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Background: Common headache disorders, including tension-type migraines and cluster headaches, are related to malfunctions of the autonomic nervous system (ANS). Many autonomic signs of migraines aggravate the discomfort of the episode. Understanding the function and comorbidities of migraine patients depends on tests for assessing the cardiovascular autonomic responsiveness of the ANS. Aims and Objectives: The aim and objective of this study is to evaluate the use of cardiovascular reflex testing in adults with chronic migraine and healthy controls. Investigating inflammatory markers in individuals suffering from chronic migraines and controls. Materials and Methods: Thirty healthy controls and 30 people suffering from persistent migraines were part of the research. Cardiovascular reflex tests were performed. Inflammatory markers such as tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), interleukin (IL)-1, and IL-10 were also evaluated. SPSS edition 21 was used for the statistical analysis. For parameters with normal and atypical distributions, the Mann--Whitney test and the unpaired t-test, respectively, were used. Results: Among 30 subjects, testing for autonomic reactivity related to chronic migraines revealed significantly lower values than those for control. Patients with chronic migraines had far more inflammatory markers, including TNF-α, IL-1, and IL-10. Conclusions: Revealing autonomic dysfunction, the group with chronic migraines had a lower parasympathetic tone and sympathoexcitation than the healthy control group. Future studies should concentrate on ANS dysfunction as a biomarker for early warning signals for drug intake and migraine control. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Chronic fatigue syndrome (CFS) is a complex multisystem disease that affects around 1 million of the Indian population every year and is characterized by persistent fatigue. CFS is related to cardiovascular illness, and cardiovascular autonomic nervous system dysfunction is often seen. We investigated the state of cardiac autonomic function in CFS and associated it with their level of inflammatory markers and disease severity since there is not much research on the subject. Aims and Objectives: The objective of this study is to evaluate cardiac autonomic functions by using heart rate variability (HRV) in patients with CFS and in healthy controls. The study aimed to evaluate the correlation between HRV and inflammatory markers in patients with CFS and in healthy controls. Materials and Methods: Thirty controls and 30 diagnosed cases of CFS were used in the research. The short-term variability of heart rate was used to measure autonomic function. We measured tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) and interleukin (IL-10) in 3 mL of overnight fasting serum. TNF-α and IL-10 were used to evaluate the severity of CFS. Results: Patients with CFS showed a substantial reduction in low frequency (LF) (P=0.00*), high frequency (HF) (P=0.00*), LF/HF ratio (P=0.00*), and time domain parameters of HRV, namely RMSSD (P=0.03*), SDNN (P=0.00*), NN50 (P=0.00*) and total power (P=0.00*). Patients with CFS had considerably higher levels of TNF-α. TNF-α and LF/HF ratio and RMSSD, NN50, and HF were shown to have a substantially favorable correlation. Conclusions: Our research indicates a substantial correlation between autonomic dysfunction and inflammatory activity, as well as the severity of CFS. Therefore, we suggest that HRV might be a useful technique for accurately screening CFS patients for autonomic disruption symptoms early on, which can significantly lower morbidity and death in the future. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Vitamin D, a key nutrient in the body, has been linked to a decrease in prostate cancer (PCa) morbidity and mortality rates. The study concluded that any compensation mechanism may no longer be adequate for patients with PCa, and further research is needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the relationship between serum Vitamin D and parathyroid hormone (PTH) homeostasis. The findings will help determine cancer prevalence and trends in India and support public health initiatives to control cancer. Aims and Objectives: The aim is to assess the mean values of Vitamin D and PTH in patients with PCa and also to compare these levels with that of healthy controls (non-PCa). Materials and Methods: One hundred participants in the outpatient department of the Department of Biochemistry were assigned as control subjects, and another 100 participants were participants with PCa. 5 mL of fasting venous blood were drawn into red top vials using a disposable syringe and needle in an aseptic manner. PTH and serum Vitamin D were estimated. Results: When comparing PCa patients to healthy controls, the observed Vitamin D level was significantly lower in the former group. Furthermore, a notable distinction in Vitamin D levels was noted between the two groups. Furthermore, we found that PCa patients had higher PTH values than healthy controls. When we compared the PTH values of the two groups, we found a substantial difference. Conclusion: The authors conclude from the study that with alterations in the study parameters in patients with PCa, any compensation mechanism may become insufficient. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: Autonomic function tests can be used by patients with chronic migraine and chronic tension-type headaches (TTH) as a non-invasive, sensitive, and reliable marker for evaluating heart function. Studies have demonstrated sympathetic and parasympathetic dysfunction. Patients with migraines experience sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous system hyperfunction, while tension headache sufferers experience the opposite. Aims and Objectives: Parasympathetic reactivity tests will be used in the current study to evaluate the cardiac autonomic functioning in patients with chronic migraine and chronic TTH in the adult age group. Materials and Methods: Two groups of headache patients were enrolled: Those with chronic migraine (n=25) and those with chronic TTH (n=25). To conduct statistical analyses, SPSS version 21 was used. For parameters with normal and abnormal distributions, the unpaired t-test and Mann-Whitney U-test, respectively, were employed. Results: Out of 25 subjects, parasympathetic reactivity tests such as Valsalva ratio (1.38±0.10 vs. 1.49±0.19, P=0.022*) and expiratory-inspiratory ratio (1.18±0.03 vs. 1.25±0.77, P=0.000*) in chronic migraine were significantly decreased as compared to chronic TTH. Lying to standing 30:15 ratio (1.15±0.08 vs. 1.19±0.10, P=0.090) and delta heart rate (14.56±1.39 vs. 14.96±1.43, P=0.320) was decreased in chronic migraine as compared to chronic TTH but was not significant. Conclusions: In contrast to the chronic TTH group, the chronic migraine group's total parasympathetic tone was reduced. We therefore draw the conclusion from the findings that regular monitoring of the parasympathetic reactivity can be very helpful in predicting cardiovascular risk for these patients in addition to advising the treatment practices for chronic migraine and chronic TTH, which include regular exercise and medication. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This research article investigates the impact of obesity on respiratory function in young adults, specifically examining gender differences. The study finds that individuals who are obese, regardless of gender, are more likely to develop respiratory comorbidities in the future. However, obese females are found to be more vulnerable than obese males. The study emphasizes the importance of promoting physical fitness among young people to reduce the risk of respiratory issues later in life. [Extracted from the article]

Background: Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) leads to cardiac autonomic neuropathy (CAN), affecting blood flow and heart rate regulation eventually causing chronic stable angina (CSA). Percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) can correct autonomic dysfunctions and improve myocardial perfusion. This study aimed to assess CAN using heart rate variability (HRV) and cardiovascular reflex tests in T2DM patients with CSA before and after PCI., Material and Methods: From cardiology outpatient clinics, 30 patients with T2DM with CSA were recruited. Before and after PCI, the following HRV parameters like low frequency (LF), high frequency (HF), LF:HF ratio, total power (TP), square root of mean square differences of successive R-R intervals (RMSSD), standard deviation of normal R-R intervals (SDNN), and percentage of adjacent NN intervals that differ from each other by more than 50 seconds (pNN50) were measured for every patient. Cardiovascular reflex tests, including the deep breathing test, the isometric handgrip test, the 30:15 ratio, the Valsalva ratio, and the lying-to-standing test (LST), were performed on the patients both before and after PCI. SPSS version 21.0 (IBM Corp., Armonk, NY), a licensed statistical program, was used to compile and analyze the data., Results: When compared to the pre-PCI group, 30 patients with T2DM with CSA, age range between 45 and 70 years, both genders demonstrated a significant increase in post-PCI HRV frequency domain parameters, such as LF (239.52±67.21ms 2 vs. 307.62±74.17 ms 2 ) and HF (249±25.21 ms 2 vs. 379.67±76.55 ms 2 ). The time domain parameters showed a significant increase in post-PCI values compared to pre-PCI values. These included RMSSD (33.97±3.96 ms vs. 8.005±3.25 ms), SDNN (41.4±9.78 vs. 31.74±7.04ms), NN50 (13.241±3.07 vs. 5.20±6.63), and TP (1130.08±320.10 ms 2 vs. 754.54±96.93 ms 2 ). In cardiovascular reflex tests, pre-PCI groups had significantly lower delta HR (DBT) (10.47±1.76 bpm vs. 14.20±2.09), E:I ratio (DBT) (1.14±0.042 vs. 1.20±0.026), and Valsalva ratio (1.10±0.071 vs. 1.22±0.084) than post-PCI groups. The pre-PCI group showed a substantial decrease in both the systolic blood pressure (LST) (-6.13±4.85 mmHg vs. -1.01±3.63 mmHg) and the 30:15 ratio (1.13±0.074 vs. 1.09±0.067) when compared to the post-PCI group. The handgrip test (18.73±4.31 mmHg vs. 15.31±4.27 mmHg) did not yield statistically significant results., Conclusions: Before PCI, T2DM patients with CSA experienced autonomic dysfunction, but after revascularization, their functions improved by reestablishing basal cardiac autonomic tone and autonomic reactivity. HRV and cardiovascular reflex tests are useful noninvasive tools for assessing CAN and stratifying a prospective risk factor for estimating the morbidity and death from cardiovascular illnesses in T2DM with CSA., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent for treatment and open access publication was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institute Ethics Committee of Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital issued approval IEC/VMMC/SJH/Thesis/October/2017-177. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Alauddin et al.)

Introduction The risk of sudden death in patients with chronic coronary syndrome (CCS) is increased by unbalanced cardiovascular autonomic function. Since myocardial ischemia appears to be the cause of this condition of autonomic dysregulation, treating this condition should improve and correct the autonomic functions. Improving myocardial perfusion by PCI might have beneficial effects on the recovery of autonomic balance in ischemia-triggered autonomic dysregulation. Objective In the present study, autonomic modulation in patients with CCS was evaluated before and after percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) using cardiovascular reflex tests. Methods A total of 30 CCS patients were recruited from the cardiology outpatient department. The patients were tested with cardiovascular reflex tests (lying to standing, 30:15 ratio, Valsalva ratio, isometric handgrip test, and deep breathing test) before and after PCI. The licensed statistical software SPSS version 21.0 was used to compile and analyse the data. Results Out of 30 patients, parasympathetic reactivity tests conducted post-PCI were significantly higher as compared to pre-PCI patients: (1) lying to standing - 30:15 ratio (1.17± 0.102 versus 1.03± 0.064, p=0.000); (2) Valsalva ratio (1.42±0.276 versus 1.02±0.133, p=0.000), (3) delta heart rate in deep breathing test (17.23± 3.004 bpm versus 7.85± 4.076 bpm, p=0.000), and (4) expiration to inspiration (E:I) ratio (1.25± 0.050 versus 1.11± 0.064, p=0.000. Among sympathetic reactivity tests, lying to standing test for fall in systolic blood pressure was significantly higher in the pre-PCI state than post-PCI (-20.73± 10.29 versus -2.33± 7.67, p=0.000). The rise in DBP of the isometric handgrip test was significantly higher in post-PCI compared to pre-PCI patients (36.73±8.39 mm Hg versus 16.63±8.47 mm Hg, p=0.000). Conclusion Resting autonomic tone as determined by cardiovascular reflex testing reveals an increase in both parasympathetic and sympathetic reactivity following PCI in CCS, according to the findings of this preliminary study. As a result, we propose that noninvasive procedures like cardiovascular reflex tests be used to stratify the likelihood of illness development in the future., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethics Committee, Vardhman Mahavir Medical College and Safdarjung Hospital issued approval IEC/VMMC/SJH/Thesis/October/2017-177. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Alauddin et al.)

Background: Ehlers-Danlos syndrome (EDS) may be linked to dysfunction in the autonomic nervous system, affecting collagen production and processing. These collagen abnormalities lead to a condition called dysautonomia. Findings underscore the need for further investigation into autonomic nervous system function in EDS which involves larger studies to strengthen the evidence of non-invasive screening tools like cardiovascular reflex tests. These tests might offer a valuable way to assess an individual's risk for future complications., Objective: This study aimed to assess autonomic reactivity in EDS patients using cardiovascular reflex tests., Methods: This study was conducted at the Department of Physiology, Naraina Medical College and Research Centre, Kanpur (Uttar Pradesh). The cardiovascular reflex test was used to identify 60 individuals, 30 of whom were EDS patients and 30 were healthy controls, with a common age limit of 18-25 years. Cardiovascular reflex tests, such as the delta heart rate, lying-to-standing test (LST), deep breathing test (DBT), and Valsalva maneuver, were performed and recorded for each subject. IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 21.0 (Released 2012; IBM Corp., Armonk, New York, United States) was used for the compilation and analysis of data., Results: The expiration-to-inspiration (E:I) ratio and delta heart rate of the EDS patients both significantly decreased as compared to the healthy control group (1.10±0.02 versus 1.22±0.77 and 14.03±0.31 versus 15.52±0.32). The Valsalva ratio of the EDS patients decreased (1.28±0.01) as compared to the healthy control group (1.46±0.01), which was statistically significant. The 30:15 ratio in the EDS patients was significantly decreased compared to the healthy control group (1.08±0.01 versus 1.15±0.01). The handgrip test and cold pressor test results were statistically insignificant., Conclusion: The study suggests a connection between EDS and autonomic nervous system dysfunction, causing symptoms like tachycardia and hypotension. It recommends exploring non-invasive cardiovascular reflex tests as a tool to identify autonomic dysfunction in EDS patients and predict long-term cardiovascular complications. These tests offer valuable insights into autonomic function., Competing Interests: Human subjects: Consent was obtained or waived by all participants in this study. Institutional Ethical Committee of Naraina Medical College and Research Centre issued approval NMCRC/IEC/2023/012. Animal subjects: All authors have confirmed that this study did not involve animal subjects or tissue. Conflicts of interest: In compliance with the ICMJE uniform disclosure form, all authors declare the following: Payment/services info: All authors have declared that no financial support was received from any organization for the submitted work. Financial relationships: All authors have declared that they have no financial relationships at present or within the previous three years with any organizations that might have an interest in the submitted work. Other relationships: All authors have declared that there are no other relationships or activities that could appear to have influenced the submitted work., (Copyright © 2024, Alauddin et al.)