxy-25-en-21-hydroxy-baccharan-3-one (2) were isolated from Rhus chinensis Mill. The structures were established on the basis of UV, IR, HR-ESI-MS, 1D and 2D NMR spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction analysis. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study recorded the physicochemical properties of the marula fruits, the biometry and breaking the dormancy in the marula seeds. Using 200 ripe fruits, the physicochemical characterization was done. From a random sample of 400 seeds, an assessment of the biometrics was performed, and the weight, length, width and thickness of the fruits and seeds were evaluated. Two experiments were conducted to study dormancy breaking using pre-germination treatments, which included immersing the marula seeds five times (0, 15, 30, 45 and 60 minutes) in concentrated sulfuric acid (96%) and water, at 65 °C temperature. The control was time zero, using plain distilled water, with 25 seeds per treatment and four replications. The marula fruits revealed average values of 21.65 ± 3.44 g, 35.5 ± 2.38 and 34.8 ± 2.73, respectively, for weight, diameter and length. The soluble solids (SS), Hydrogenonic Potential (pH), titratable acidity (AT) and ratio (AT/SS) were 14.74 ± 1.0° Brix, 3.93 ± 0.49 pH, 0.63 ± 0.22 and 27.07 ± 12.10, respectively. For the weight of one thousand seeds, the average value was 3.576 ± 188.4 g. The mean values for the dimensions of the width, length and diameter of the seeds were 22.9 ± 2.11; 23.7 ± 2.04; and 14.9 ± 2.09 mm, respectively. The physiological quality of these seeds was enhanced by immersing the seeds from freshly picked fruits in sulfuric acid for a maximum of 30 minutes and storing them for six months. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The cashew tree Anacardium occidentale is a globally important food species and in Brazil is a natural component of cerrado and restinga vegetation and has an important role in local economies as a food and medicinal plant. Nevertheless, diversity studies of wild populations—the most important reservoir of natural variation—of this naturally widespread species are urgently needed for conservation strategies because of human impact on tropical American ecosystems where it occurs. Here, we sought to differentiate the previously recognized restinga and cerrado ecotypes using multivariate morphometrics of wild populations in a limited area of northeast Brazil (northern Piauí and northeastern Maranhão states). Thirty individuals were sampled for 47 vegetative and reproductive descriptors from six wild populations (three of each ecotype). Data analysis included principal component analysis and three classification methods (linear discriminant analysis, k-nearest neighbour analysis and classification and regression tree analysis); cross-validation tests were applied to classification results. Univariate statistics obtained for each population and ecotype were found to be consistent with the previously proposed distinction between the two ecotypes. Although principal component analysis showed extensive variation and overlap between populations, cross-validations of classification analyses showed strong differentiation between ecotypes and between most populations; vegetative and reproductive variables were equally important for discrimination. Cerrado populations were more variable and somewhat less distinct than restinga ones. New molecular genetic investigations of wild populations are needed to provide genetic support for the morphological differentiation of the ecotypes reported here. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The article deals with the taxonomy of the genus Holigarna found in the Western Ghats of Karnataka. Five species of Holigarna have been reported from the Western Ghats of Karnataka. The study includes--field surveys, herbarium examinations, and literature references provided the information on endemism, correct names, a short description, flowering & fruiting period, distribution, and illustrations & photographs of all the five species of the genus Holigarna. This information will be helpful in the identification of Holigarna species in the field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi, popularly known as "Pink pepper", is a plant native to Brazil. The objective of this work was to analyze the chemical composition and the antioxidant and antibacterial potential of essential oils (EOs) from the leaves, fruits and twigs of S. terebinthifolius, aiming for their application in food safety. EOs were obtained by hydrodistillation and the chemical composition was determined by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry. Phenolic compounds were quantified and antioxidant activity was evaluated using three different methods. The antibacterial activity was determined by the broth microdilution method against foodborne bacteria. In the chemical analysis, 22 compounds were identified in the leaves, 13 compounds in the fruits and 37 compounds in the twigs, revealing the presence of the main compounds germacrene D (12.04%, 15.78%, 20,41%), caryophyllene (15.97%, 3.12%, 11.73%), α-pinene (11.6%, 17.16%, 2.99%), β-pinene (5.68%, 43.34%, 5.60%) and γ-gurjunene (16,85%, 3,15%) respectively. EOs showed better antioxidant potential using the β-carotene/linoleic acid method with 40.74, 61.52 and 63.65% oxidation inhibition for leaves, fruits and twigs, respectively. The EO from the leaves showed greater antibacterial potential against Escherichia coli and Staphylococcus aureus with a minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of 0.62 mg mL−1, a value lower than the MIC of sodium nitrite (5.00 mg mL−1), the antimicrobial standard synthetic. The activities of pink pepper EOs suggest their potential as a biopreservative in foods. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This study evaluated the ovicidal and larvicidal effects of a hydroalcoholic extract (HAE) and two fractions—one aqueous (Aq-F) and the other organic (EtOAc-F)—from dehydrated Cyrtocarpa procera leaves on Haemonchus contortus. In addition, the primary compounds in the HAE and the fractions were identified. The egg hatching inhibition (% EHI) and L3 larval mortality (% Mortality) tests were performed. The treatments used in the EHI test were HAE (12.5–200 mg mL-1), Aq-F (5 and 10 mg mL-1), and EtOAc-F (0.62–10 mg mL-1); for larval mortality, HAE (50– 200 mg mL-1), Aq-F (20–40 mg mL-1), and EtOAc-F (2.5–40 mg mL-1). Thiabendazole (0.1 mg mL-1) and ivermectin (5 mg mL-1) were used as positive controls, while methanol (3 %) and distilled water were negative controls. The results were analyzed using a completely randomized design and an ANOVA. The main compounds in the extract and fractions were identified using high-performance liquid chromatography. The HAE had a 100 % ovicidal effect at the highest concentration tested, while EtOAc-F had a nearly 100 % ovicidal effect at 1.25 mg mL-1, and Aq-F displayed the lowest ovicidal effect. Regarding larval mortality, the HAE exerted a larvicidal effect close to 80 % at 100 mg mL-1, while EtOAc-F displayed a larval mortality of 71.47 % at 20 mg mL-1. The chemical analysis indicated the presence of gallic acid, derivatives of gallic acid (gallates), kaempferol rutinoside, quercetin glycoside, and luteolin glycoside. This study shows evidence of the ovicidal and larvicidal properties of C. procera, which could make it useful as a natural anthelmintic in the control of H. contortus. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Summary: Plants can modify their anatomy and physiology to improve their survival. Water stress is one of several factors that have been identified as potential wood modifiers. This study aimed to analyse whether soil physical properties and dioecy influence the wood density of Astronium fraxinifolium (Anacardiaceae). Samples of A. fraxinifolium trees were obtained from 20 male and 20 female individuals in two fields (an impacted area (IA) and a non-impacted area (NIA)) and the physical properties of soils from both areas were analysed. The apparent densities of the bark-to-bark wood samples were determined by X-ray densitometry. The apparent density values were calculated using QMS software. The IA soil showed lower porosity (macroporosity and microporosity) than the NIA soil. The wood densities of IA trees differed significantly, with IA trees having higher values than the NIA trees. The results indicated that trees growing in soils with low porosity and high soil bulk density had higher wood density. Based on the results of this study, which showed that species in areas with compacted soils had relatively high wood densities, it was concluded that A. fraxinifolium trees in environments with low water availability have dense wood with conducting vessels of large diameters. None of the wood features were influenced by the dioecy of A. fraxinifolium. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

We describe a new fossil wood genus of Anacardiaceae with two species from the Tepetate Formation (upper Eocene), Baja California Sur State, Mexico. The first species has distinct growth ring boundaries, vessels solitary and in radial multiples; alternate intervessel pitting, and the vessel-ray parenchyma pits with reduced borders. Its other features are: non-septate and septate fibers, axial parenchyma rare, and rays mostly uniseriate except for those with radial canals. The second species has distinct growth ring boundaries, vessels solitary and in radial multiples (a higher percentage of solitary vessels than the first species), vessel-ray pits with a horizontal to round shape, all fibers nonseptate, vasicentric axial parenchyma, heterocellular rays and radial canals in some multiseriate rays. The diagnostic traits in both woods allow us to erect in a new fossil genus, Pericuxylon with two species in the Anacardiaceae family. The occurrence of Anacardiaceae in the late Eocene of southern Baja California Sur confirms its long geological history and importance in forests of northern Mexico. • Key words: Baja California Peninsula, eudicots, fossil woods, Sapindales. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The study aimed to assess the influence of light on structural aspects of Schinus terebinthifolia sun and shade leaves. At the morphological level, leaf length, width, area and dry mass were measured. Anatomical analysis assessed the thickness and area of leaf blade and leaf tissues, histolocalised lipids and phenols, and calculated stomatal index. Sun leaves showed lower number of leaflets (22%) and lower leaf (50%) and leaflet area (30%). Petiole length and width were respectively 34 and 33% higher in shade leaves. Tissue proportion, stomatal index and stomatal density showed no variation between morphotypes. However, epidermal periclinal outer-wall thickness in sun leaflets was higher on both the adaxial (24%) and abaxial (27%) leaf surfaces, as was the total adaxial (11%) and abaxial (23%) epidermal thickness. Analogously, palisade and spongy parenchyma thicknesses were higher in sun leaflets (62 and 45%, respectively). Histochemical reaction for phenol detection was stronger in sun leaves. Schinus terebinthifolia showed high foliar phenotypic plasticity in response to different light conditions that occur even on a single-individual basis, across different crown regions. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Introduction: Among the many plants used in folk medicine, Anacardium occidentale L. stands out as a plant belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, commonly known as cashew tree. Several pharmacological properties are known, such as antitussive, antisyphilitic, diuretic, wound-healing, and antimicrobial actions. The stem bark is attributed with various pharmacological actions, with notable emphasis on its wound-healing activity. Objective: The present study aimed to develop a gel containing Anacardium occidentale L. glycolic extract with wound-healing activity, evaluating its physicochemical and microbiological characterization. Materials and methods: Two gels, Gel 1 and Gel 2, were prepared, composed of Carbopol® 940, propylene glycol, glycerin, EDTA, nipagin, with the glycolic extract of Anacardium occidentale L. incorporated into the gel base. The gels were evaluated on days 1, 20, 25, and 35. The physicochemical quality control was conducted by determining the pH and verifying physical and visual aspects, such as changes in color or precipitation, and spreadability test. Results: The formulations presented pH values between 6.0 and 8.0, respectively, normal and homogeneous appearance, and characteristic odor, with attention drawn to the color change in Gel 2 after 20 days of study. Gel 2 exhibited superior and more homogeneous spreadability. Regarding the viable microbial count assay, conducted for microbiological quality control, it was confirmed that the formulations were within acceptable microbial limits. Conclusion: Based on the results of this study, the formulations demonstrated acceptable physicochemical and microbiological characteristics, ruling out the need for reformulation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Anthropogenic fires are an increasing threat to tropical savannas and their plant populations. In the Brazilian Cerrado, human‐made fires at the end of the dry season are replacing natural fires at the beginning of the dry season. Critically, these late burns occur under more intense climate variables. Here, we aimed to understand the potential role of fire seasonality on individuals of Anacardium humile, a widespread Cerrado species of cultural and economic importance.We conducted two prescribed burnings, one at the beginning of the dry season (early burning) and one at the end of the dry season (late burning) when climate variables were remarkably different. We assessed the reproductive responses of A. humile individuals over 4 years and compared individuals from the fire treatments with those from an unburned area (control).The reproductive phenology of A. humile varied over time and was influenced by climate variables. The seasons of different burning had similar impacts on the reproductive phenology of A. humile, and this impact lasted for at least 4 years. While A. humile populations do not depend on fire for reproduction, they produced more flowers and fruits for up to 2 years with the fire treatments.We provide empirical evidence of the role of climate variables on the phenology of A. humile and demonstrate the importance of considering the role of time after fire events. The similar responses of A. humile to fire seasonality show that Cerrado fire management can be more complex than previously thought. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Animal dietary choices help us understand a species' feeding behaviour and are particularly relevant in conservation management. The aim of this study was to gather knowledge on dietary choices and the foraging behaviour of the Grizzled Giant Squirrel (Ratufa macroura) in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary, Southern Western Ghats, Kerala, India. The objectives were in particular to determine the food composition, seasonal fluctuations in food selection and feeding technique. Through an observational sampling method, focal animal sampling, the Grizzled Giant Squirrel in Chinnar Wildlife Sanctuary was found to feed on 30 plant species belonging to 18 families. The most used plant family was Fabaceae, with eight species, followed by Moraceae (four species) and Anacardiaceae (two species). The food species consumed included 22 trees, four climbers, one liana, one paraphyte, one shrub and one succulent species. The squirrel spent the most time feeding on Bauhinia racemosa (19.79%), followed by Tamarindus indica (14.08%) and Nothopegia beddomei (9.89%). The squirrel's diet choice was primarily influenced by the availability of food tree species and food resources rather than the season and nontree species were also found in the diet of Grizzled Giant Squirrel. Although the Grizzled Giant Squirrel exhibits some plasticity in its dietary choices, the available diversity of mature trees and plants as food sources appears to be important for its conservation in the fragmented riparian forest of the Western Ghats in Southern India. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Plant species diversity was studied in 20 sandy wadis of the northern Algerian Sahara (Ghardaïa region). Based on subjective sampling, 20 floristic surveys were carried out in the various sandy biotopes in February-April 2022. Through an ascending hierarchical analysis, we distinguished 3 phytoecological groups and assessed their functional, biogeographic, and abundance characteristics. The recorded plants represented 15 species (296 individuals) belonging to 15 genera of 10 botanical families. The most represented families were the Fabaceae, Anacardiaceae, Brassicaceae, and Poaceae. In terms of the real plant-life spectrum, hemicryptophytes (51.7% of individuals) dominated the sandy wadis, followed by chamaephytes (33.1%) and phanerophytes (15.2%). In the real dispersal spectrum, the barochores prevailed (60%). The real phytogeographic spectrum shows that the Saharan endemic element reached the highest share (32.7%). In terms of abundance, an analysis of the real spectrum revealed that very common species (52%) dominate in the Ghardaïa region, but some fairly rare plants were also found. Indeed, the sandy biotopes of the wadis of the Ghardaïa region are valuable habitats for the conservation of plant species in the northern Algerian Sahara. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cyrtocarpa is a generic name that has been applied to members of a complex of dry-habitat Neotropical taxa, but recent investigations have revealed that in fact this group represents three distinct genera. Tumultivenia and Uniostium, two new genera of Anacardiaceae-Spondioideae, are described and illustrated, as is one new species, Cyrtocarpa caribaea. Both new genera are strongly supported as distinct in a published phylogeny. Uniostium velutinifolium was originally published in Bursera and subsequently combined in both Tapirira and Cyrtocarpa, while Tumultivenia caatingae was originally published in Cyrtocarpa. The number of locules and number and position of opercula in the pyrene provide the salient characters distinguishing these genera. The new species is a distinctive member of Cyrtocarpa sensu stricto but requires more collections (including flowering material) as well as material for molecular studies. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background and aims: Phytolith analysis is a promising tool for paleovegetation reconstruction. However, compared with grass phytoliths, there are few studies that have classified the phytoliths of trees. Therefore, reliable definitions of phytolith types in woody plants and studies of representative woody phytoliths in soils are needed to provide an improved basis for reliable phytolith-based vegetation reconstruction. Methods: To explore the morphology of woody phytoliths and their preservation in soils, we described the phytolith morphology of 60 common broadleaved woody plants in the mid-subtropical zone of China, based initially on anatomical origin, and then on shape and finally on texture. We also for the first time established an index (R value) to explore the preservation of broadleaved woody phytoliths in soil in this region. Results: We divided the phytoliths of broadleaved woody plants into 6 major types and 35 sub-types. The 6 major types are: Epidermal Cell, Silicified stomata, Tracheary, Favose, Haircell, and Others. We found some degree of correspondence between different phytolith types and the parent plants. Fagaceae, Lauraceae, Magnoliaceae, Rosaceae, Anacardiaceae and Euphorbiaceae could be clearly distinguished from other families based on phytoliths. Only eight types of broadleaved woody phytoliths were present in the soils. Elongate attenuate, Elongate entire, and Polyhedral were better preserved in soils than the other types (Elongate entire attenuate, Tabular sinuate, Hair, Sclereid, and Favose). Conclusion: Our results provide a more accurate reference for broadleaved wood phytoliths in interpreting paleovegetation in this region. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Ensuring the quality attributes of cashew kernels is essential for selecting superior genotypes with agro-industrial potential. Therefore, this study characterized cashew nut accessions from the Cashew Germplasm Bank regarding kernel quality standards and identified genotypes with optimal characteristics for the industry. The characterization included key industrial indicators such as peeling efficiency, average kernel mass, class, type, and industrial yield, evaluated in 47 different accessions. Through multivariate cluster analysis and principal component analysis, the accessions revealed four distinct groups, exposing correlations among various industrial indicators. The analysis revealed a diverse genetic profile within the Cashew Germplasm Bank. A notable finding is that 80.85% of the accessions group together, displaying predominant features--easy peeling, an average mass exceeding 2.5 g, categorized as super large (SLW) and large (LW), and uniformly white-colored kernels. Correlations found include a negative relationship between kernel mass and class and positive associations between class and industrial yield, as well as between industrial yield and peeling efficiency. The study reveals substantial variability in cashew nut germplasm with respect to quality traits, highlighting its invaluable potential for identifying and selecting superior genotypes adapted for agro-industrial purposes. Particularly promising are Group 4 accessions, such as BGC632, BGC589 and BGC127, presenting attributes indicative of high-quality kernels. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The first chemical and enantioselective analyses of the essential oil from the leaves of Mauria heterophylla Kunth were carried out. The dry plant materialproduced an essential oil with a 0.09 ± 0.05% yield by weight. The volatile fraction was submitted to GC-MS (qualitative) and GC-FID (quantitative) analyses, on two different stationary phases. A total of forty-four constituents were detected and quantified with at least one column, corresponding to about 85.5% of the whole oil mass. Limonene (15.2%), (E)-β-caryophyllene (11.1%), α-phellandrene (10.9%), germacrene D (6.6%), α-pinene (6.4%), myrcene (3.9%), β-phellandrene (2.8%), bicyclogermacrene (2.8%), (E)-β-farnesene (2.2%) and δ-cadinene (1.2%) were major components. Furthermore, the study was complemented with the enantioselective analysis of eleven common chiral terpenes, carried out on two β-cyclodextrin-based chiral selectors. Among the chiral metabolites, (1R,4S)-(+)-camphene, (1R,5R)-(+)-β-pinene, (S)-(+)-α-phellandrene and (S)-(+)-β-phellandrene were enantiomerically pure, whereas α-pinene, sabinene, limonene, linalool, terpinen-4-ol, α-terpineol and germacrene D were present as scalemic mixtures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The present review, with 169 references, describes a critical updated compilation of studies regarding the Anacardiaceae family. Firstly, it is shown a detailed report of the chemical composition (essential oils, terpenoids, flavonoids, alkyl and alkenyl phenols, and other compounds) of species of all studied genera, followed by the biological properties (in vitro and in vivo activities) of extracts, enriched fractions, and pure new isolated metabolites. Furthermore, it is reported herein that some deposited processes developed with Anacardiaceae spp. (cosmetic and pharmacological compositions, besides some technological applications) as well as new findings about the biosynthesis of phenolic lipids, the primary chemical marker of the family. Consequently, these outcomes highlight the relevance of this family in developing natural products’ chemistry from 2006 to now.

Ensuring the quality attributes of cashew kernels is essential for selecting superior genotypes with agro-industrial potential. Therefore, this study characterized cashew nut accessions from the Cashew Germplasm Bank regarding kernel quality standards and identified genotypes with optimal characteristics for the industry. The characterization included key industrial indicators such as peeling efficiency, average kernel mass, class, type, and industrial yield, evaluated in 47 different accessions. Through multivariate cluster analysis and principal component analysis, the accessions revealed four distinct groups, exposing correlations among various industrial indicators. The analysis revealed a diverse genetic profile within the Cashew Germplasm Bank. A notable finding is that 80.85% of the accessions group together, displaying predominant features—easy peeling, an average mass exceeding 2.5 g, categorized as super large (SLW) and large (LW), and uniformly white-colored kernels. Correlations found include a negative relationship between kernel mass and class and positive associations between class and industrial yield, as well as between industrial yield and peeling efficiency. The study reveals substantial variability in cashew nut germplasm with respect to quality traits, highlighting its invaluable potential for identifying and selecting superior genotypes adapted for agro-industrial purposes. Particularly promising are Group 4 accessions, such as BGC632, BGC589 and BGC127, presenting attributes indicative of high-quality kernels.

Pistacia lentiscus L. (PL) is a shrub belonging to the Anacardiaceae family, used in traditional medicine to treat various disorders in the Commune of Ajdir from Al Hociema province. The conducted study focused on determination of the polyphenols and flavonoids contents by spectrophotometric and in vitro evaluation of the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory capacity. Determining total polyphenols shows the aqueous extract with a higher concentration of 125.04±0.01 mg EAG/g ES, followed by the ethanolic extract of 108.16±0.02 mg EAG/g ES. Determination of flavonoids revealed that the hexanoic extract contains a maximum of flavonoids with a level of 90.60±0.01 mg EQ/g ES. The antioxidant activity of different extracts was determined through two methods: DPPH and FRAP. Aqueous and ethanolic extracts showed a high antioxidant capacity. Further, regarding anti-inflammatory activity, the ethanolic extract has good activity inhibition (92.65±0.67) followed by aqueous extract (94±0.29) at 1000 µg/mL concentration. This study found that the ethanolic extracts from PL leaves are a powerful natural antioxidant and effective anti-inflammatory agent. The results indicate the extract's effectiveness and highlight the importance of medicinal plants from the Commune of Ajdir. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Apiculture is an important economic activity in Mexico, and deforestation, extensive agriculture, and other types of land use threaten sustainable honey production. This study aimed to determine the floral resources used by Apis mellifera for honey production, in vegetation types with different disturbance degrees in Southern Yucatan Peninsula, Quintana Roo state. A total of 24 honey samples, from eight apiaries, were collected during the months of the highest honey production in the region (February to May 2022). Standard acetolysis technique was applied for melissopalynological analysis. A total of 68 pollen types were identified. Our results suggest that the disturbance degree of the vegetation does not affect the pollen diversity and honey composition, mainly because the available floral resources remain similar. Viguiera dentata (Asteraceae) was the most abundant (>45%) herbaceous species in honey samples of February and March. Piscidia piscipula (Fabaceae) and Haematoxylum campechianum (Fabaceae) in samples of March (16%-45%), and P. piscipula in April (>45%). Spondias mombin (Anacardiaceae), Bursera simaruba (Burseraceae), and Metopium brownie (Anacardiaceae) were the most abundant (16%-45%) arboreal species found in samples of May. Although our results can be used to develop conservation strategies looking for sustainable honey production, further studies should focus on vegetation with a better conservation state, during longer time periods, and during periods with fewer resources available for honeybees. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]