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Background: A series of β-diketone hydrazones have been synthesized via condensation of isoniazid with series of β-diketone. The structures of the Schiff bases are established by elemental and spectroscopic techniques. The prepared compounds were screened for antibacterial and antioxidant potential by DPPH free-radical scavenging activity and Ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays. Methods: β-diketone hydrazine derivatives were synthesized by simple condensation between various β-diketones and isoniazid. The titled compounds were synthesized following both conventional and microwave irradiation methods. The in vitro antibacterial activity of synthesized derivatives was evaluated against gram-positive (B. subtilis, S. aureus and S. pyogenes) and gram-negative (E. coli, and K. pneumonia) bacterial strains and expressed in terms of zone of inhibition and also screened for antioxidant activity. Results: The yield of products was appreciably increased in shorter reaction times with the aid of microwave-assisted synthesis. Therefore, it follows the green chemistry approach by making the above reactions eco-friendly. The synthesized compounds were characterized using FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, and elemental analysis techniques. The spectroscopic techniques showed the formation of β-diketone hydrazone compounds. Theoretical data show good agreement with the experimental results. Some of the compounds displayed significant antibacterial and antioxidant potentials when compared to the standard drug. Conclusion: In the present research work, we report the synthesis of some novel β-diketone hydrazone derivatives. A high yield of compounds was noted under microwave-assisted reaction in shorter reaction times. The results revealed that the synthesized Schiff bases showed good radical scavenging activity.

Biomaterials are used on wounds as a dressing material to prevent the infection and to heal the wounds. In this present study, pure bamboo fabric has been selected for construction of functional part of bandage, coated with natural herbs such as Azadirachta indica, Centella asiatica, and Curcuma longa by microcapsules and exhaustion method. The binding of extracts to the fabric was confirmed through FTIR and FESEM analysis at 1 µm magnification. The air-permeability of the fabricate samples shows 100 cm3/cm2/s and the bursting strength was found to be 5.5 kg/cm2. The extension at break and recover of fabricated material was 101% and 24% respectively. The extract coated fabric expressed good water contact angle (50.51°–58.69°) and swelling property of about 337–320% at 10 mg/ml extract concentration. All fabrics exhibited good antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis, the major microbes present in the wounds. The prepared dressing material had shown only 20% degradation against lysozyme enzyme with no allergic reactions. Furthermore, wound healing ability of BFC-Cl, BFC-Ai and BFC-Ca were tested on Albino Wistar rats and found that extracts coated fabric took 15 days for complete healing of wound.

Cobalt is an essential trace metal and plays a pivotal role in the growth of all living organisms. The exposure of cobalt in the aquatic environment is ubiquitous via both natural and anthropogenic activities. The present study was carried out to investigate the accumulation response of macrophyte Hydrilla verticillata (L.f.) Royle towards the cobalt exposure at different concentrations (1, 25, 50, 75 and 100 µM) for seven days. The results showed that the cobalt accumulation increased in treated H. verticillata (L.f.) Royle with increase in concentration. The Bioconcentration factor (BCF) values were high in plants exposed to higher concentration of cobalt. Increase in growth (shoot length) and pigments (chlorophyll a, b and total chlorophyll) were detected at 25 µM cobalt concentration, whereas the growth and pigments were declined in 50, 75 and 100 µM. There was no significant difference in the carotenoid content between control and treated plant. Antioxidant enzymes (superoxide dismutase, catalase, and peroxidase) were increased at higher concentrations of cobalt. The results indicated that the decline in growth and pigments, and an increase in antioxidant enzyme activities, were triggered by the accumulation of cobalt in the plant. These observations suggest that H. verticillata (L.f.) Royle is well equipped to accumulate low concentration of cobalt in tissues to increase its growth and detoxify ROS generation. The BCF results indicate the efficiency of using H. verticillata (L.f.) Royle as a phytostabilizer.

The present study deals with the synthesis of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) from Rhynchosia rufescens and to evaluate its cytotoxic effect mediated through induced apoptosis. The reduction and capping of phytoconstituents was confirmed using FTIR demonstrating O-H and C-H stretching at different peaks. The size and the shape of the particle were determined using scanning electron microscopy (SEM) illustrating 1 μm to 100 nm in size and the composition of compounds in the AgNPs were revealed using XRD and EDX. The results of the antioxidant assays revealed that the synthesized AgNPs had significant radical scavenging potential in dose-dependent inhibition with 22-64% for DPPH and 25-41% for ferric reducing antioxidant power assay at the concentrations of 20-100 μg/ml. Further, the synthesized AgNPs demonstrated potent cytotoxic activity against human breast cancer (MCF-7) cell line with an IC50 value of 26 ± 1.0 μg/ml by the MTT assay. Cytotoxicity was confirmed using AO/EtBr and DAPI staining method where nuclear condensation and fragmentation of cancer cells was observed after treatment with nanoparticle. The results were further confirmed by flow cytometry analysis which revealed the occurrence of apoptosis during the S phase in cell cycle exposing the potential of the AgNPs against MCF-7 cancer cell. From the results, we conclude that the synthesized AgNPs from Rhynchosia rufescens exhibited multifunctional properties. Graphical abstract.

Objective Obesity and hyperlipidemia is the major cause of many pathological diseases with an increase side effects using allopathic drugs. The present study focuses on the effect of Ixora coccinea on Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemia in rats and associated complications. Methodology In vitro radical scavenging activity of I. coccinea was assessed using DPPH, FRAP and hydrogen peroxide. In vivo antiobesity and antihyperlipidimic activity of I. coccinea was tested in Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemic rats and assessed for its biochemical parameters in blood and tissue samples. The relationship between physiological responses and regulation of body temperature was investigated by using animal surface temperature images captured with infrared camera. Results The results of mineral analysis, antioxidant, total flavonoid and phenolic content represented high amount of mineral and had the potential to scavenge free radicals tested with DPPH, FRAP and hydrogen peroxide radicals with dose dependent activity. The highest activity was observed in aqueous extract, DPPH with 71.5% inhibition, FRAP with 56.8%, H2O2 with 33% activity at 100 µg/mL concentration. Triton X-100 induced hyperlipidemic rats when treated with I. coccinea aqueous extract showed significant activity by regulating the biochemical parameters and maintaining the lipid profile by decreasing TC, LDL-C, VLDL-C, TG and improving HDL-C levels. Similarly, the elevated levels of creatinine, urea, uric acid, AST, ALT, ALP due to induction of hyperlipidemia, were brought back to near normal levels after treatment with I. coccinea. The levels of tissue anti-oxidants enzymes like SOD and CAT were also found to be improved in treated I. coccinea groups. The whole body asymmetrical temperature distribution analysis showed that significant decreases in temperature was observed in obesity induced groups but a gradual increase in temperature (2%–5%) was observed after treatment. Conclusion Thus, the results indicated that I. coccinea can be a drug of choice to decrease the risk of complications associated with hyperlipidemia and obesity.

Sağır, Özlem (Balikesir Author), Introduction More than 300 million surgical procedures are performed each year. Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a common complication after major surgery and is associated with adverse short-term and long-term outcomes. However, there is a large variation in the incidence of reported AKI rates. The establishment of an accurate epidemiology of surgery-associated AKI is important for healthcare policy, quality initiatives, clinical trials, as well as for improving guidelines. The objective of the Epidemiology of Surgery-associated Acute Kidney Injury (EPIS-AKI) trial is to prospectively evaluate the epidemiology of AKI after major surgery using the latest Kidney Disease: Improving Global Outcomes (KDIGO) consensus definition of AKI. Methods and analysis EPIS-AKI is an international prospective, observational, multicentre cohort study including 10 000 patients undergoing major surgery who are subsequently admitted to the ICU or a similar high dependency unit. The primary endpoint is the incidence of AKI within 72 hours after surgery according to the KDIGO criteria. Secondary endpoints include use of renal replacement therapy (RRT), mortality during ICU and hospital stay, length of ICU and hospital stay and major adverse kidney events (combined endpoint consisting of persistent renal dysfunction, RRT and mortality) at day 90. Further, we will evaluate preoperative and intraoperative risk factors affecting the incidence of postoperative AKI. In an add-on analysis, we will assess urinary biomarkers for early detection of AKI. Ethics and dissemination EPIS-AKI has been approved by the leading Ethics Committee of the Medical Council North Rhine-Westphalia, of the Westphalian Wilhelms-University Münster and the corresponding Ethics Committee at each participating site. Results will be disseminated widely and published in peer-reviewed journals, presented at conferences and used to design further AKI-related trials. Trial registration number NCT04165369. ©

The correct presentation of the Author names are shown in this paper.

The burden of multiple drug resistance towards chronic diseases is rapidly increasing globally at an alarm rate. The present study aims to isolate active principles via bioassay guided fractionation of traditionally used lichen Roccella montagnei for in vitro radical scavenging activity with potential to combat arthritis and inflammation. The results of proximate composition and mineral analysis revealed the presence of essential amount of micro and macro nutrients which are required for secondary metabolite production. Fractions of Roccella montagnei and pure compounds were assessed for its in vitro antioxidant (DPPH, FRAP, OH radical, SOD, CAT, GPX), antiarthritic and antiinflammatory activity. The results indicates that lichen sample and fractions exhibited potent radical scavenger demonstrated in vitro antiarthritic and antiinflammatory activity in dose dependent manner. Bioassay fractionation lead to isolation of two pure compounds ie., Compound I and Compound II which were characterized using spectral data such as FT-IR, 1H NMR, 13C NMR, DEPT NMR spectroscopy, COSY & HMQC NMR spectroscopy and LC-MS analysis and was identified as Methyl-γ-Orsellinate (C9H10O4) a novel isomer from fractions E2d5a with a molecular weight of 182.2 and Roccellatol (C12H16O7) from fractions D3d4c with a molecular weight of 272.3. The present findings suggest that the secondary metabolites present in the lichens have direct relation, with biological activities revealing different properties and can be a future novel antioxidant and a potent anti-arthritic agent.

Objective Mosquitoes are the major transmitting vectors of serious human diseases, causing millions of deaths every year with undesirable effects, including toxicity to non-target organisms. Some plants with insecticidal properties have been used in recent years for the control of a variety of pest insects and vectors. In the quest for alternative natural biological control agents against mosquito larvae lichens were selected. Method Larvicidal activity was assessed with methanolic extracts of Parmotrema reticulatum, Parmotrema kamatti, Parmotrema tinctorum, Parmelia erumpens, Leptogium papilosum, and Roccella montagnei against Aedes aegypti, Anopheles stephensi, and Culex quinquefasciatus. The standard WHO protocols with minor modifications were adopted and the bioassay was evaluated at the concentrations of 100–500 µg/mL for each lichen. Since all the lichen extracts showed complete mortality against C. quinquefasciatus in 100 µg/mL, the concentrations were decreased to 100, 50, 25, 12.5, and 6.25 µg/mL for C. quinquefasciatus. Larval mortality was observed for 24 h after treatment. Results All the lichen extracts exhibited activity against third instar larvae of A. aegypti and A. stephensi at 100 µg/mL, and 100% mortality was observed against the vector C. quinquefasciatus at 100 µg/mL. The highest larvicidal activity was found with L. papilosum against A. aegypti (LC50 = 81.127 µg/mL) and A. stephensi (LC50 = 89.10 µg/mL). Similarly, P. tinctorum and R. montagnei when tested against C. quinquefasciatus with minimum concentration Conclusion The bioassay results revealed larvicidal potential of lichens especially against C. quinquefasciatus with high mortality even at lower concentration. Hence, lichens can be used as an ideal sustainable approach for the control of lymphatic filariasis caused by vector C. quinquefasciatus.

Larvicidal activity was assessed for alcoholic extracts of Phyllanthus amarus, Annona squamosa, Coccinia grandis and Eclipta prostrata extracted using solvents of various polarity. Third instar stage larvae of Dengue-vector, Aedes aegypti and Japanese encephalitis (JE) causing mosquito Culex tritaeniorhynchus were subjected to larvicidal bioassay at various concentrations (1000, 500, 250 ppm). The results explored that the phytoconstituents and secondary metabolites present in all the plants elucidated potent larvicidal activity. Among the tested extract ethyl acetate, petroleum ether and hexane extract expressed significant larvicidal activity. Similarly, these plants were subjected to green synthesis of silver nanoparticles, characterized and subjected for its larvicidal activity against Anopheles stephensi causing malaria. The synthesized silver nanoparticles were characterized by UV–VIS spectroscopy, Fourier Transform Infra-Red spectroscopy, Scanning Electron Microscopy respectively. The FTIR analysis strongly supported the capping behaviour of bio-reduced synthesized silver nanoparticles which in turn imparted the high stability of the synthesized silver nanoparticles. The average size of synthesized nanoparticles was less than 1 µm, most spherical in shape with SEM analysis. The findings revealed that Eclipta prostrata and Annona squamosa has effective larvicidal activity, whereas all the synthesised nanoparticles demonstrated dose dependent activity even at very low concentration and the findings reveals that these extracts and nanoparticles can be a better remedy against these mosquitoes.

Multiple drug resistance and increased side effects due to allopathic drugs has warned scientific community with a global alarm to identify molecules from natural sources to combat diseases with minimum or no side effects. The present investigation was aimed to identify and isolate secondary metabolites from traditionally used Nerium indicum using conventional column chromatography which led to the isolation of two compounds, C-I (fractions NB4f1) and C-II (fractions NC13b1). Further characterized, it is elucidated using spectral data and identified as N-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-methoxy-2-phenyl-acetamide, molecular formula C15H15NO3, and molecular weight 257.3 (C-I) and N-(4-hydroxy-phenyl)-2-phenyl-N-phenylacetyl-acetamide, molecular formula C22H19NO3, and molecular weight 345.4 (C-II). Further, the isolated compounds were investigated using in silico approach by Autodock tool with four different proteins specific for cancer and in vitro assessed cell proliferation, and apoptosis against human breast cancer MCF 7 cell line. The results of the in silico model demonstrated potent binding affinity of both compounds with the proteins representing that the isolated molecules could be a drug of choice for cancer. Further, the isolated compounds revealed significant inhibition of cell proliferation (IC50 values 21 μg/mL for C-I, 19 μg/mL for C-II) with induced apoptosis with nuclear condensation effect on the MCF 7 cells in in vitro condition even at very low concentration. Compound treatment to MCF-7 cell line represented bright fetches indicating condensed chromatins and higher level of nuclear fragmentation with DAPI staining, indicating higher cell death due to induced apoptosis and confirmed using flow cytometry analysis representing inhibition of cell proliferation at S phase.

Background: Diabetes is rapidly rising all over the world at an alarming rate and has changed from a mild disorder to major causes of mortality and morbidity in the youth and middle-aged people, and the prevalence is seen especially in six inhabited continents of the globe. The present study aims to explore the antidiabetic, lipid lowering effect of Cassia auriculata L. flowers in alloxan-induced diabetes. Methods: Diabetes was induced using alloxan monohydrate in experimental rats and subsequent therapeutic effects of C. auriculata extract and standard drug glibenclamide were monitored. Bioassay-directed fractionation using silica gel column chromatography was performed until pure fractions were isolated. The effect of the treatment was analyzed by hematological parameters and enzyme assays. The pure compounds were confirmed with thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography pattern and further subjected for characterization. Results: The alterations in blood glucose were monitored throughout the study. There was a gradual fall in blood glucose and significant changes were observed in lipid profile and metabolic enzyme after treatment with C. auriculata. Bioassay fractionation represented that the C2 subfraction produced a dose-dependent fall in blood glucose and lipid profile and upon further purification yielded two pure compounds. The structure of the pure compound was elucidated using Fourier transform infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral data. Conclusion: The present study clearly indicated the significant antidiabetic effect of C. auriculata and lends support for its traditional usage without evident toxic effects. Keywords: alloxan, Cassia auriculata, chromatography, hyperglycemia, hypolipidemic

U.A.E. is regarded as the first Arab country which gave a great attention to sustainable development. , In order to achieve this has made many efforts, where she worked on creating the proper environment, and through the establishment of several institutions (administrative intervention) and launched many initiatives and strategies and legislation of many laws and regulations (legislative intervention) and acceded to several international conventions (international cooperation) on sustainable development, which enabled the UAE to achieve progress on indicators of sustainable development (economic, social, environmental and institutional), Reflecting the success of the State in achieving development is sustainable through State standards and compare them with other countries.

Inhabitants of Tank and South Waziristan area of Pakistan are facing acute shortage of medicines and food. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the medicinal plants of the area for their nutrient and medicinal values and to recommend their preservation/propagation for medicinal and/or food purposes. The plants investigated were Alhagi maurorum Medik,Datura alba Ness, Chenopodium album L. Tecomella undulata (Sm.), Withania coagulansDunal, Berberis lycium Royle. Proximate parameters like protein, fat, fiber, carbohydrates, moisture contents, ash, and energy values were obtained using Association of Official Analytical Chemists (AOAC) methods. Macronutrients (Ca, Mg, Na, and K) and micronutrients (Fe, Cu, Zn, Cr, Cd, Pb, and Ni) were analyzed by employing atomic absorption spectrophotometer. The study showed that Datura album has higher nutrient value thanWithania coagulans and there exist a significant correlation among the results. Further, the plants were found to be useful for medicine and food purpose. Key words: Proximate analysis, protein, fiber, macro- and micro-nutrients, medicinal plants, Tank, South Waziristan area.

Background Diabetes is rapidly rising all over the world at an alarming rate and has changed from a mild disorder to major causes of mortality and morbidity in the youth and middle-aged people, and the prevalence is seen especially in six inhabited continents of the globe. The present study aims to explore the antidiabetic, lipid lowering effect of Cassia auriculata L. flowers in alloxan-induced diabetes. Methods Diabetes was induced using alloxan monohydrate in experimental rats and subsequent therapeutic effects of C. auriculata extract and standard drug glibenclamide were monitored. Bioassay-directed fractionation using silica gel column chromatography was performed until pure fractions were isolated. The effect of the treatment was analyzed by hematological parameters and enzyme assays. The pure compounds were confirmed with thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography pattern and further subjected for characterization. Results The alterations in blood glucose were monitored throughout the study. There was a gradual fall in blood glucose and significant changes were observed in lipid profile and metabolic enzyme after treatment with C. auriculata. Bioassay fractionation represented that the C2 subfraction produced a dose-dependent fall in blood glucose and lipid profile and upon further purification yielded two pure compounds. The structure of the pure compound was elucidated using Fourier transform infrared, 1H nuclear magnetic resonance, 13C nuclear magnetic resonance, and mass spectral data. Conclusion The present study clearly indicated the significant antidiabetic effect of C. auriculata and lends support for its traditional usage without evident toxic effects.

Diuretics are used for different diseases and are taken without knowing their adverse/side effects. To create awareness, four popular diuretics, Lasix, Spiromide, Aldactone and Conium were investigated for their effect on body. These were experimented over four volunteers with single and double doses. The urine of these volunteers was collected for analysis of sodium and potassium. The obtained results showed that the effect of medicine remained up to 6 to 12 h. In this duration, the sodium excreted value went up for a certain period and then became almost normal and same was true for potassium. The increase in dosage increased the rate of excretion of the cations and also prolonged the time period of their effects. It is concluded that although Lasix, a potential diuretic but its effects over body were also severe in terms of excretion of ions etc. Similarly, Spiromide was also noted to be a reasonably effective diuretic and its effects are totally different from Lasix in terms of excretion of ions and body weight loss. The other two medicines (Aldactone and Conium) did not show much effect upon excretion etc. Key words: Urine, Lasix, Spiromide, Aldactone, Conium.

Heavy metals contents including Fe, Zn, Ni, Cr, Pb, Cu, Cd and Ag and inorganic constituents like HCO3-, CO3-2, Ca+2, Mg+2, Cl-, Na+, K+, SO4-2, NO3-, Fe+2 and F- are quantitatively determined in Citrolus colocynthis, Opuntia monocantha, Gallium apparine, Foeniculum vulgare, Equisetum arvensis, Hypericum perforatum, Carthamus lanatus and Cichorium intybus collected from Khyber Pakhtunkhwa are of Pakistan using Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer techniques. The study showed that the level of Fe was found very high as compared to Zn and Ag. In case of the inorganic constituents, the level of the components was found high except florid and potassium with very low concentration. All the parameters were found below the maximum permissible level. These results obtained from the current study are of particular importance by providing a scientific data base which will be very helpful for pharmaceutical consumption and for the local practitioners using these herbs for different types of ailments. Key words: Medicinal plants, inorganic constituents, heavy metals, atomic absorption spectrophotometer.

Camellia sinensis (Tea) has attracted attention of consumers and food manufacturers for its health benefits and physiological effects. Evidences are found that heavy metals are present in tea. Both metallic and non metallic elements are essential for human growth and development within certain permissible limits; harm to humans is expected due to change in this allowable limit. Twelve black tea samples (open and branded) were collected from market and subjected to analysis, using flame atomic absorption spectroscopy. The results showed that black tea available in market is made from leaves collected from different regions (different soil source), and have different capacity for accumulation of heavy metals. Key words: Black tea, heavy metals, flame atomic absorption spectrometry (FAAS), toxicity. INTRODUCTION For so long herbs are utilized for the treatment of different kind of disease. Tea which is used as refreshing drinks has been widely used in the past and also in the present, all over the world. It can be easily prepared from fresh or dried herbs by putting hot water in it. Depending on the chemical constituents present in herbal tea, it is utilized for nutritional as well as therapeutic purposes. It is evident from botanical study that tea is the most largely consumed beverage in the world. Different investigation showed that tea particularly green is useful for prevention of cancer, use as a stimulant, astringent, diuretic, regulate body temperature and blood sugar, promoting digestion and increase mental activity. Some toxic heavy metals are described in literature from herbs (Samali et al., 2012). Saponin isolated from tea has been

The antibacterial and anti-fungal activities of the methanol and its sub fractions of chloroform, ethyl acetate, and water extracts of the roots, stem and leaves of Calendula officinalis were carried out against bacterial strains, Staphylococus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, Salmonella typhymurium and Escherichia coli, and fungal species including Aspergilla fumigates, Fusarium solani, Aspergillus niger, and Aspergilla flavus. Phytochemical analysis was also performed using the literature methods. The studied medicinal plant extracts against the tested bacterial strain, C. officinalis showed very promising results against both the Gram positive and Gram negative bacterial and fungal species. The significant antibacterial activity of active extracts was compared with the standard antimicrobics, gentamicin (10 µg/disc). The methanolic extracts showed inhibitory effects of 16 mm each of the stem and leaves samples against S. typhymurium and S. aureus. The water extract of leaves has 17 mm against S. typhymuriumand very high activity among all the extracts 18 mm inhibition of the roots against E. coli. The antifungal activity of the extracts showed significantly variable results against the tested fungal strains. Phytochemical studied indicated that the roots, stem and leaves contain secondary metabolites such as alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, anthraquinone, terpenoids, tannins ,reducing sugar, cardiac glycosides etc. These phytochemicals are present predominantly in the roots, stem and leaves of C. officinalis. A fluorescence characteristic of the roots stem and leaves powders and their extracts were also investigated. Key words: Antibacterial, Calendula officinalis, phytochemicals.

The increasing demand for storage, networking and computation has driven the escalation of large complex data centers, the massive server farms that run many of today’s Internet, financial, commercial and business applications. A data center can comprise many thousands of servers and can use as much energy as a small city. The massive amounts of computation power required to drive these server systems results in many challenges like energy consumption, emission of green house gases, backups and recovery issues, etc. The rising costs of oil and global warming are some of the biggest challenges of today’s world. The research proposed in this paper discusses how virtualization can be used to improve the performance and energy efficiency of data centers. To prove this work, Green Information Technology (IT) based framework is developed to seamlessly and securely divide data center components into different resource pools depending on different parameters like energy consumption ratio, utilization ratio, workloads, etc. The framework highlights the importance of implementing green metrics like power usage effectiveness (PUE) and data center effectiveness, and carbon emission calculator to measure the efficiency of data center in terms of energy utilization and carbon dioxide (CO2) emissions. The framework is based on virtualization and cloud computing to increase the utilization ratio of already installed servers from 10% to more than 50%. Key words: Green Information Technology (IT), virtualization, server consolidation, energy efficient data centers, energy efficiency.