498 results on '"Alan M. Nevill"'
Search Results
2. Speed agility trends in children according to growth: A new approach to evaluate speed agility in children
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Matteo Giuriato, Roberto Codella, Nicola Lovecchio, Vittoria Carnevale Pellino, Matteo Vandoni, and Alan M. Nevill
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allometry ,4 × 10-m shuttle run test ,children coordination ,growth ,speed-agility ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Human anatomy ,QM1-695 ,Physiology ,QP1-981 - Abstract
Background Speed agility is considered as the whole assessment of speed of movement, agility and coordination. The 10x4m test has been broadly used to evaluate physical fitness and overall health in children of developmental ages. A myriad of studies have investigated the ecology of speed agility (SA). However, body dimensions are rarely appraised, and this is a weakness because body shapes are affected by growth. Aim This study aimed to model SA-specific allometric equations, and develop an approach objectively predictive for performance while controlling for maturity through age at peak height velocity (agePHV). Subjects and methods A total of 7317 (3627 girls) children aged 8–11 years were SA-tested. Multiplicative models with allometric body-size components, agePHV, and categorical differences, were implemented to evaluate SA performance. Results Model 1 accounted for body-size and shape only, whereas Model 2 included agePHV and Model 3 considered standing broad jump (SBJ) as a surrogate marker for explosive strength. An ectomorphic dominance was revealed across all the models. Conclusion The explosive strength resulted in influencing SA per height-to-weight ratio. Further, positive exponent of agePHV suggested that the late maturers were likely to show better SA performances. Predictive equations modelled on developmental factors are fundamental to scrutinise performances as valuable health and fitness outcomes in childhood.
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- 2021
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3. Understanding the Role of Propulsion in the Prediction of Front-Crawl Swimming Velocity and in the Relationship Between Stroke Frequency and Stroke Length
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Jorge E. Morais, Tiago M. Barbosa, Alan M. Nevill, Stephen Cobley, and Daniel A. Marinho
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youth ,swimming ,technique ,performance ,stroke parameters ,Physiology ,QP1-981 - Abstract
Introduction: This study aimed to: 1) determine swimming velocity based on a set of anthropometric, kinematic, and kinetic variables, and; 2) understand the stroke frequency (SF)–stroke length (SL) combinations associated with swimming velocity and propulsion in young sprint swimmers.Methods: 38 swimmers (22 males: 15.92 ± 0.75 years; 16 females: 14.99 ± 1.06 years) participated and underwent anthropometric, kinematic, and kinetic variables assessment. Exploratory associations between SL and SF on swimming velocity were explored using two two-way ANOVA (independent for males and females). Swimming velocity was determined using multilevel modeling.Results: The prediction of swimming velocity revealed a significant sex effect. Height, underwater stroke time, and mean propulsion of the dominant limb were predictors of swimming velocity. For both sexes, swimming velocity suggested that SL presented a significant variation (males: F = 8.20, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.40; females: F = 18.23, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.39), as well as SF (males: F = 38.20, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.47; females: F = 83.04, p < 0.001, η2 = 0.51). The interaction between SL and SF was significant for females (F = 8.00, p = 0.001, η2 = 0.05), but not for males (F = 1.60, p = 0.172, η2 = 0.04). The optimal SF–SL combination suggested a SF of 0.80 Hz and a SL of 2.20 m (swimming velocity: 1.75 m s−1), and a SF of 0.80 Hz and a SL of 1.90 m (swimming velocity: 1.56 m s−1) for males and females, respectively. The propulsion in both sexes showed the same trend in SL, but not in SF (i.e., non-significant variation). Also, a non-significant interaction between SL and SF was observed (males: F = 0.77, p = 0.601, η2 = 0.05; females: F = 1.48, p = 0.242, η2 = 0.05).Conclusion: Swimming velocity was predicted by an interaction of anthropometrics, kinematics, and kinetics. Faster velocities in young sprinters of both sexes were achieved by an optimal combination of SF–SL. The same trend was shown by the propulsion data. The highest propulsion was not necessarily associated with higher velocity achievement.
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- 2022
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4. Oxygen Uptake in Repeated Cycling Sprints Against Different Loads Is Comparable Between Men and Preadolescent Boys
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Apostolos Theos, Gregory C. Bogdanis, Daniel Jansson, Alan M. Nevill, Aggeliki Papaspyrou, and Maria Maridaki
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growth ,aerobic ,high-intensity exercise ,repeated-sprint ability ,fatigue ,Physiology ,QP1-981 - Abstract
Children recover faster than adults in repeated sprints, but it is unclear if their aerobic responses differ.PurposeThis study tested the hypothesis that aerobic response (VO2) during repeated sprints is greater in preadolescent boys than in men. Further, this study compared normalization with conventional ratio-scaling and scaling with the use of body mass (BM) as a covariate.MethodsNine boys (age: 11.8 ± 0.6 years, swimmers) and 11 men (age: 21.7 ± 0.6 years, recreational athletes) performed 10 maximal 6-s cycling sprints separated by 24-s of passive recovery, against two loads (optimum and 50% of optimum). Oxygen uptake (VO2) was measured continuously.ResultsMen’s mean power output (MPO) was greater than boys in each sprint, both in absolute (unscaled) values ( p
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- 2022
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5. Comparing individual and population differences in minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slopes using centile growth curves and log-linear allometry
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Alan M. Nevill, Jonathan Myers, Leonard A. Kaminsky, Ross Arena, and Tony D. Myers
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Medicine - Abstract
Identifying vulnerable groups and/or individuals’ cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important challenge for clinicians/researchers alike. To quantify CRF accurately, the assessment of several variables is now standard practice including maximal oxygen uptake (VʹCO2) and ventilatory efficiency, the latter assessed using the minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VʹE/VʹCO2) slope. Recently, reference values (centiles) for VʹE/VʹCO2 slopes for males and females aged 20 to 80 have been published, using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) data (treadmill protocol) from the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND Registry). In the current observational study we provide centile curves for the FRIEND Registry VʹE/VʹCO2 slopes, fitted using the generalised additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS), to provide individuals with a more precise estimate of where their VʹE/VʹCO2 slopes fall within the population. We also confirm that by adopting allometric models (incorporating a log transformation), the resulting ANCOVAs provided more normal and homoscedastic residuals, with superior goodness-of-fit using the Akaike information criterion (AIC)=14 671 (compared with traditional ANCOVA's AIC=15 008) that confirms allometric models are vastly superior to traditional ANCOVA models. In conclusion, providing sex-by-age centile curves rather than referring to reference tables for ventilatory efficiency (VʹE/VʹCO2 slopes) will provide more accurate estimates of where an individual's particular VʹE/VʹCO2 slope falls within the population. Also, by adopting allometric models researchers are more likely to identify real and valid inferences when analysing population/group differences in VʹE/VʹCO2 slopes.
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- 2021
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6. Effects of Two Workload-Matched High-Intensity Interval Training Protocols on Regional Body Composition and Fat Oxidation in Obese Men
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Spyridon Tsirigkakis, George Mastorakos, Yiannis Koutedakis, Vassilis Mougios, Alan M. Nevill, Zoe Pafili, and Gregory C. Bogdanis
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obesity ,intermittent exercise ,weight loss ,whole-body fat oxidation ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,TX341-641 - Abstract
The effects of two high-intensity interval training (HIIT) protocols on regional body composition and fat oxidation in men with obesity were compared using a parallel randomized design. Sixteen inactive males (age, 38.9 ± 7.3 years; body fat, 31.8 ± 3.9%; peak oxygen uptake, VO2peak, 30.9 ± 4.1 mL/kg/min; all mean ± SD) were randomly assigned to either HIIT10 (48 × 10 s bouts at 100% of peak power [Wpeak] with 15 s of recovery) or HIIT60 group (8 × 60 s bouts at 100% Wpeak with 90 s of recovery), and subsequently completed eight weeks of training, while maintaining the same diet. Analyses of variance (ANOVA) showed only a main effect of time (p < 0.01) and no group or interaction effects (p > 0.05) in the examined parameters. Total and trunk fat mass decreased by 1.81 kg (90%CI: −2.63 to −0.99 kg; p = 0.002) and 1.45 kg (90%CI: −1.95 to −0.94 kg; p < 0.001), respectively, while leg lean mass increased by 0.86 kg (90%CI: 0.63 to 1.08 kg; p < 0.001), following both HIIT protocols. HIIT increased peak fat oxidation (PFO) (from 0.20 ± 0.05 to 0.33 ± 0.08 g/min, p = 0.001), as well as fat oxidation over a wide range of submaximal exercise intensities, and shifted PFO to higher intensity (from 33.6 ± 4.6 to 37.6 ± 6.7% VO2peak, p = 0.039). HIIT, irrespective of protocol, improved VO2peak by 20.0 ± 7.2% (p < 0.001), while blood lactate at various submaximal intensities decreased by 20.6% (p = 0.001). In conclusion, both HIIT protocols were equally effective in improving regional body composition and fat oxidation during exercise in obese men.
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- 2021
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7. Choose Where You Live Carefully: Built Environment Differences in Children’s Cardiorespiratory Fitness and Cardiometabolic Risk
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Alan M. Nevill, Cézane Priscila Reuter, Caroline Brand, Anelise Reis Gaya, Jorge Mota, Jane Dagmar Pollo Renner, and Michael J. Duncan
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urban ,rural ,fitness ,health ,paediatrics ,Sports ,GV557-1198.995 - Abstract
Information regarding urban-rural differences in health indicators are scarce in Brazil. This study sought to identify rural-urban differences in cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) and cardiometabolic risk (CMR) in Brazilian children and adolescents whilst controlling for the important confounding variables including social economic status (SES). This is a cross-sectional study developed with children and adolescents (n = 2250, age 11.54 ± 2.76) selected from a city in the south of Brazil. CRF was estimated using a 6-minute run/walk test. CMR scores were calculated by summing different cardiometabolic risk indicators. CRF was analysed assuming a multiplicative model with allometric body-size components. CMR differences in residential locations was assessed using Analysis of caovariance (ANCOVA) adopting SES, Body Mass Index (BMI), waist circumference (WC), age and fitness as covariates. Results indicated a main effect of location (p < 0.001) with children living a rural environment having the highest CRF, and children living in the periphery of towns having the lowest. Analysis also revealed significant main effects of location (p < 0.001) with children living a rural environment having the lowest CMR and children living in the centre of towns having the highest. Therefore, Brazilian children living in a rural environment appear to have superior health benefits.
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- 2021
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8. Explosive Strength Modeling in Children: Trends According to Growth and Prediction Equation
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Vittoria Carnevale Pellino, Matteo Giuriato, Gabriele Ceccarelli, Roberto Codella, Matteo Vandoni, Nicola Lovecchio, and Alan M. Nevill
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allometry ,standing broad jump ,children ,growth ,maturity offset ,Technology ,Engineering (General). Civil engineering (General) ,TA1-2040 ,Biology (General) ,QH301-705.5 ,Physics ,QC1-999 ,Chemistry ,QD1-999 - Abstract
Lower limb explosive strength has been widely used to evaluate physical fitness and general health in children. A plethora of studies have scoped the practicality of the standing broad jump (SBJ), though without accounting for body dimensions, which are tremendously affected by growth. This study aimed at modeling SBJ-specific allometric equations, underlying an objectively predictive approach while controlling for maturity offset (MO). A total of 7317 children (8–11 years) were tested for their SBJs; demographics and anthropometrics data were also collected. The multiplicative model with allometric body size components, MO, and categorial differences were implemented with SBJ performance. The log-multiplicative model suggested that the optimal body shape associated with SBJs is ectomorphic (H = −0.435; M = 1.152). Likewise, age, sex, and age–sex interactions were revealed to be significant (p < 0.001). Our results confirmed the efficacy of the allometric approach to identify the most appropriate body size and shape in children. Males, as they mature, did not significantly augment their performances, whereas females did, outperforming their peers. The model successfully fit the equation for SBJ performance, adjusted for age, sex, and MO. Predictive equations modeled on developmental factors are needed to interpret appropriately the performances that are used to evaluate physical fitness.
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- 2020
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9. The Association between Anthropometric Variables, Functional Movement Screen Scores and 100 m Freestyle Swimming Performance in Youth Swimmers
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Daisy Bond, Laura Goodson, Samuel W. Oxford, Alan M. Nevill, and Michael J. Duncan
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pediatric ,skinfolds ,limb length ,functional performance ,Sports ,GV557-1198.995 - Abstract
This study examined the association between anthropometric variables, Functional Movement Screen (FMS) scores and 100 m freestyle swimming performance in early adolescent swimmers. Fifty competitive, national level, youth swimmers (21 males, 29 females, mean age ± SD = 13.5 ± 1.5 years, age range 11–16 years) performed an “all-out” 100 m freestyle (front crawl) swim as fast as they could in a 50 m pool. A median divide for 100 m timed swim was also used to divide the sample into faster or slower groups. Height, body mass, skinfolds and limb lengths were also assessed. Maturation was calculated by proxy using anthropometric measures and participants also undertook the FMS as a measure of functional performance. Backwards linear regression indicated a significant model (p = 0.0001, Adjusted R2 = 0.638) explaining 63.8% of the variance in swim performance with total sum of skinfolds, upper leg length, lower leg length, hand length and total height significantly contributing to the model. Swimmers who were classed as fast had lower total sum of skinfolds (p = 0.005) and higher total FMS score (p = 0.005) compared to their slower peers. In summary, this study indicates that anthropometric variables significantly explained the variance in 100 m freestyle swimming performance in youth swimmers.
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- 2015
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10. Evaluation of a Walking-Track Intervention to Increase Children’s Physical Activity during Primary School Break Times
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Emma Powell, Lorayne A. Woodfield, Alexander J. Powell, Alan M. Nevill, and Tony D. Myers
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children ,break times ,physical activity ,intervention ,primary school ,Pediatrics ,RJ1-570 - Abstract
Despite the known benefits of engaging in daily moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA), only 22% of children in England are meeting the recommended guidelines. School break times have been advocated as a key part of children’s daily routines in which their MVPA can be increased. The main aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of installing a walking-track on children’s MVPA during school break times. A mixed method design was employed which allowed for the quantitative measurement of children’s PA at three time points (baseline, mid-intervention (1–5 weeks) and follow-up (6–9 weeks)), using pedometers (n = 81, 5–9 years) and systematic observation (n = 23, 7–9 years). A semi-structured interview (n = 1) was also conducted at 10 weeks’ follow-up. The installation of the walking-track was grounded in a unique set of theoretical constructs to aid the behaviour change of the teachers. Short term positive increases in girls’ and boys’ MVPA and longer term increases in boys’ vigorous PA (VPA) were found. Qualitative data highlighted that boys dominated the walking-track and the inconsistent behaviour of school staff negatively impacted upon children’s MVPA. A set of principles to guide the installment of walking-tracks in school playgrounds are recommended.
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- 2018
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11. ‘At risk’ waist-to-height ratio cut-off points recently adopted by NICE and US Department of Defense will unfairly penalize shorter adults. What is the solution?
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Alan M. Nevill, Guy D. Leahy, Jerry Mayhew, Gavin R.H. Sandercock, Tony Myers, and Michael J. Duncan
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Nutrition and Dietetics ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism - Published
- 2023
12. NICE’s recent guidelines on 'the size of your waist' unfairly penalizes shorter people
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Alan M. Nevill, Michael J. Duncan, and Tony Myers
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Nutrition and Dietetics ,Diabetes Mellitus, Type 2 ,Cardiovascular Diseases ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,Humans ,Body Height ,United Kingdom - Abstract
The National Institute for Clinical Excellence (NICE) has just released its latest guidelines to assess and predict health risk, such as type 2 diabetes, hypertension or cardiovascular disease. Their latest advice is "Keep the size of your waist to less than half of your height". We believe this advice is flawed and will seriously and unfairly penalize shorter people and lull taller people into a false sense of security. In this short communication, we provide this evidence. We consider this a serious oversight by NICE and feel strongly that this evidence needs to be made available in the public domain.
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- 2022
13. What is the optimal anthropometric index/ratio associated with two key measures of cardio-metabolic risk associated with hypertension and diabetes?
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Alan M. Nevill, Justin J. Lang, Grant R. Tomkinson, Nevill, Alan M, Lang, Justin J, and Tomkinson, Grant R
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hypertension ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,adult ,Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism ,diabetes mellitus ,public health ,cross-sectional studies ,risk factors ,Medicine (miscellaneous) ,body mass index ,nutrition surveys - Abstract
Refereed/Peer-reviewed Background: Few studies have investigated the optimal anthropometric index associated with potential cardio-metabolic risk.Using direct measures of standing height, body mass, and waist circumference, we sought to identify the optimal index fordetecting cardio-metabolic risk associated with diabetes and hypertension in a nationally representative sample of US adults Methods: Complete (non-missing) cross-sectional data from 8375 US adults aged 18–80+ years were obtained from the 2015–16and 2017–March 2020 (pre-pandemic) cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The cardio-metabolic risk was identified using blood pressure and glycohemoglobin (A1c). Allometric models were used to identify the optimal anthropometric indices associated with cardio-metabolic risk. Receiver operating characteristics curves were used to verify the discriminatory ability of the identified index in comparison with other anthropometric measures. Results: The optimal anthropometric index associated with cardio-metabolic risk was waist circumference divided by body massto the power of 0.333 (WC/M0.333). The ability for this new index to discriminate those with diabetes (area under the ROC curve: 0.73[95%CI: 0.71–0.74]) and hypertension (area under the curve: 0.70 [95%CI: 0.69–0.72]) was superior to all other anthropometricmeasure/indices investigated in this study (body mass index, waist circumference, waist-to-height ratio, and waist/height0.5) Conclusions: We identified WC/M0.333 as the optimal anthropometric index for identifying US adults with hypertension anddiabetes. Instead of using body mass index (kg/m2), we recommend using WC/M0.333 in clinical and public health practice to better identify US adults at potential cardio-metabolic risk associated with hypertension and diabetes.
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- 2022
14. Effect of long-haul transmeridian travel on recovery and performance in international level swimmers
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Alan M. Nevill, Cormac Powell, Antonia Rossiter, Thomas M. Comyns, and Giles D. Warrington
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International level ,Aeronautics ,Business ,human activities ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
This study holistically examined the effects of long-haul transmeridian travel (LHTT) on physiological, perceptual, sleep and performance markers in nine international level swimmers preparing for the 2019 FINA World Long Course Championships in Gwangju, South Korea. Baseline (BL) measurements were taken over two days during the week before a long-haul eastward flight across eight time-zones. Following the flight, measurements were taken over a six-day holding camp in Japan (C1-C6), and over four days at the competition venue in Gwangju before the Championships commenced (PR1-PR4). Salivary cortisol (sCort), immunoglobulin A (sIgA), alpha-amylase (sAA) concentrations and perceptual measures via the Liverpool John Moore's University Jetlag Questionnaire were assessed. Sleep was monitored using wrist activity monitors and self-report sleep diaries. Performance was assessed via squat jump (SJ), countermovement jump (CMJ) and a 4 × 100 m swim test. Participants perceived themselves to be significantly more fatigued and jet lagged than BL for five- and nine-days post-travel, respectively. Morning sCort decreased by 70% on C1 and remained significantly lower than BL until C6 ( p
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- 2021
15. Adherence to aerobic and muscle-strengthening components of the physical activity guidelines and mental health
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Stephen Shannon, Angela Carlin, Catherine Woods, Alan M Nevill, Niamh Murphy, and Marie H Murphy
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Adult ,Male ,Young Adult ,Health (social science) ,Mental Health ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Muscles ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Humans ,Female ,Students ,Exercise - Abstract
Summary Despite a clear distinction between aerobic and muscle strengthening (MS) components in the physical activity guidelines, public health surveillance has largely focused only on aerobic components, limiting the reach of epidemiological research on the physical activity guidelines. Hence, this study investigated the association between adherence to both components (i.e. aerobic and muscle-strengthening) of the World Health Organization’s physical activity guidelines and mental health among the college student population. A cross-sectional study was conducted among a nationally representative sample of Irish college students (7088 participants, M age: 23.17 years; 50.9% female). Participants were categorized as meeting both components of the guidelines (n = 41%), only the aerobic component (n = 25.3%) or the MS component (n = 7.3%), and neither (n = 26.4%). Group membership effects on mental health was determined through mixed univariate ANOVAs, with a Bonferroni correction for post hoc analyses to assess multiple comparisons. Results revealed that meeting both components of the guidelines was significantly (all p < 0.01) associated with greater self-reported happiness, body image and general health, and less mental ill-being, relative to all other respective groupings. Meeting aerobic or MS components in isolation was significantly (p < 0.05) associated with better happiness, general health and body image compared to not meeting either component. To conclude, 59% of the college-aged population are insufficiently active, and adherence to both guideline components is positively associated with mental health. Co-produced, evidence-based, physical activity interventions are needed in students and could contribute to mental health promotion.
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- 2022
16. Validation of an Allometric Model to Predict Cardiorespiratory Fitness in Young adults from 20-M Shuttle Run Test Performance
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Roger, Ramsbottom, primary, Alan M, Nevill, additional, and Sharon A, Plowman, additional
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- 2022
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17. The association between training load indices and upper respiratory tract infections (URTIs) in elite soccer players
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Mark Lyons, Caoimhe Tiernan, Thomas M. Comyns, Giles D. Warrington, and Alan M. Nevill
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Rating of perceived exertion ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Respiratory tract infections ,business.industry ,education ,030229 sport sciences ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,medicine.disease ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Upper respiratory tract infection ,Physical therapy ,Medicine ,Training load ,business ,Association (psychology) ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
This study aimed to investigate the association between training load indices and Upper Respiratory Tract Infection (URTI) across different lag periods in elite soccer players. Internal training load was collected from 15 elite soccer players over one full season (40 weeks). Acute, chronic, Acute:Chronic Workload Ratio (ACWR), Exponentially Weighted Moving Averages (EWMA) ACWR, 2, 3 and 4-week cumulative load, training strain and training monotony were calculated on a rolling weekly basis. Players completed a daily illness log, documenting any signs and symptoms, to help determine an URTI. Multilevel logistic regression was used to analyze the associations between training load indices and URTIs across different lag periods (1 to 7-days). The results found a significant association between 2-week cumulative load and an increased likelihood of a player contracting an URTI 3 days later (Odds Ratio, 95% Confidence Interval: OR = 2.07, 95% CI = 0.026-1.431). Additionally, a significant association was found between 3-week cumulative load and a players’ increased risk of contracting an URTI 4 days later (OR = 1.66, 95% CI = 0.013–1.006). These results indicate that accumulated periods of high training load (2- and 3-week) associated with an increased risk of a player contracting an URTI, which may lead to performance decrements, missed training sessions or even competitions.
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- 2021
18. Speed agility trends in children according to growth
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Nicola Lovecchio, Vittoria Carnevale Pellino, Roberto Codella, Alan M. Nevill, Matteo Vandoni, and Matteo Giuriato
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Aging ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Physiology ,Epidemiology ,business.industry ,Physical fitness ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Genetics ,medicine ,business ,Psychology ,Test (assessment) - Abstract
Speed agility is considered as the whole assessment of speed of movement, agility and coordination. The 10x4m test has been broadly used to evaluate physical fitness and overall health in children ...
- Published
- 2021
19. The influence of anthropometric variables, body composition, propulsive force and maturation on 50m freestyle swimming performance in junior swimmers: An allometric approach
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Artur Henrique Oliveira Silva, José Maia, Marlene Salvina, Marco Aurélio de Valois Correia Junior, Alan M. Nevill, Rafael dos Santos Henrique, Michael J. Duncan, Daniel da Rocha Queiroz, and Marcos André Moura dos Santos
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Male ,Adolescent ,Anthropometry ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Allometric model ,030229 sport sciences ,Adolescent Development ,Athletic Performance ,Body size ,Biology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Child Development ,0302 clinical medicine ,Statistics ,Body Composition ,Body Size ,Humans ,Female ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Allometry ,Child ,Swimming - Abstract
The purpose of the current article was to use allometric models to identify the best body size descriptors and other anthropometric variables, body composition, and offset maturity that might be associated with the youngsters' 50m personal-best (PB) swim speeds (m·s
- Published
- 2021
20. Predicting Cardiorespiratory Fitness Using the 20-m Shuttle Run Test: New Insights Using Nonlinear Allometry
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Alan M. Nevill, Francisco José de Menezes-Junior, Neiva Leite, Maiara Cristina Tadiotto, Patricia Ribeiro Paes Corazza, Maria de Fátima Aguiar Lopes, Jorge Mota, and Íncare Correa de Jesus
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Male ,Adolescent ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Body fat percentage ,Body Mass Index ,03 medical and health sciences ,Oxygen Consumption ,0302 clinical medicine ,Linear regression ,Statistics ,Criterion validity ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Child ,Mathematics ,Linear model ,Construct validity ,Cardiorespiratory fitness ,030229 sport sciences ,Gas analyzer ,Cardiorespiratory Fitness ,Exercise Test ,Linear Models ,Female ,Allometry ,Brazil - Abstract
PURPOSE Recently, doubts have been raised concerning the validity of the 20-m shuttle run test (20mSRT) to predict cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) in youth. Despite these doubts, authors continue to provide powerful evidence that CRF can be predicted reliably using the 20mSRT albeit using contrasting models. Therefore, we aimed to compare a new linear model with an alternative allometric model to predict CRF (peak oxygen uptake, V˙O2peak) using the 20mSRT. METHODS The study included 148 adolescents (43% girls) age 13.37 ± 1.84 yr. Adolescents were randomly assigned to validation (n = 91) and cross-validation (n = 57) groups. V˙O2peak was measured using a gas analyzer in both maximal exercise tests in the laboratory and the 20mSRT. Multiple linear regression methods were applied to develop the linear models using the 20mSRT (laps), body mass index, and body fat percentage. Alternative allometric models were also proposed/fitted using the 20mSRT (laps), height, and body mass. RESULTS The criterion validity values of both the linear and the allomeric models were found to be acceptable, with R2 = 82.5% and 82.7% respectively, providing reassuring evidence that the 20mSRT can be used with confidence to predict CRF. However, the allometric model identified a height-to-mass ratio, not dissimilar to the inverse body mass index (known to be a measure of leanness), to be associated with CRF. The allometric model also revealed that the rise in energy cost (V˙O2peak) with increasing laps was exponential. This will more accurately reflect the nonlinear rise in energy demand of shuttle running as the test progresses to exhaustion. CONCLUSIONS These observations provided powerful evidence that allometric models are more than satisfactory in terms of both criterion and construct validity when predicting CRF (V˙O2peak) using the 20mSRT.
- Published
- 2021
21. Elite athletes’ and support staffs’ experiences and perceptions of long-haul travel, and the self-management strategies they use
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Antonia Rossiter, Thomas M. Comyns, Ian Sherwin, Alan M. Nevill, and Giles D. Warrington
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Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
Elite athletes and their support staff are often required to travel for international competitions all over the globe, however little is known about their experiences of long-haul (LH) travel and its perceived effects on performance. The aim of this study was to explore elite athletes’ and support staffs’ perception of symptoms experienced following LH travel and the self-management strategies they used to mitigate these symptoms. Elite athletes and support staff ( n = 88), who had embarked on an LH flight (> 8 hours) in the previous 2 years for training or competition, completed a survey examining their perceptions of LH travel, symptoms experienced following the flight(s) and strategies they implemented to minimise the symptoms. Associations between symptoms experienced and travel strategies used with participant and journey characteristics were examined by Chi-squared tests. LH travel was widely perceived by participants to be disruptive to physical (86.4%) and mental performance (72.7%) and to increase the risk of illness and injury (86.4%). The most common symptoms experienced were related to fatigue and disruption to sleep. All participants implemented strategies to help mitigate the negative consequences of LH travel. Moving and stretching regularly in-flight and simple strategies for aligning the body clock to destination time were most prevalent. The study findings will allow the translation of research to better inform future guidelines that address the unique needs and priorities of elite athletes and support staff as they embark on LH travel for training and competition with a view to optimising performance outcomes.
- Published
- 2023
22. The Physiological Effects of a Walking to Music Intervention in Adults with Intermediate Hyperglycemia
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Andrea M. McNeilly, Marie H. Murphy, Allan Hewitt, Gareth W. Davison, Tom Trinick, Maria Faulkner, Alan M. Nevill, David A. Rowe, and Ellie Duly
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medicine.medical_specialty ,business.industry ,Physical activity ,Psychological intervention ,physical activity ,Intervention group ,RA773 ,Overweight ,diabetic health ,Intervention (counseling) ,Usual care ,Physical therapy ,Medicine ,cadence ,Physiological markers ,medicine.symptom ,business ,human activities ,Cost implications - Abstract
Purpose: Overweight individuals are at risk of intermediate hyperglycemia (IHG) [1]. Increasing physical activity (PA) in IHG is one method to reduce the risk of glucometabolic and cardiovascular (CV) complications [2]. This study investigates walking to music as a modality to increase moderate intensity PA and regulate glucometabolic disturbances. Patients and Methods: Participants were randomized to usual care (UC) or intervention group (IG) who completed a 6 month walking to music program. Physiological assessments for a range of variables (DEXA, flow mediated dilatation (FMD) and glucometabolic biomarkers) were completed at baseline, 4, 6 and 9 months (follow-up). Results: For IG group, walking compliance decreased with time however 71.4%, 79.5% and 73% of walking completed was moderate intensity at 4, 6 and 9 months. At 6 months IG FMD was significantly lower than UC and HbA1Cwas 5% lower. Other physiological markers were not altered. Conclusion: Walking to music may be a novel method to encourage moderate intensity PA. However, the majority of results demonstrate that this intervention was not more effective than UC in managing glucometabolic and CV biomarkers in IHG. Future interventions should include additional support for the entire study duration however this has cost implications.
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- 2021
23. Reduction in acute kidney injury post cardiac surgery using balanced forced diuresis: a randomized, controlled trial
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Emma Sharman, Eshan Senanayake, Lawrence Beare, Kumaresan Nagarajan, Alan M. Nevill, Heyman Luckraz, Benjamin Wrigley, and Ramesh Giri
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Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,030232 urology & nephrology ,Renal function ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,system ,law.invention ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Postoperative Complications ,law ,RenalGuard® ,Risk Factors ,Cardiopulmonary bypass ,Medicine ,Humans ,Eacts/118 ,Cardiac Surgical Procedures ,Retrospective Studies ,Cardiopulmonary Bypass ,business.industry ,AcademicSubjects/MED00920 ,Acute kidney injury ,General Adult Cardiac ,EuroSCORE ,General Medicine ,Odds ratio ,Cardiac surgery ,Acute Kidney Injury ,medicine.disease ,Intensive care unit ,Diuresis ,Anesthesia ,Number needed to treat ,Surgery ,Eacts/105 ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business - Abstract
OBJECTIVES Our goal was to investigate the efficacy of balanced forced diuresis in reducing the rate of acute kidney injury (AKI) in cardiac surgical patients requiring cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB), using the RenalGuard® (RG) system. METHODS Patients at risk of developing AKI (history of diabetes and/or anaemia; estimated glomerular filtration rate 20–60 ml/min/1.73 m2; anticipated CPB time >120 min; log EuroSCORE > 5) were randomized to the RG system group (n = 110) or managed according to current practice (control = 110). The primary end point was the development of AKI within the first 3 postoperative days as defined by the RIFLE (Risk, Injury, Failure, Loss of kidney function, End-stage renal disease) criteria. RESULTS There were no significant differences in preoperative and intraoperative characteristics between the 2 groups. Postoperative AKI rates were significantly lower in the RG system group compared to the control group [10% (11/110) vs 20.9% (23/110); P = 0.025]. This effect persisted even after controlling for a number of potential confounders (odds ratio 2.82, 95% confidence interval 1.20–6.60; P = 0.017) when assessed by binary logistic regression analysis. The mean volumes of urine produced during surgery and within the first 24 h postoperatively were significantly higher in the RG system group (P, Acute kidney injury (AKI) after cardiac surgery is well documented [1].
- Published
- 2020
24. The dose–response association between V̇O2peak and self-reported physical activity in children
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Alan M. Nevill, Michael J. Duncan, and Gavin Sandercock
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business.industry ,Physical activity ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,030229 sport sciences ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Aerobic exercise ,Medicine ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Association (psychology) ,business ,Weight status ,Clinical psychology - Abstract
Previous research into the association between aerobic fitness and physical activity in children is equivocal. However, previous research has always assumed that such an association was linear. Thi...
- Published
- 2020
25. Key somatic variables associated with, and differences between the 4 swimming strokes
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Helmi Chaabene, Tony Myers, Senda Sammoud, Alan M. Nevill, and Yassine Negra
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Male ,Competitive Behavior ,Shoulder ,Adolescent ,Somatic cell ,Aptitude ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Allometric model ,Biology ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Body Fat Distribution ,Body Size ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Child ,Muscle, Skeletal ,Swimming ,Leg ,Hip ,030229 sport sciences ,Motor Skills ,Arm ,Key (cryptography) ,Female ,Demography - Abstract
This study identified key somatic and demographic characteristics that benefit all swimmers and, at the same time, identified further characteristics that benefit only specific swimming strokes. Three hundred sixty-three competitive-level swimmers (male [n = 202]; female [n = 161]) participated in the study. We adopted a multiplicative, allometric regression model to identify the key characteristics associated with 100 m swimming speeds (controlling for age). The model was refined using backward elimination. Characteristics that benefited some but not all strokes were identified by introducing stroke-by-predictor variable interactions. The regression analysis revealed 7 "common" characteristics that benefited all swimmers suggesting that all swimmers benefit from having less body fat, broad shoulders and hips, a greater arm span (but shorter lower arms) and greater forearm girths with smaller relaxed arm girths. The 4 stroke-specific characteristics reveal that backstroke swimmers benefit from longer backs, a finding that can be likened to boats with longer hulls also travel faster through the water. Other stroke-by-predictor variable interactions (taken together) identified that butterfly swimmers are characterized by greater muscularity in the lower legs. These results highlight the importance of considering somatic and demographic characteristics of young swimmers for talent identification purposes (i.e., to ensure that swimmers realize their most appropriate strokes).
- Published
- 2020
26. Salivary IgA as a Predictor of Upper Respiratory Tract Infections and Relationship to Training Load in Elite Rugby Union Players
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Alan M. Nevill, Thomas M. Comyns, Caoimhe Tiernan, Mark Lyons, and Giles D. Warrington
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,Physical Exertion ,education ,Football ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,monitoring markers ,Logistic regression ,Salivary iga ,recovery ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Predictive Value of Tests ,Humans ,Medicine ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Young adult ,Training load ,Saliva ,Respiratory Tract Infections ,Morning ,biology ,Respiratory tract infections ,business.industry ,Athletes ,illness ,030229 sport sciences ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Predictive value of tests ,Immunoglobulin A, Secretory ,Physical therapy ,business ,human activities ,sIgA ,performance ,Physical Conditioning, Human - Abstract
Tiernan, C, Lyons, M, Comyns, T, Nevill, AM, and Warrington, G. Salivary IgA as a predictor of upper respiratory tract infections and relationship to training load in elite rugby union players. J Strength Cond Res 34(3): 782-790, 2020-Upper Respiratory Tract Infections (URTI) are among the most common illnesses reported in athletes. An URTI can result in missed training days, which in turn may lead to performance decrements. The purpose of this study was to investigate the use of salivary immunoglobulin A (sIgA) as a predictor of URTI, while also exploring the relationship to weekly training load in elite rugby union players. Nineteen male elite rugby union players provided morning saliva swabs, biweekly (Monday and Friday), over a 10-week training period. Participants completed an illness log documenting symptoms of URTI. Session Rate of Perceived Exertion (sRPE) was collected to determine training load (sRPE × session duration). Weekly training load was also calculated. Logistic regression was used to analyze the relationship between incidences of URTI with sIgA and training load. Multilevel regression was conducted to compare associations between sIgA and training load. The results found that the likelihood of suffering from an URTI increased when sIgA significantly decreased (p = 0.046). Where sIgA decreased by 65% or more, a player was at a greater risk of contracting an URTI within the following 2 weeks. No association was found between sIgA and training load. In conclusion, sIgA may be a useful predictor for determining the likelihood of players contracting an URTI. This will allow the coach to make informed decisions on training status, helping reduce the risk of players missing training, which may have performance decrements. Coaches will benefit from the fast, easy, and instant results available, to analyze a player's immune function.
- Published
- 2020
27. The influence of birth quartile, maturation, anthropometry and physical performances on player retention: Observations from an elite football academy
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Rickesh Patel, Alan M. Nevill, Tina Smith, Ross Cloak, and Matthew A. Wyon
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05 social sciences ,food and beverages ,030229 sport sciences ,Football ,Anthropometry ,Relative age effect ,050105 experimental psychology ,03 medical and health sciences ,Biological maturation ,0302 clinical medicine ,Quartile ,Elite ,0501 psychology and cognitive sciences ,Psychology ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Demography - Abstract
Understanding the factors that influence player retention within elite youth football can be used to enhance current practices. This study investigated an English Category 1 academy to determine if...
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- 2020
28. Modeling the dose–response rate/associations between VO2max and self-reported Physical Activity Questionnaire in children and adolescents
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Gavin Sandercock, Alan M. Nevill, and Michael J. Duncan
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Analysis of covariance ,Response rate (survey) ,business.industry ,Physical activity ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,030229 sport sciences ,Overweight ,Confidence interval ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medicine ,Aerobic exercise ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Underweight ,medicine.symptom ,business ,human activities ,Weight status ,Demography - Abstract
Background This study sought to explore the dose–response rate/association between aerobic fitness (VO2max) and self-reported physical activity (PA) and to assess whether this association varies by sex, age, and weight status. Methods VO2max was assessed using the 20-m shuttle-run test. PA was assessed using the Physical Activity Questionnaire (PAQ) for Adolescents (aged >11 years, PAQ-A) or for Children (aged ≤11 years, PAQ-C). The associations between VO2max and PAQ were analyzed using analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), adopting PAQ and PAQ2 as covariates but allowing the intercepts and slope parameters of PAQ and PAQ2 to vary with the categorical variables sex, age group, and weight status. Results ANCOVA identified a curvilinear association between VO2max and PAQ, with positive linear PAQ terms that varied for both sex and weight status but with a negative PAQ2 term of −0.39 (95% confidence interval (CI): –0.57 to –0.21) that was common for all groups in regard to age, sex, and weight status. These curvilinear (inverted U) associations suggest that the benefits of increasing PA (same dose) on VO2max is greater when children report lower levels of PA compared to children who report higher levels of PA. These dose–response rates were also steeper for boys and were steeper for lean children compared to overweight/obese children. Conclusion Health practitioners should be aware that encouraging greater PA (same dose) in inactive and underweight children will result in greater gains in VO2max (response) compared with their active and overweight/obese counterparts.
- Published
- 2020
29. Growth Curves and Rate of Brazilian Youngs: 20-Years Data of 95,000 Children and Adolescents from 'Projeto Esporte Brasil'
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Júlio Brugnara Mello, Glauber Nobre, Anelise Gaya, Michael Duncan, Alan M. Nevill, and Adroaldo Gaya
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History ,Polymers and Plastics ,Business and International Management ,Industrial and Manufacturing Engineering - Published
- 2022
30. Analysis of the physiological response in junior tennis players during short-term recovery: understanding the magnitude of recovery until and after the 25 seconds rule
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Jorge E Morais, José A Bragada, Rui Silva, Alan M Nevill, Fabio Y Nakamura, and Daniel A Marinho
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Oxygen uptake ,Ball-throwing machine ,Heart rate ,Skill ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
Literature lacks evidence about the physiological recovery of tennis players between points. This study aimed to: (i) verify the heart rate (HR) and oxygen uptake (V̇O2) recovery variance in young tennis players from the end of a tennis drill until the 25-s mark and onwards (65-s limit), performed at several intensities, and (ii) test the curve fitting that better characterizes the players’ HR and V̇O2 recovery, from the end of the drill until the 65-s mark. The sample was composed of 13 male tennis players (age: 16.80 ± 1.61 years) recruited from a National Tennis Association. Players were instructed to perform a drill test (“two-line drill wide mode”) based on an intensity increment protocol. Three levels of intensity were used based on the reserve HR and V̇O2. A significance level effect was observed on the HRreserve and V̇O2reserve (P
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- 2022
31. The Relationship Between Adductor Squeeze Strength, Subjective Markers of Recovery and Training Load in Elite Rugby Players
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Caoimhe Tiernan, Thomas M. Comyns, Mark Lyons, Giles D. Warrington, and Alan M. Nevill
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Adolescent ,education ,Football ,on-feet training load ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Perceived exertion ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,Thigh ,monitoring markers ,optimizing performance ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,training status ,Humans ,Medicine ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Training monitoring ,Muscle Strength ,Training load ,Muscle, Skeletal ,Fatigue ,Training period ,Physical conditioning ,business.industry ,Myalgia ,030229 sport sciences ,General Medicine ,Sphygmomanometers ,Weak correlation ,medicine.anatomical_structure ,Muscle strength ,Physical therapy ,business ,Physical Conditioning, Human - Abstract
Tiernan, C, Lyons, M, Comyns, T, Nevill, AM, and Warrington, G. The relationship between adductor squeeze strength, subjective markers of recovery and training load in elite Rugby players. J Strength Cond Res 33(11): 2926-2931, 2019-The adductor squeeze strength test has become a popular training monitoring marker, particularly in team sports. The aim of this study was to investigate the relationship between adductor squeeze strength scores, subjective markers of recovery and training load in elite Rugby Union players, because of limited research in this area. Nineteen elite male Rugby Union players completed daily monitoring markers (adductor squeeze strength and 5 selected subjective markers of recovery), over a 10-week preseason training period. Rate of perceived exertion (RPE) was collected to determine training load (session RPE; RPE × session duration) and to calculate weekly training load. Spearman's correlation was used to analyze the relationship between adductor squeeze strength scores, subjective markers of recovery, and weekly training load. The results found that where adductor squeeze scores decreased, both perceived fatigue levels (r = -0.335; R = 11.2%; p < 0.001) and muscle soreness (r = -0.277; R = 7.7%; p < 0.001) increased. A weak correlation was found between Monday adductor squeeze strength scores and the previous week's training load (r = -0.235; R = 5.5%; p < 0.001) and Friday adductor squeeze strength scores and the same week's training load (r = -0.211; R = 4.5%; p < 0.05). These results show that adductor squeeze strength may provide coaches with a time-efficient, low-cost objective, player monitoring marker. Additionally, the combination of adductor strength squeeze, with subjective markers, perceived fatigue, and muscle soreness, and appropriately planned training load may help coaches to optimize training adaptations by determining a player's training status.
- Published
- 2019
32. Sport-Specific Skills Differentiate Performance Levels Better Than Anthropometric or Physiological Factors in Beach Handball
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Luís Filipe Gomes Barbosa Pereira de Lemos, José Pino-Ortega, Clarice Martins, Vinícius C. De Oliveira, Alan M. Nevill, Amilton da Cruz Santos, Fábio Yuzo Nakamura, and Michael J. Duncan
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Male ,Adult ,Applied psychology ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Athletic Performance ,Young Adult ,Multivariate analysis of variance ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,biology ,Hand Strength ,Anthropometry ,Athletes ,General Medicine ,biology.organism_classification ,Test (assessment) ,Sprint ,Nephrology ,Jump ,Exercise Test ,Female ,Club ,Psychology ,Throwing - Abstract
Beach handball is characterized by high- and low-intensity efforts on an unstable surface. Players are expected to display high levels of physical performance on sand, though there are no data concerning success in elite players. PURPOSE This study aimed to address anthropometric, fitness, and sport-specific skills components in beach handball, by comparing elite national team beach handball players (world champions) to sub-elite players (playing at a regular club). METHOD A total of 91 senior players (more than 21 years old) of both genders (19 world champions) were assessed for anthropometry, 5-m acceleration, 15-m sprint, handgrip strength, horizontal jump, and three specific sport-specific skills (ball velocities in standing, inflight and spin throwing) at a beach court. Anthropometric, physiological, and sport-specific skill test variables were analyzed as a multiple dependent variable using a multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) with sex and level (elite vs sub-elite) as the fixed factors. SPSS (25.0) was used, significance was assumed at p
- Published
- 2021
33. Change of Direction Speed in Youth Male Soccer Players: The Predictive Value of Anthropometrics and Biological Maturity
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Yassine Negra, Senda Sammoud, Alan M. Nevill, and Helmi Chaabene
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Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine - Abstract
This study aimed to develop the optimal allometric body size/shape and a biological maturity model that predicted the change of direction (CoD) mean speed performance in youth male soccer players. One-hundred and fifteen youth soccer players (age: 12.4 [1.3] y) participated in this study. The 505 test was used to assess CoD mean speed performance. Anthropometric measurements comprised body height (cm), sitting height (cm), body mass (kg), fat mass (kg), lower limb length (cm), thigh length (cm), leg length (cm), foot length (cm), thigh girth (cm), and calf girth (cm). The maturity status was determined based on the maturity offset method. To identify size/shape and maturity characteristics associated with CoD speed performance, we computed a multiplicative allometric log-linear regression model, which was refined using backward elimination. The multiplicative allometric model exploring the association between 505 CoD mean speed performance and the different anthropometric characteristics in youth soccer players estimated that fat mass (P P = .02), and maturity offset (P = .004) are the key predictors. More specifically, youths who are more mature and have a lower fat mass and a shorter trunk length, are likely to achieve a better CoD mean speed performance. These findings highlight the relevance of considering anthropometric and maturity characteristics in youth soccer players to support talent identification.
- Published
- 2021
34. How Should Adult Handgrip Strength Be Normalized? Allometry Reveals New Insights and Associated Reference Curves
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Justin J. Lang, Grant R. Tomkinson, Alan M Nevill, Tony Myers, and Wyatt Wutz
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Adult ,Aged, 80 and over ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Hand Strength ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Muscle Strength Dynamometer ,Body size ,Middle Aged ,Young Adult ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Reference Values ,Hand strength ,medicine ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Body Weights and Measures ,Female ,Allometry ,Psychology ,Aged - Abstract
Handgrip strength (HGS) is an important indicator of health. Because HGS is strongly associated with body size, most investigators normalize HGS for some measure of body size as a more sensitive indicator of strength within a population. We aimed to 1) identify the optimal body size dimension to remove (normalize) HGS for differences in body size among adults and 2) generate norm-referenced centiles for HGS using the identified body size dimension.Data were from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, a representative sample of the US noninstitutionalized civilian population. Exclusions resulted in a final sample of 8690 adults 20 yr and older. HGS was measured using handheld dynamometry. Body size dimensions included body mass, height, and waist circumference. The most appropriate dimension(s) associated with HGS is identified using allometry. We fitted centile curves for normalized HGS using the generalized additive model for location, scale, and shape.Findings suggest that neither body mass nor body mass index is appropriate to normalize HGS. Incorporating all three body size dimensions of body mass, height, and waist circumference, or the reduced subsets of body mass and height, or height alone, suggests that the most appropriate normalizing (body size) dimension associated with HGS should be a cross-sectional or surface area measure of an individual's body size (i.e., L2, where L is a linear dimension of body size). Given that height was also identified as the signally best body size dimension associated with HGS, we recommend HGS be normalized by height2 (i.e., HGS/HT2). Centile curves for HGS/HT2 by age group and gender were therefore provided.Scaling adult HGS by height2 may help normalize strength for population-based research.
- Published
- 2021
35. Comments on 'validation of equations to estimate the peak oxygen uptake in adolescents from 20 metres shuttle run test'
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Alan M. Nevill, Ross Arena, Jonathan Myers, and Leonard A. Kaminsky
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Adolescent ,VO2 max ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,030229 sport sciences ,Atmospheric sciences ,Oxygen ,Electrocardiography ,03 medical and health sciences ,Oxygen Consumption ,0302 clinical medicine ,Exercise Test ,Humans ,Environmental science ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Allometry ,Shuttle run test - Abstract
We read the article by Menezes-Junior et al. (2020) entitled “Validation of equations to estimate the peak oxygen uptake in adolescents from 20 metres shuttle run test” by Menezes-Junior et al. (20...
- Published
- 2020
36. Jet Lag Symptoms And Sleep In High-performance Sport Support Staff Following Long-haul Transmeridian Travel
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Antonia Rossiter, Thomas M. Comyns, Ian Sherwin, Alan M. Nevill, and Giles D. Warrington
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Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine - Published
- 2022
37. Music Tempo: A Tool for Regulating Walking Cadence and Physical Activity Intensity in Overweight Adults?
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Marie H. Murphy, Maria Faulkner, Allan Hewitt, Gareth W. Davison, Alan M. Nevill, Ellie Duly, David A. Rowe, Tom Trinick, and Andrea M. McNeilly
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Adult ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,Physical fitness ,STRIDE ,stride rate guidelines ,Walking ,RA773 ,Overweight ,behavioral disciplines and activities ,Article ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physical medicine and rehabilitation ,Heart rate ,physical activity guidelines ,Medicine ,Humans ,individualized physical activity ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Exercise ,business.industry ,fungi ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Repeated measures design ,food and beverages ,health ,030229 sport sciences ,humanities ,Intensity (physics) ,Preferred walking speed ,Exercise Test ,beats per minute ,medicine.symptom ,business ,Cadence ,human activities ,Music - Abstract
This study investigated if music tempo can prompt a desired walking cadence, and if music can provide a stimulus to regulate physical activity intensity in a longitudinal physical activity intervention with free-living adults. Overweight adults (n = 37, 94.26 ± 17.11 kg, 49.63 ± 12.37 years) were randomly assigned to an intervention (IG, n = 17) or usual care group (UC, n = 20) as part of a novel nine-month walking intervention. IG participants walked to self-selected music with a predetermined tempo and received a behavioural change support programme. At baseline, four-, six- and nine-months participants were asked to walk around an elliptical track at their habitual pace (0–2 min) and then in time to a predetermined tempo (2–8 min) designed to elicit moderate intensity. Cadence response (steps/min) was assessed and intensity (heart rate (bpm) recorded using wireless telemetry. A repeated measures general linear model (GLM) examined differences between groups over time (p <, 0.05). All data is presented as means ± SD. At each assessment point both groups displayed an immediate cadence adjustment in response to music tempo (p <, 0.01) i.e., habitual cadence vs. 3 METs target cadence (p <, 0.05) and 3 METs target cadence vs. 5 METs target cadence (p <, 0.05). Additionally, IG participants displayed an increased habitual cadence (0–2 min) at each assessment point (p <, 0.05, 110 ± 9, 121.80 ± 7.5, 121.46 ± 10, 121.93 ± 7 steps/min respectively). UC participant’s habitual cadence was unchanged from 0–9 months (p >, 120 ± 10, 116 ± 13, 119 ± 12 and 119 ± 9 steps/min respectively). Music tempo may be a useful regulatory tool to prompt the free-living individual to reach an appropriate stride rate to achieve a walking pace that is at least moderate intensity. It also appears that results may be trainable as throughout the study an increased habitual walking cadence was observed, in the absence of music.
- Published
- 2021
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38. BMI Fails to Reflect the Developmental Changes in Body Fatness between Boys and Girls during Adolescence
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Jorge Mota, Alan M. Nevill, Michael J. Duncan, Caroline Brand, Anelise Reis Gaya, Cézane Priscila Reuter, and Jane Dagmar Pollo Renner
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0301 basic medicine ,Male ,obesity ,Adolescent ,Crianças ,Health, Toxicology and Mutagenesis ,growth ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Growth ,Age and sex ,Body Mass Index ,paediatrics ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medicine ,Humans ,overweight ,Statistical analysis ,Obesity ,Child ,Adolescentes ,Adiposity ,Analysis of covariance ,Índice de massa corporal ,030109 nutrition & dietetics ,anthropometry ,Anthropometry ,business.industry ,Brief Report ,Percentage body fat ,Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health ,Body fatness ,Paediatrics ,Overweight ,Cross-Sectional Studies ,Obesidade ,Adipose Tissue ,Female ,Analysis of variance ,business ,Body mass index ,Demography ,Antropometria - Abstract
Body mass index (BMI) is thought to reflect excess adiposity in both youth and adults alike. However, the association between BMI and fatness varies, especially as children grow into adults. Thus, the present study sought to address this issue by characterizing how BMI reflects age and sex differences in body fatness in 7–16-year-old children. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted with 2150 children and adolescents, aged 7 to 16 years from the city of Santa Cruz do Sul, Brazil. BMI (kg/m2), and percentage body fat, using tricipital and subscapular folds, were assessed. For statistical analysis, ANOVA and ANCOVA were used. Results: When considered in isolation, there was no significant interaction in the age-by-sex differences in BMI (p = 0.69). However, when we controlled for percent body fatness, the analysis revealed considerable age-by-sex differences in BMI (p < 0.001). Conclusion: For the same body fat (%), there are no differences in BMI in children
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- 2021
39. Injury Incidence and Severity in Musical Theatre Dance Students: 5-year Prospective Study
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Nicola Stephens, Alan M. Nevill, and Matthew A. Wyon
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Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Dance ,Universities ,Ballet ,Cumulative Trauma Disorders ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Musical ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Medicine ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Prospective Studies ,Dancing ,Prospective cohort study ,Students ,030222 orthopedics ,Academic year ,business.industry ,Incidence (epidemiology) ,Incidence ,030229 sport sciences ,Modern dance ,Athletic Injuries ,Etiology ,Physical therapy ,Female ,business ,Music - Abstract
Dance injury research has mainly focused on ballet and modern dance with little data on musical theatre dancers. The purpose was to assess the incidence and severity of injuries in a musical theatre dance college over a 5-year period; 198 pre-professional musical theatre dancers (3 cohorts on a 3-year training course) volunteered for the study; 21 students left the course over the study period. Injury aetiology data were collected by an in-house physiotherapy team. Differences between academic year and sex were analysed using a Poisson distribution model; significant difference was set at p≤0.05. In total, 913 injuries were recorded, and more injuries occurred in academic year 1 than year 2 and 3. Overall injury incidence was 1.46 injuries per 1000 hours (95% CI 1.34, 1.56); incidence significantly decreased between year 1, 2 and 3 (p0.05). There was no significant sex difference for incidence or severity. Most injuries were classified as overuse (71% female, 67% male). Pre-professional musical theatre dancers report a high proportion of lower limb and overuse injuries comparable to other dance genres. Unlike other studies on pre-professional dancers, injury incidence and severity decreased with academic year, even though workload increased across the course.Dance injury research has mainly focused on ballet and modern dance with little data on musical theatre dancers. The purpose was to assess the incidence and severity of injuries in a musical theatre dance college over a 5-year period; 198 pre-professional musical theatre dancers (3 cohorts on a 3-year training course) volunteered for the study; 21 students left the course over the study period. Injury aetiology data were collected by an in-house physiotherapy team. Differences between academic year and sex were analysed using a Poisson distribution model; significant difference was set at p≤0.05. In total, 913 injuries were recorded, and more injuries occurred in academic year 1 than year 2 and 3. Overall injury incidence was 1.46 injuries per 1000 hours (95% CI 1.34, 1.56); incidence significantly decreased between year 1, 2 and 3 (p0.05). There was no significant sex difference for incidence or severity. Most injuries were classified as overuse (71% female, 67% male). Pre-professional musical theatre dancers report a high proportion of lower limb and overuse injuries comparable to other dance genres. Unlike other studies on pre-professional dancers, injury incidence and severity decreased with academic year, even though workload increased across the course.
- Published
- 2021
40. Balanced forced-diuresis as a renal protective approach in cardiac surgery: Secondary outcomes of electrolyte changes
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Emma Sharman, Eshan Senanayake, Alan M. Nevill, Ramesh Giri, Benjamin Wrigley, Heyman Luckraz, Kumaresan Nagarajan, and Lawrence Beare
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Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Cardiopulmonary Bypass ,business.industry ,Acute kidney injury ,Creative commons ,Forced diuresis ,Acute Kidney Injury ,medicine.disease ,Cardiac surgery ,Diuresis ,Electrolytes ,Postoperative Complications ,medicine ,Humans ,Surgery ,Cardiac Surgical Procedures ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,Intensive care medicine ,business - Abstract
Forced-diuresis during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) can be associated with significant electrolyte shifts. This study reports on the serum electrolyte changes during balanced forced-diuresis with the RenalGuard® system (RG) during CPB.Patients at risk of acute kidney injury (AKI)-(history of diabetes/or anaemia, e-GFR 20-60 ml/min/1.73 mThe use of RG reduced AKI rate (10% for RG and 20.9% in control, p = .03). Mean urine output was significantly higher in the RG group during surgery (2366 ± 877 ml vs. 765 ± 549 ml, p .001). The serum potassium levels were maintained between 3.96 and 4.97 mmol/L for the RG group and 4.02 and 5.23 mmol/L for the controls. Median potassium supplemental dose was 60 (0-220) mmol (RG group) as compared to 30 (0-190) mmol for control group over first 24 h (p .001). On Day 1 post-op, there were no significant differences in the serum sodium, potassium, calcium, magnesium, phosphate, and chloride levels between the two groups. Otherwise, postoperative clinical recovery was also similar.Balanced forced-diuresis with the RG reduced AKI rates after on-pump cardiac surgery compared to controls. Although the RG group required higher doses of IV potassium replacement in the postoperative period, normal serum levels of potassium were maintained by appropriate intravenous potassium supplementation and the clinical outcomes between groups were similar.
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- 2021
41. Power, precision, and sample size estimation in sport and exercise science research
- Author
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Mark Williams, Eric S. Wallace, Gareth W. Davison, Grant Abt, Robin C. Jackson, Alan M. Nevill, and Colin Boreham
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Estimation ,Research design ,education.field_of_study ,Data collection ,Data Collection ,Population ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Sample (statistics) ,030229 sport sciences ,Test (assessment) ,Power (social and political) ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Research Design ,Sample size determination ,Sample Size ,Statistics ,Humans ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Psychology ,education ,GeneralLiterature_REFERENCE(e.g.,dictionaries,encyclopedias,glossaries) ,Sports - Abstract
The majority of papers submitted to the Journal of Sports Sciences are experimental. The data are collected from a sample of the population and then used to test hypotheses and/or make inferences a...
- Published
- 2020
42. Relative age, maturation, anthropometry and physical performance characteristics of players within an Elite Youth Football Academy
- Author
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Alan M. Nevill, Matthew A. Wyon, Ross Cloak, Tina Smith, and Rickesh Patel
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030229 sport sciences ,Football ,Anthropometry ,Football club ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Physical performance ,Birth date ,Elite ,Club ,Psychology ,human activities ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) ,Demography - Abstract
A professional English football club with Category 1 academy status was investigated to determine the magnitude of relative age effects (RAE) within the club and explore between-quartile differences for somatic maturity, anthropometry and physical performances. Birth dates of 426 players from Under 9 to First Team were categorised into four birth quartiles (Q) and examined for relative age effects. Additionally, data on 382 players (Under 11 to First Team) were obtained for somatic maturity, anthropometry, countermovement jump, sprint (10 and 30 m), agility T-test and Yo-Yo Intermittent Recovery Level 1 or 2 performance to determine between-quartile differences. Odds ratios revealed Q1 players were 6.0 times more likely to be represented than Q4 players. Multilevel modelling demonstrated between birth quartile similarities for each variable across all age groups, though there was a tendency for Q4 players to outperform Q1 players between Under 11 and Under 18 groups. Strong relative age effects exist within this club as well as a tendency to select players demonstrating advanced growth and/or maturity, with some indication that higher categorised academies in England may be at risk of amplified selection biases. Talent identification strategies in elite youth football should actively seek to adopt novel approaches to reduce selection biases and avoid wasted potential.
- Published
- 2019
43. Living under occupation: Palestinian teachers’ experiences and their digital responses
- Author
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Saida Affouneh, Soheil Salha, John Traxler, Fuad A. A. Trayek, Alan M. Nevill, Ali Zuhd, and Zuheir Khaif
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Palestine ,teachers ,digital ,media_common.quotation_subject ,05 social sciences ,050301 education ,Face (sociological concept) ,050801 communication & media studies ,Gender studies ,Focus group ,Computer Science Applications ,Education ,0508 media and communications ,Feeling ,Work (electrical) ,occupation ,Mainstream ,Sociology ,lcsh:L ,0503 education ,media_common ,Digital literacy ,lcsh:Education - Abstract
Unlike most neighbouring countries in the world, teachers in the occupied territories of Palestine face extraordinary conditions and challenges. These are due to the continued Israeli occupation. This article reports on a large-scale survey of Palestinian teachers. It explores the impact of the occupation on the professional lives of the teachers around Nablus, and indirectly on their students and communities, and on their digital responses. Follow-up focus groups explore their feelings, experiences and reactions, providing greater insights into this complex and troubling situation. The article underpins further work on appropriate digital literacy. It does however also provide an insight into the challenges to rigorous fieldwork outside the mainstream of the developed North and specifically in a region of conflict and occupation.
- Published
- 2019
44. The effect of intermittent running on biomarkers of bone turnover
- Author
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Shaun J. McLaren, Alan M. Nevill, William Evans, and Massimiliano Ditroilo
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Adult ,Male ,Adolescent ,Physiology ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Collagen Type I ,Running ,Bone remodeling ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Bone strength ,Humans ,Medicine ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,business.industry ,030229 sport sciences ,General Medicine ,Healthy Volunteers ,Peptide Fragments ,Bone Remodeling ,Peptides ,business ,Biomarkers ,Procollagen - Abstract
Intermittent exercise might be an efficient means of exercise for improving bone strength and quality. The aim of our study was to examine the effect of intermittent running on bone turnover markers using altered exercise-to-rest intervals. Twelve males completed one control (no exercise), and three, 45-min intermittent protocols (5, 20, and 80 s intervals) matched for distance and speed. Fasted venous blood samples were collected at baseline, 1, 2 and 24 h post-exercise. Carboxyterminal crosslinked telopeptide (CTX-I) and procollagen type 1 amino-terminal propeptide (P1NP) were used as markers of bone resorption and formation. After adjustment for baseline, CTX-I concentration at 1 h was higher (very likely to most likely small) for 5 s (30.2%; ±90% confidence limits: 10%), 20 s (2.9.0%; ±10%) and 80 s (32.0%; ±10%) compared to control. The very likely small effect remained for 5 s at 2 h (30.2%; ±15%). The effect for 20 and 80 s was possibly trivial and possibly small/possibly trivial (∼14.5%; ±∼15%). Differences in P1NP concentrations were likely to very likely trivial (∼7.4%; ±∼7.6%). Circulating CTX-I concentration is affected acutely by intermittent running with short-interval (5 s) intermittent loading resulting in a prolonged attenuation in circadian rhythm of CTX-I up to 2 h that was not demonstrated as clearly by longer intervals despite matched internal and external training load.
- Published
- 2019
45. Are professional footballers becoming lighter and more ectomorphic? Implications for talent identification and development
- Author
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Thomas Webb, Peter O'Donoghue, Julian Smith, Alan M. Nevill, and Daniel I Okojie
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Medical education ,business.industry ,Sports science ,05 social sciences ,030229 sport sciences ,Coaching ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,0502 economics and business ,Identification (biology) ,business ,Psychology ,050212 sport, leisure & tourism ,Social Sciences (miscellaneous) - Abstract
The identification and development of talent is an essential component of modern professional football. The recognition of key physical characteristics of such footballers who successfully progress through talent development programs is of considerable interest to academics and those working in professional football. Using Football Yearbooks, we obtained the height, body mass and ages of all players from the English top-division over the seasons 1973–4, 1983–4, 1993–4, 2003–4 and 2013–4, calculating body-mass index (BMI) (kg/m2) and reciprocal ponderal index (RPI) (cm/kg0.333). The mean squad size increased over these decades from n = 22.4 (1973–4) to n = 27.8 (2013–4). Height also increased linearly by approximately 1.2 cm per decade. Body mass increased in the first four decades, but declined in the final season (2013–4). Regression analysis confirmed inverted “u” shape trends in both body mass and BMI, but a “J” shape trend in RPI, indicating that English top-division professional footballers are getting more angular and ectomorphic. We speculate that this recent decline in BMI and rise in RPI is due to improved quality of pitches and increased work-load required by modern-day players. Defenders were also found to be significantly taller, heavier, older and, assuming BMI is positively associated with lean mass, more muscular than other midfielders or attackers. The only characteristic that consistently differentiated successful with less successful players/teams was age (being younger). Therefore, English professional clubs might be advised to attract young, less muscular, more angular/ectomorphic players as part of their talent identification and development programs to improve their chances of success.
- Published
- 2019
46. Socioeconomic and ethnic status of two- and three-year-olds undergoing dental extractions under general anaesthesia in Wolverhampton, 2011-2016
- Author
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Robert Harper, Ishfaq Khan, Alan M. Nevill, and Ngimbe Senghore
- Subjects
medicine.medical_specialty ,Anesthesia, Dental ,medicine.medical_treatment ,common ,Ethnic group ,Anesthesia, General ,Dental Caries ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Statistical significance ,Ethnicity ,medicine ,Humans ,030212 general & internal medicine ,Child ,General Dentistry ,Socioeconomic status ,Retrospective Studies ,business.industry ,Public health ,common.demographic_type ,Retrospective cohort study ,030206 dentistry ,Socioeconomic Factors ,Dental extraction ,Analysis of variance ,business ,Demography ,White British - Abstract
Introduction Socioeconomic and ethnic status have in the past been implicated as possible causes of dental caries. Aims To assess the role that relative social depravation and ethnicity has on dental caries in two- and three-year-olds undergoing DGA in Wolverhampton. Design and methods Retrospective analysis of hospital records of 213 patients over a six-year period (2011-2016). A three-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and chi-square tests were used to test statistical significance. Results The most significant factor between ethnicity, year and sex, was ethnicity (P = 0.026), with the greatest difference between mean number of teeth extracted per treatment visit for Other Whites (mean = 6.3) compared with White British (mean = 4.0) (difference P = 0.012). The association between the difference in extracted quadrant and year of treatment was significant (P = 0.011), with the greatest frequency of extractions involving three and four quadrants in the later years of 2015 and 2016. Seventy percent of children treated were living in the 20% most deprived areas (deciles one and two) compared with children living in more affluent areas (deciles three to ten) (P
- Published
- 2019
47. Identifying the optimal body shape and composition associated with strength outcomes in children and adolescent according to place of residence: An allometric approach
- Author
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Matteo Giuriato, Alan M. Nevill, Matteo Zago, and Nicola Lovecchio
- Subjects
Rural Population ,Standing broad jump ,Adolescent ,Urban Population ,Physical fitness ,strength test ,030209 endocrinology & metabolism ,Physical Therapy, Sports Therapy and Rehabilitation ,Allometric model ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,children ,Residence Characteristics ,Statistics ,Humans ,place of residence ,Orthopedics and Sports Medicine ,Muscle Strength ,Child ,Allometric ,Adiposity ,Mathematics ,Somatotypes ,business.industry ,Body Weight ,Percentage body fat ,adolescent ,body mass ,Body Height ,Exercise Test ,Italy ,Physical Fitness ,030229 sport sciences ,Composition (combinatorics) ,Residence ,Allometry ,business - Abstract
The purpose of the study was to identify the optimal body shape and composition associated with physical fitness levels of children living in urban and rural areas of Italy. A total of 7102 children (11–14 years) were assessed for weight, height, percentage body fat (FM%), sit-and-reach flexibility (SAR), standing broad jump (SBJ) and sit-ups (SUP). A multiplicative allometric model, Y = a · massk1 · heightk2 ·e, was used to predict the physical outcome variables Y = SBJ and SUP. The model was expanded to incorporate FM% and SAR as follows Y = a · massk1 · heightk2 · FM%k3 · exp(b· FM% + c· SAR) ·e. Note that FM% was incorporated as a “gamma function” that allows an initial growth, and subsequent decline in Y as FM% increases in size. Although having an ectomorph body shape appears advantageous, being too thin appears detrimental to the strength outcomes. Being flexible would also benefit physical fitness levels. Finally, our results indicate that ursban children aged 11–14 have superior strength ...
- Published
- 2019
48. The Sleep and Recovery Practices of Athletes
- Author
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Giles D. Warrington, Jason Ellis, Rónán Doherty, Alan M. Nevill, and Sharon M. Madigan
- Subjects
Adult ,Male ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Alcohol Drinking ,Athletic Performance ,B400 ,Article ,Unit of alcohol ,Young Adult ,03 medical and health sciences ,recovery ,0302 clinical medicine ,Surveys and Questionnaires ,Humans ,Medicine ,Elite athletes ,TX341-641 ,sleep ,Balance (ability) ,Nutrition and Dietetics ,biology ,business.industry ,Athletes ,alcohol ,Nutrition. Foods and food supply ,Significant difference ,Recovery of Function ,030229 sport sciences ,biology.organism_classification ,Sleep in non-human animals ,C600 ,United Kingdom ,Sports Nutritional Physiological Phenomena ,C800 ,Poor sleep ,nutrition ,athletes ,Dietary Supplements ,Physical therapy ,Female ,Drinking bout ,business ,Ireland ,030217 neurology & neurosurgery ,Sports ,Food Science - Abstract
Background: Athletes maintain a balance between stress and recovery and adopt recovery modalities that manage fatigue and enhance recovery and performance. Optimal TST is subject to individual variance. However, 7–9 h sleep is recommended for adults, while elite athletes may require more quality sleep than non-athletes. Methods: A total of 338 (elite n = 115, 74 males and 41 females, aged 23.44 ± 4.91 years, and sub-elite n = 223, 129 males and 94 females aged 25.71 ± 6.27) athletes were recruited from a variety of team and individual sports to complete a battery of previously validated and reliable widely used questionnaires assessing sleep, recovery and nutritional practices. Results: Poor sleep was reported by both the elite and sub-elite athlete groups (i.e., global PSQI score ≥5—elite 64% [n = 74], sub-elite 65% [n = 146]) and there was a significant difference in sport-specific recovery practices (3.22 ± 0.90 vs. 2.91 ± 0.90, p <, 0.001). Relatively high levels of fatigue (2.52 ± 1.32), stress (1.7 ± 1.31) and pain (50%, n = 169) were reported in both groups. A range of supplements were used regularly by athletes in both groups, indeed, whey (elite n = 22 and sub-elite n = 48) was the most commonly used recovery supplement in both groups. Higher alcohol consumption was observed in the sub-elite athletes (12%, n = 26) and they tended to consume more units of alcohol per drinking bout. Conclusion: There is a need for athletes to receive individualised support and education regarding their sleep and recovery practices.
- Published
- 2021
49. Balanced forced-diuresis compared to control as a reno-protective approach in cardiac surgery: Secondary outcome of a randomized controlled trial, assessment of neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin levels
- Author
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Lawrence Beare, Ramesh Giri, Emma Sharman, Eshan Senanayake, Benjamin Wrigley, Alan M. Nevill, Heyman Luckraz, and Kumaresan Nagarajan
- Subjects
Adult ,Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,medicine.medical_specialty ,Balanced forced-diuresis ,RD1-811 ,Forced diuresis ,law.invention ,Secondary outcome ,Lipocalin-2 ,Randomized controlled trial ,Predictive Value of Tests ,law ,Anesthesiology ,Proto-Oncogene Proteins ,Internal medicine ,medicine ,Humans ,RD78.3-87.3 ,Cardiac Surgical Procedures ,Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin ,RenalGuard® system ,business.industry ,General Medicine ,Creative commons ,Cardiac surgery ,Lipocalins ,Diuresis ,Acute kidney injury ,Cardiothoracic surgery ,Creatinine ,Surgery ,Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine ,business ,Biomarkers ,Acute-Phase Proteins ,Research Article - Abstract
Background Neutrophil gelatinase-associated lipocalin (NGAL) is a recognised biomarker for acute kidney injury (AKI).This study investigated the impact of balanced forced-diuresis using RenalGuard® system (RG), in reducing acute kidney injury (AKI) rates and the associated NGAL levels (6-h post-CPB plasma level) post adult cardiac surgery with cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB). Methods Patients included in the study were at high-risk for AKI post cardiac surgery, namely history of diabetes and/or anaemia, e-GFR 20–60 ml/min/1.73 m2, Logistic EuroScore > 5, anticipated CPB time > 120 min. Patients were randomized to either RG (n = 110) or managed as per current practice (control = 110). RIFLE-defined AKI rate (based on serum creatinine level increase) within first 3 days of surgery and 6-h post CPB NGAL levels were the primary and secondary end-points. Results Pre and intra-operative characteristics between the two groups were similar (p > 0.05) including the pre-op NGAL levels, the oxygen delivery (ecDO2i) and the carbon dioxide production (ecVCO2i) during CPB. Patients in the RG group had a significantly lower post-operative RIFLE-defined AKI rate compared to control (10% (11/110) v/s 20.9% (23/110), p = 0.03). Overall, median 6-h post CPB NGAL levels in patients with AKI were significantly higher than those who did not develop AKI (211 vs 150 ng/ml, p Conclusions Overall, the 6-h post-CPB plasma NGAL levels were significantly higher in patients who developed AKI. Patients managed with the novel approach of balanced forced-diuresis, provided by the RenalGuard® system, had a lower AKI rate and lower NGAL levels indicating a lesser degree of renal tissue injury. Trial registration ClinicalTrials.gov website, NCT02974946, https://clinicaltrials.gov/ct2/show/NCT02974946.
- Published
- 2021
50. Comparing individual and population differences in minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production slopes using centile growth curves and log-linear allometry
- Author
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Ross Arena, Tony Myers, Leonard A. Kaminsky, Jonathan Myers, and Alan M. Nevill
- Subjects
Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine ,Population ,030204 cardiovascular system & hematology ,01 natural sciences ,010104 statistics & probability ,03 medical and health sciences ,0302 clinical medicine ,Lung Function ,Homoscedasticity ,Original Research Articles ,Statistics ,Medicine ,0101 mathematics ,education ,Analysis of covariance ,education.field_of_study ,business.industry ,VO2 max ,Cardiorespiratory fitness ,Allometry ,Log-linear model ,Akaike information criterion ,business - Abstract
Identifying vulnerable groups and/or individuals’ cardiorespiratory fitness (CRF) is an important challenge for clinicians/researchers alike. To quantify CRF accurately, the assessment of several variables is now standard practice including maximal oxygen uptake (VʹCO2) and ventilatory efficiency, the latter assessed using the minute ventilation/carbon dioxide production (VʹE/VʹCO2) slope. Recently, reference values (centiles) for VʹE/VʹCO2 slopes for males and females aged 20 to 80 have been published, using cardiopulmonary exercise testing (CPX) data (treadmill protocol) from the Fitness Registry and the Importance of Exercise National Database (FRIEND Registry). In the current observational study we provide centile curves for the FRIEND Registry VʹE/VʹCO2 slopes, fitted using the generalised additive model for location, scale and shape (GAMLSS), to provide individuals with a more precise estimate of where their VʹE/VʹCO2 slopes fall within the population. We also confirm that by adopting allometric models (incorporating a log transformation), the resulting ANCOVAs provided more normal and homoscedastic residuals, with superior goodness-of-fit using the Akaike information criterion (AIC)=14 671 (compared with traditional ANCOVA's AIC=15 008) that confirms allometric models are vastly superior to traditional ANCOVA models. In conclusion, providing sex-by-age centile curves rather than referring to reference tables for ventilatory efficiency (VʹE/VʹCO2 slopes) will provide more accurate estimates of where an individual's particular VʹE/VʹCO2 slope falls within the population. Also, by adopting allometric models researchers are more likely to identify real and valid inferences when analysing population/group differences in VʹE/VʹCO2 slopes., This article provides centile curves of VʹE/VʹCO2 slopes and demonstrates that by adopting log-linear models, more trustworthy inferences with group differences will also be found https://bit.ly/3uitACS
- Published
- 2021
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