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Methods sections are often missing essential details. Methodological shortcut citations, in which authors cite previous papers instead of describing the method in detail, may contribute to this problem. This meta-research study used 3 approaches to examine shortcut citation use in neuroscience, biology, and psychiatry. First, we assessed current practices in more than 750 papers. More than 90% of papers used shortcut citations. Other common reasons for using citations in the methods included giving credit or specifying what was used (who or what citation) and providing context or a justification (why citation). Next, we reviewed 15 papers to determine what can happen when readers follow shortcut citations to find methodological details. While shortcut citations can be used effectively, they can also deprive readers of essential methodological details. Problems encountered included difficulty identifying or accessing the cited materials, missing or insufficient descriptions of the cited method, and shortcut citation chains. Third, we examined journal policies. Fewer than one quarter of journals had policies describing how authors should report previously described methods. We propose that methodological shortcut citations should meet 3 criteria; cited resources should provide (1) a detailed description of (2) the method used by the citing authors', and (3) be open access. Resources that do not meet these criteria should be cited to give credit, but not as shortcut citations. We outline actions that authors and journals can take to use shortcut citations responsibly, while fostering a culture of open and reproducible methods reporting.

Climate change increases the risk of coffee yield due to the genotype-dependent effects of water deficit on coffee physiology. The goal of this research was to evaluate how water deficit altered the physiological and growth characteristics of arabica coffee (Coffea arabica L.). Water status, photosynthetic response to CO2 intercellular concentration (A/Ci curves) and growth parameters were evaluated in seedlings of four genotypes (Catimor ECU 02, Cavimor ECU, red Caturra and Sarchimor 4260). Most of the physiological traits evaluated differed significantly among genotypes. Between control and water deficit plants, significant variations occurred in the A/Ci parameters, showing a wide range of values for net photosynthetic rate, stomatal conductance, and water use efficiency, with decreases ranging from 4 to 74%. Maximum electron transport rate through photosystem II, highest rate of RuBisCO carboxylation, and triose phosphate utilization rate were all strongly decreased by water deficit 61% (red Caturra and Sarchimor 4260), followed by Cavimor ECU (35%) and Catimor ECU 02 (24%). Differences in response to water deficit among genotypes suggest possible genotypic differences in tolerance. The results indicated that Catimor ECU 02 and Cavimor ECU were less sensitive to water deficit, while red Caturra and Sarchimor 4260 were the most susceptible.

Plain Language summary In Rwanda, youth who are having sex use family planning less than married women. This study involved asking family planning providers and adults what they think about youth using family planning. Data for this study was collected in 2018, and included 32 interviews with adult family planning users and eight group discussions with family planning providers in two areas of Rwanda. The findings show that Rwandans believe youth should not have sex before they are married. Family planning providers do provide youth with services; however, they often push stopping sexual activity, offer a smaller selection of family planning methods, and exaggerate risks associated with sex and family planning use. Family planning providers support youth by honoring their need for privacy, keeping their secrets, and providing fast services so fewer people see them at the clinic. Providers like to help adolescents in youth corners, which are special spaces within health facilities just for youth. Importantly, adult women who use family planning want youth in their community to be able to use family planning, too. In order to respond to the issues raised, the Rwandan government can start conversations in villages and more broadly about the need for youth to have access to family planning. The government should also teach family planning providers and anyone who comes into contact with youth to offer helpful and friendly services. Setting up spaces for adults to talk with family planning providers about youth access to family planning could also contribute to fewer barriers to services for adolescents.

Plain language summary Family planning use increased from 17 to 53% in Rwanda in between 2005 and 2015. The purpose of this study is to understand the roles of two types of family planning workers in providing family planning services, how those providers work together to achieve the goal to provide public services, and how the Rwandan health system includes family planning services in a variety of other types of health services. To achieve the study purpose, 32 women with experience using modern methods of contraception were interviewed. In addition, 88 providers participated in eight group discussions to discuss these topics. The results from the interviews and group discussions showed that family planning services are easy to access for Rwandans—due to two types of family planning providers filling different roles to assist Rwandans start and keep using family planning methods. Family planning services are included in services for pregnant, delivering, and postpartum mothers—as well as services for infants and children. These are all times when those adults using the services would also be in need of family planning services. The family planning service delivery team approach—as well as including family planning services in mother’s and children’s health services likely helps explain the increase in family planning use in Rwanda. Other nations might learn from Rwanda’s service delivery approach to family planning to also increase access to family planning for their citizens.

Abstract Background In Rwanda, nearly a third of contraceptive users discontinue within the first year of use. Family planning programs often focus more on recruitment of new users as opposed to maintaining use among current users. A focus on sustaining users and minimizing discontinuation is imperative for long-term family planning program success. This study explores the efforts providers and contraceptive users in Rwanda employ to prevent one of the greatest challenges to family planning programs: contraceptive discontinuation. Methods This was a qualitative study conducted in Rwanda between February and July 2018. It included eight focus group discussions with 88 family planning providers and 32 in-depth interviews with experienced modern contraceptive users. Data were collected in two districts with the highest (Musanze) and lowest (Nyamasheke) rates of contraceptive use. Data were analyzed using thematic content approach. Results Family planning providers in this study used the following strategies to prevent discontinuation: counseling new users on the potential for side effects and switching, reminding clients about appointments for resupply, as well as supporting dissatisfied users by providing counseling, medicine for side effects, and discussing options for switching methods. Users, on the other hand, employed the following strategies to prevent discontinuation: having an understanding that experiences of side effects vary by individuals, supporting peers to sustain use, persisting with use despite experiences of side effects, and switching methods. Conclusions The strategies used by family planning providers and users in Rwanda to prevent discontinuation suggest the possibility of long-term sustained use of contraception in the country. Harnessing and supporting such strategies could contribute to sustaining or improving further contraceptive use in the country.

Climate change affects the physiology of cocoa; however, research under high temperature and elevated [CO2] is scant. It is important to consider the physiological response of cocoa to the interaction of these environmental variables and thus generate an accurate prediction of how this crop will respond to climate change. In order to know whether elevated [CO2] leads to an increase in photosynthetic rate (A) and water use efficiency (WUE), thereby decreasing the negative impact of elevated temperature on physiology of cocoa (Theobroma cacao L), gas exchange, diurnal carbon:water balance (DCWB), photochemical activity of PSII, response curves of A to intercellular [CO2] (A/Ci curves) and growth were determined in two high temperature (T) sensitive cocoa clones (INIFAP-8 and Neocriollo) cultivated in controlled growth chambers for 100 days. The chamber environmental conditions were low [CO2]- low T (LCLT; 400 µmol CO2 mol−1 and 30 °C); high [CO2]- high T (HCHT; 1200 µmol CO2 mol−1 and 40 °C); high [CO2]- low T (HCLT; 1200 µmol CO2 mol−1 and 30 °C) and low [CO2]- high T (LCHT; 400 µmol CO2 mol−1 and 40 °C). A significant increase in A, WUE, DCWB and growth was found in both clones grown at high [CO2]. However, high T (40 °C) considerably decreased the physiology of both clones but its impact was significantly mitigated by elevated [CO2]. The results show that the physiological effects generated by elevated [CO2] could reduce the negative impact of increased temperatures, increasing the tolerance range of cocoa in the future.

Abstract Background Rwanda has markedly increased the nation’s contraceptive use in a short period of time, tripling contraceptive prevalence in just 5 years between 2005 and 2010. An integral aspect of family planning programs is the interactions between family planning providers and clients. This study aims to understand the client-provider relationship in the Rwandan family planning program and to also examine barriers to those relationships. Methods This qualitative study in Rwanda utilized convenience sampling to include eight focus group discussions with family planning providers, both family planning nurses and community health workers, as well as in-depth interviews with 32 experienced modern contraceptive users. Study participants were drawn from the two districts in Rwanda with the highest and lowest modern contraceptive rates, Musanze and Nyamasheke, respectively Data analysis was guided by the thematic content approach, Atlas.ti 8 was utilized for coding the transcripts and collating the coding results, and Microsoft Excel for analyzing the data within code. Results Data analysis revealed that, despite workplace related challenges – including inadequate staffing, training, and resources, relationships between providers and clients are strong. Family planning providers work hard to understand, learn from, and support clients in their initiation and sustained use of contraceptives. Conclusion Given the existing context of purposeful efforts on the part of family planning providers to build relationships with their clients, if the current level of government support for family planning service provision is enhanced, Rwanda will likely sustain many current users of contraception and engage even more Rwandans in contraceptive services in the future.

Abstract Background Supportive male involvement is strongly correlated with contraceptive use. In Rwanda, where the contraceptive prevalence rate among married women increased from 17 to 52% from 2005 to 2010, and stagnated at 53% in 2015, understanding the role of male partners in collaborative couple contraceptive use can help inform programs designed to further increase the use of contraception in Rwanda. Methods This study utilized qualitative methods in 2018, specifically 32 in-depth interviewers with mostly current users of modern contraceptive methods and eight focus group discussions with family planning providers—both family planning nurses and community health workers (CHWs). Respondents were from Musanze and Nyamasheke Districts, the districts with the highest and lowest modern contraceptive use, respectively, to explore the role of couple collaboration in family planning use in Rwanda. Data were analyzed using the thematic content approach in Atlas.ti (8). Results Findings demonstrate that some men are opposed to use of male methods of contraception, and some are opposed to any contraceptive use, which can lead to covert use. Women and providers prefer collaborative couple contraceptive use—as a result, providers advocate for and encourage male partner participation in contraceptive use. Women are most often burdened with seeking out information, initiating discussions, and sharing information discovered about contraceptive use with partners. Decision-making about contraceptive use, once discussed, can be collaborative and motivated by financial considerations. When couple contraceptive use is collaborative, benefits range from marital harmony to husband’s support of sustained use through reminders about appointments, joint counseling, and support in managing side effects. Conclusion Family planning providers at the community and clinic levels encourage collaborative contraceptive use among couples and some Rwandan couples communicate well about family planning use. Despite the positives, women are expected to source family planning information, share that information with their male partners, seek out family planning services, and use family planning. If more Rwandan male partners accepted use, used male methods of contraception, and participated even more in the work it takes to use family planning, the potential for sustained, and even enhanced, contraceptive use in Rwanda could be realized.

Abstract Background Possible cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection were diagnosed in primary care in Madrid, some of these cases had pneumonia. Most of the SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia published data came from hospitalised patients. This study set out to describe clinical characteristics of patients with SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia diagnosed in primary care across age groups and type of pneumonia. Methods Observational retrospective study obtaining clinical data from the electronic health records of patients who were followed-up by SARS-CoV-2 possible infection in a primary care practice in Madrid. All the cases were collected by in-person or remote consultation during the 10th March to the 7th of April. Exposure: Diagnosis of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia by chest X-ray ordered by the GP. Main outcomes and measures: Symptoms of SARS-CoV-2 pneumonia, physical examination and diagnostic tests as a blood test, nasopharyngeal swab results for RT-PCR (Reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction) and chest X-ray results. Results The overall SARS-CoV-2 pneumonias collected were 172 (female 87 [50.6%], mean age 60.5 years standard deviation [SD] 17.0). Comorbidities were body mass index ≥ 25 kg/m2 (90 [52.3%]), hypertension (83 [48.3%]), dyslipidaemia (68 [39.5%]) and diabetes (33 [19.2%]). The sample was stratified by age groups (

Between 2005 and 2020, total contraceptive use among married women in Rwanda increased from 17% to 64%. The aim of this study is to better understand how the Rwandan government's mobilization and demand generation efforts have impacted community norms and interpersonal discourse surrounding family planning. Eight focus group discussions with family planning providers and 32 in-depth interviews with experienced modern contraceptive users were conducted in 2018 in the two Rwandan districts with the highest and the lowest contraceptive prevalence rates. Results suggest that outspoken government support, mass media, and community meetings were valuable sources of information about family planning. Information received through these channels generated interpersonal dialogue about contraceptives through both conversation and observation; however, rumors and misinformation remained a significant barrier to use. A once taboo subject is now normative among married couples. Continuing to address common fears and misinformation through communication channels such as mass media and community meetings may help to further increase contraceptive uptake in Rwanda.

Use of modern contraception in Rwanda has risen dramatically over a short time period. To better understand contraceptive users' motivations for family planning services in Rwanda, 32 in-depth interviews with contraceptive users and eight focus groups with 88 family planning providers were conducted in Rwanda's Musanze and Nyamasheke districts. Study participants noted how family planning is critical for providing a better life for children. Family planning gives mothers independence from childcare to work in order to provide for their children's wellbeing. Family planning presented an opportunity for generational upward mobility and was perceived as a way to contribute positively to society.

This work focuses on the search and development of drugs that may become new alternatives to the commercial drugs currently available for treatment of leishmaniasis. We have designed and synthesized 12 derivatives of bis(spiropyrazolone)cyclopropanes. We then characterized their potential application in therapeutic use. For this, the in vitro biological activities against three eukaryotic models—S. cerevisiae, five cancer cell lines, and the parasite L. mexicana—were evaluated. In addition, cytotoxicity against non-cancerous mammalian cells has been evaluated and other properties of interest have been characterized, such as genotoxicity, antioxidant properties and, in silico predictive adsorption, distribution, metabolism, and excretion (ADME). The results that we present here represent a first screening, indicating two derivatives of bis(spiropyrazolone)cyclopropanes as good candidates for the treatment of leishmaniasis. They have good specificity against parasites with respect to mammalian cells.

Early life stress (ELS) is associated with altered stress reactivity and an increased risk for the development of psychopathological conditions in later life. However, depending on whether autonomic or endocrine measures were used as indicators of stress reactivity, previous studies reported conflicting findings of either increased or decreased stress reactivity after ELS experience. In the present study we therefore aimed to investigate the effect of ELS on both autonomic and endocrine indicators (heart rate and salivary cortisol) of individual stress reactivity and applied a psychosocial stress task in a sample of healthy participants with and without exposure to mild to moderate ELS. Results showed no significant effects of ELS on autonomic and endocrine indicators of individual stress reactivity. Importantly though, heart rate proved as more sensitive than salivary cortisol with regard to differentiating between stress and control conditions and thereby as a more feasible indicator of an individual's stress reactivity. Accordingly, our data suggest that sole reliance on salivary cortisol as an indicator of stress reactivity might lead to an oversight of more subtle effects of psychosocial stress. Keywords: Early life stress, Stress reactivity, Heart rate, Salivary cortisol level

The constant evolution in mobile communications networks have led operators to seek new techniques to optimize their mobile networks with the objective of satisfying the expectations of the users. In this way, traditional optimization techniques based on improving radio indicators, have given way to new techniques based on improving the quality of experience (QoE) perceived by users. This paper is focused on analyzing the impact of the adjustment of radio link control (RLC) layer configuration parameters on the QoE perceived by the users of two different types of services. Firstly, an evaluation of the QoE experienced by the user of a real-time video streaming service with respect to the transmission buffer size of the RLC layer in unacknowledged mode (UM) has been carried out. Secondly, the QoE perceived by the user of a file transfer service in relation to the variation of the configuration parameters of the RLC layer in acknowledged mode (AM) has been evaluated. The study, which has been carried out in a simulated cellular environment, has been performed for different system bandwidth values, thus proving the relationship between the QoE perceived by the users, the optimal RLC configuration parameters values and the available bandwidth.

Ecosystem monitoring is central to effective management, where rapid reporting is essential to provide timely advice. While digital imagery has greatly improved the speed of underwater data collection for monitoring benthic communities, image analysis remains a bottleneck in reporting observations. In recent years, a rapid evolution of artificial intelligence in image recognition has been evident in its broad applications in modern society, offering new opportunities for increasing the capabilities of coral reef monitoring. Here, we evaluated the performance of Deep Learning Convolutional Neural Networks for automated image analysis, using a global coral reef monitoring dataset. The study demonstrates the advantages of automated image analysis for coral reef monitoring in terms of error and repeatability of benthic abundance estimations, as well as cost and benefit. We found unbiased and high agreement between expert and automated observations (97%). Repeated surveys and comparisons against existing monitoring programs also show that automated estimation of benthic composition is equally robust in detecting change and ensuring the continuity of existing monitoring data. Using this automated approach, data analysis and reporting can be accelerated by at least 200x and at a fraction of the cost (1%). Combining commonly used underwater imagery in monitoring with automated image annotation can dramatically improve how we measure and monitor coral reefs worldwide, particularly in terms of allocating limited resources, rapid reporting and data integration within and across management areas.

Maranta arundinacea sago whose rhizome is used in parts of Colombian for the production of products intended for human consumption. Starch was extracted and determined the functional properties of starches presented high water capacity % CRA (162,8% for sago, compared to 226% of cassava), a high rate of absorption of lipids % I.A.L (51% for sago, compared to 82,25% of cassava starch). Gelatinization temperature is relatively low (65-75ºC at 10 minutes compared to sago starch cassava with 70-75ºC in 20 minutes), has a high percentage of amylopectin (77% for sago starch, compared with 83,3% for cassava starch) is a gel so that no retrograde and from a stable paste. As it is concluded that can be used as an alternative promising in the food industry.

El virus del dengue es un virus ARN miembro de la familia Flaviviridae, la cual incluye, además, el de la fiebre amarilla, el del Nilo del Oeste y la encefalitis japonesa. Se realizó un estudio retrospectivo con tres pacientes diagnosticados de encefalitis asociada al dengue, en cuyas muestras de suero y líquido cefalorraquídeo se cuantificaron los niveles de las clases mayores de inmunoglobulinas por inmunodifusión radial y la manosa de unión a lectina, proteína de la vía de las lectinas del sistema del complemento por fluorometría. En el reibergrama se muestra la presencia de síntesis intratecal de las tres clases de inmunoglobulinas y ausencia de síntesis intratecal de lectina de unión a manosa. Existieron diferencias en cuanto al por ciento de síntesis intratecal de inmunoglobulinas, las cuales estuvieron relacionadas con el momento de la infección por el virus y la aparición de las manifestaciones neurológicas compatibles con una encefalitis. Este es el primer reporte de afectaciones neurológicas en pacientes cubanos con dengue. La respuesta inmune intratecal puede ser utilizada para el mejor conocimiento de la enfermedad y contribuir al desarrollo de posibles candidatos vacunales.

El método clínico constituye una categoría fundamental en las Ciencias Clínicas y su utilización como método de enseñanza en las disciplinas y asignaturas en el ciclo clínico de la carrera de Medicina. Contribuye a la sistematización de todas aquellas habilidades que, en forma de sistema, se integran en la ejecución del mismo. El desarrollo de estas habilidades es esencial en el proceso de diagnóstico en Medicina Este artículo tiene como propósito su vinculación a la tarea docente de la Discusión Diagnóstica dentro de la Educación en el Trabajo con recursos didáctico-metodológicos con fines docentes para la enseñanza y aprendizaje de habilidades profesionales del futuro médico.The clinical method constitutes a fundamental category in the clinical sciences and its utilization as a teaching method in the disciplines and subjects of study in the clinical cycle of Medicine's race. Contribute to the systematization of all those abilities that, in the shape of system. They integrate in the execution of the same one. The development of these abilities is fundamental in the process of diagnosis in medicine the article has as a fundamental purpose its linkage to the teaching task of Diagnostic Discussion within the on-the-job education with didactic resources methodologists with teaching ends for the teaching and learning of professional abilities of the medical future.

El hipernefroma, tumor de Grawits o tumor del internista por la variedad de formas clínicas que hoy podemos identificar y la diversidad de diagnósticos diferenciales, representa el 3 % de los cánceres en el adulto y del 90 al 95 % de los tumores malignos renales primarios. Casi siempre el diagnóstico es hecho por el internista. A propósito de un caso atendido en nuestra sala de clínica se realiza la presentación del mismo. Se precisan formas clínicas que deben tenerse en cuenta. A nuestro criterio la presentación de casos despierta el interés por el conocimiento en beneficio de su aplicación en nuestra practica clínica diaria. Se acompaña de las imágenes de la TAC, momento operatorio e informe anatomopatológico.The hypernephroma, Grawits tumor or the internist's tumour for the variety of clinical forms that today we can identify and the diversity of differential diagnoses, it represents a 3 % of the cancers in the adult and about 90 to 95 % of the malignant renal primary tumours. It represents the 3 % of the cancers in the adult of 90 and to the 95 % of the malignant renal primary tumours. Almost always diagnosis is made by the internist. The presentation of the same one comes true in relation to a case catered to at our clinics hall.. They need clinical forms than the doctor in the making and still the specialists must have in bill. To our opinion the presentation of cases is in the interest for the knowledge of doctors in benefit of the application in our practical daily clinic. Accompanies it an imagery of CAT, operative moment and an anatomopatologic report.

This paper derives from reading about and analyzing how didactics is conceptualized, as well as the its implications in teacher training. It presents background information for the area of didactics and current issues on the problems of the area. In addition, we include some didactic assumptions that are necessary to take into account in teacher training.

Description of the experience generated at Universidad Nacional's Special Education major and of the contributions made by project “UNA's Education for All” during the last six years. The project has helped the students of this university to satisfy their special needs. In order to contemplate the positive value posed by differences in people, we include here the opinions of several social agents that have played a role in the project: a handicap student, a student from the program “Collaboration Hours”, an assistant student and a scholar. It is our desire to share their experiences with our readers.

El sagú (Maranta arundinacea) cuyo rizoma es utilizado en algunas zonas de Colombia para la elaboración de productos destinados a la alimentación humana. Se extrajo el almidón y se determinaron las propiedades funcionales, los almidones presentaron alta capacidad de retención de agua % CRA (162,8% para el sagú, respecto al 226% de la yuca), un alto índice de absorción de lípidos, % I.A.L (51% para sagú, respecto al 82,25% del almidón de yuca. La temperatura de gelatinización es relativamente baja (65-75ºC a 10 minutos para sagú respecto al almidón de yuca con 70-75ºC en 20 minutos), posee un alto porcentaje de amilopectina (77% para el almidón de sagú, en comparación con 83,3% para el almidón de yuca) por tanto es un gel que no retrograda y forma una pasta estable. Por lo que se concluye que se puede usar como alternativa promisoria en la industria alimentaria.

Renée Riese Hubert señala una idea interesante: según la definición del propio Max Ernst y de Iliadz, «Maximiiiana» es un tríptico. La idea de tríptico, subraya, marca la identidad de la obra de forma decisiva. Hay tres tipos de signos: alfabeto, ideogramas y representaciones gráficas. Tres tipos de discursos: el personal, el literario y el científico. Tres hombres: el astrónomo, el editor y el pintor, que colaboran los tres en diferentes aspectos ligados entre sí, incluso confundidos. A la «visibilidad» del planeta Maximiiiana contribuye el primero escribiendo un prefacio a la obra (y por lo tanto se coloca, de alguna forma, en el papel del astrónomo); Tempel actúa como un «artista» dibujando mapas, escribiendo comentarios poéticos, y por fin Ernst emula (e incluso parodia) las características de un trazado científico a través de sus litografías y sus caligrafías. Este juego de disfraces y suplantaciones han dado lugar a una obra en la que la distinción entre lo visual y lo verbal prácticamente ha desaparecido; en la que la escritura se hace, paradójicamente, ilegible...