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The study was carried out to compared sports and extracurricular activities with student attendance and dropout rates of male secondary school students (N =200). Two hundred respondents (Male Secondary School students of Ex Federally Administered Tribal Areas FATA) were randomly selected to participate. An opinion poll on questionnaire containing fifteen statements, based on a 5-point Likert scale relative to the lookout for due permission from heads of institutes was used to determine this phenomenon. Means, percentage, and standard deviations were used to analyze the data. There was a positive association between sport and extracurricular activities and their impact upon attendance and dropout rate. Participation in sport and extracurricular activities are inversely related to dropout rates and positively related to school attendance in high school students. The study provides evidence based significant information for teachers to motivate students to participate in sports and extracurricular activities and to help plan lessons and curricular activities. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the frequency of allergic rhinitis in patients with bronchial asthma and to identify risk factors for this association. STUDY DESIGN: A cross sectional observational study. PLACE & DURATION: At Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences Jamshoro/Hyderabad, from 1st Aug, 2014 to 31st Dec, 2015. METHODOLOGY: A total of 100 patients with cough, dyspnea and chest pain were examined and out of those, 87 patients having bronchial asthma, as per clinical evaluation based on global initiative for asthma guidelines (GINA) were selected for the study and then those having allergic rhinitis, based on allergic rhinitis and its impact on asthma guidelines (ARIA) were identified using clinical and pathological parameters (Eosinophilic count on nasal smear). RESULTS: Among a total of 87 patients of bronchial asthma, 43.68% were males and 56.32% females. Out of those, 64.37% were having allergic rhinitis. The most common variety of bronchial asthma was intermittent and the most common variety of allergic rhinitis was moderate to severe persistent. We found smoking, urban residence, traffic pollution, overcrowding, small ill ventilated rooms, use of carpets in rooms and use of wood for cooking and heating purposes as the risk factors for this association. Out of 56 patients of AR, 73.2% were smokers and smoking was more common in females (53.65%). CONCLUSION: The frequency of allergic rhinitis is fairly high in patients with bronchial asthma. Urban residence, traffic pollution, overcrowding, small ill ventilated rooms and smoking were found responsible for this high prevalence. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Background: carrying out vigorous exercises facilitate physical education students and athletes to improve physical fitness components. However, overuse fatigue and lack of rest may result in sports-related injuries which lead to momentary or lasting damage. Objectives: The objective of the present study was to observe the incidence of knee injuries resulting from sports activities among physical education students. Methods: It was a descriptive (an observational study in relation to variables e.g. person place time) and retrospective study (looks backward and examines exposure to suspected risks or protection factors in relation to an outcome that established at the start of the study). All the students of BS-PEHSS first year now in the third year 2016-1018 were included in this study. Data were analyzed by using Excel and SPSS version 22 at a significant level of P < 0.05. Results: The most frequent injuries were observed in the lower limbs 73.3% out of which knee joint (36.7%), ankle joint (28,7%). Among knee injuries, anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injuries (36.3%) and menisci injuries (18.2%) were most prevalent. Other Ligaments (MCLand LCL),27.2%. Conclusions: The frequency of sports-related injuries in lower limbs was higher than the upper limbs. The most frequent was knee joint injuries. The prevalence of Ligament injury is more among the students of physical education. Regarding the ligament injuries, the most common occurrence was that of anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) injury. The majority of knee injuries in the present study were observed in the dominant (right) leg that can be prevented through suitable fitness training and thigh muscle strength of both quadriceps and hamstring muscles for balancing antagonists and agonists (synergist) muscles. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patient's satisfaction of endoscopy at Tertiary Care Hospital. STUDY DESIGN: A cross sectional observational study. PLACE AND DURATION: This study was conducted at Medical unit IV, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS) Jamshoro from 27th Aug'2015 to 26th Feb'2016. Methodology: Our study population included 126 patients who underwent endoscopy. Patient satisfaction after the endoscopy was assessed by modified Group Health Association of America-9 (GHAA-9) questionnaire. In terms of satisfaction, patients were asked to rate the waiting time at the office, the personal manner and technical skills of physician, the personal manner of support staff, adequacy of explanation about the procedure and overall rating of the visit. They were also asked to rate how long they waited to get an appointment. RESULTS: The average age of patients was 40.94±10.77 years. There were 57.94% males and 42.06% females. A high percentage of patients' voiced satisfaction of the endoscopic procedure (87.3%). Satisfaction rate for waiting time for appointment and on the procedure day was lower compared to other questions. Stratification analysis showed that satisfaction rate was not significant among different age groups (p=0.146). Similarly satisfaction of endoscopy was also above 80% in both males and females which is also not significant (p=0.34). CONCLUSION: Although a high proportion of patients were satisfied with endoscopy, we identified discomfort during procedure and long waiting time as the main factors for patient dissatisfaction. To further increase patient satisfaction, it is imperative to address these factors. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Cricket is the most broadly played sports internationally as determined by leading global sport researches. It is extremely popular in South Asian countries. Pakistani and Indian public are great cricket enthusiasts and are very passionate about the sports. After the independence soon the diplomatic relations were formed. However the relations never guaranteed good relationship and have been mostly aggressive till now. The game of Cricket confirmed to be a vital connection among the public of the both nations usually tried to get together on the cricket ground or pitches even in the most hostile days. Cricket and media both may be exploited for escorting diplomatic relationship and can be a useful device in improving the relations among the both nuclear powers of Asia. Sports diplomacy offers to use sport as a channel to manipulate diplomatic, social, and political relationship. Sports journalism is a vital constituent of any news media association. Socio-political importance of sports journalism is always very obvious. The present study objective is to assess Pakistan media presentation and how it regards to the diplomatic relationship of the two nations via cricket reporting, exposure, positive or negative frames, element such as eminence, placement, pitch of the media coverage and content analysis. A sample of daily Dawn a national newspaper was obtained for this purpose. For data analysis, qualitative and quantitative methods were used. Content analysis was employed to verify the media reporting.. The time period chosen for study are the years 2011 and 2012 on the basis of cricket encounters involving Pakistan and India. The study observed that 2 games were played that is Semi-Final of World Cup (2011) on march 30th and second match in 2012 at Mohali on march 18th. Ninety stories were published in the selected newspaper throughout its coverage of the two cricket games. Out of which 55 reports have positive theme frames while 35 have negative theme frames. Coverage on front pages during study period was 27 while 63 stories were covered on sports pages. The study shows that the daily national newspaper has attempted to outline the content optimistically and tried to capture the interest of the people for acquiring harmony among the two nations for the healthier relations and as a regaining peace process. Finally it was concluded that diplomacy through cricket and media appearances assists to build up the needed atmosphere for the teams, public, political establishments and nations to facilitate to ease out the past hostility and tension rather than to resolved issues through force, economic compulsion, or majority forcing will on minority. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

Physical education is the knowledge of skill and science of movement of human body, Physical education is a fundamental part of overall education course which has its goals such as development of physical, mental, moral and social wellbeing. It executes an important role in the physical activity levels of athletes. Its aim is to offer instructional actions that develop skills, technique, competence, and improve an overall health of an individual. Physical education not only accomplishes an exclusive role in education, but is also a fundamental element of sports activities. In Pakistan, physical education in the Past as well in present was not given due importance and the female Directress sports in schools and colleges of Pakistan were not sufficiently available and trained. Consequently, need was felt to appoint the female director sports and trained at least to have a basic information, and skill to manage sport activities in schools and colleges. It was also vital that as compared to other subject teachers, female Directress sports must have equivalent qualification. Globally sports revolution came and need of skilled female directress sports who can work effectively increased. The main objective of this study is to evaluate the coaching performance of the Female Directress sports working in the government (degree) colleges of Hyderabad city (Sindh). The purpose of the study was to evaluate how the motivation of Female directress sports will make sure the optimum participation of girls athletes in sports and physical activities. To determine that evaluation will help female directress sports to assess their own potentials and deficiencies and how evaluation will facilitate to diminish the negative perception about female participation in sports by parents and society. 14 female directress sports from all nine Government Girls Degree Colleges of Hyderabad city were taken to evaluate the coaching performance of directress sports. A five point Likert scale ranging from strongly agrees to strongly disagree, was used for collecting data. The result of the study shows that the overall teaching techniques, content knowledge and class room management of female Directress sports were better and they have ability to demonstrate, teach, analyze, and correct the techniques. Female directress sports were aware about the fundamental skills of game but less aware about latest coaching techniques. Further the study reveals that coaching performances of female Directress sports were not up to the mark. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate with endoscopy the common causes of upper gastrointestinal bleeding in patients presenting with hematemesis within 24 hours of admission. DESIGN: A cross sectional observational study. SETTING: Medical unit III, LUMHS Jamshoro. DURATION: Six months from 1st Jul, 2014 - 31st Dec, 2014. METHODS: One hundred cases of hematemesis were included in the study. Patients who refused endoscopy and those on NSAIDs, anticoagulants & steroids were excluded from study. Upper gastrointestinal endoscopy was performed within 24 hours of admission. RESULTS: Out of 100 patients selected, 51 (51%) were males and 49 (49%) females. Majority of patients were between 30-60 years with mean age of 43.97 years ±SD 7.8. Variceal bleed was the most common cause n=54 (54%) followed by peptic ulcer disease (PUD) n=20 (20%). Esophagitis was noted in ten (10%) patients, gastric erosions in nine (9%), tumors of upper gastrointestinal tract in six (6%) and Mallory-Weiss tear was responsible in only one (1%) cases. CONCLUSION: Variceal bleeding secondary to portal hypertension is the most frequent cause of bleeding in upper gastrointestinal tract. Increased prevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) in this part of the world has resulted in increased incidence of liver cirrhosis and portal hypertension highlighting the importance of prevention of HBV and HCV. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate patients of non-variceal upper gastrointestinal bleeding for clinical intervention on the basis of Blatchford scoring system. STUDY DESIGN: A cross sectional observational study. PLACE AND DURATION: At Medical Unit III, Liaquat University of Medical & Health Sciences (LUMHS), Jamshoro from 1st Sep'2014 - 28th Feb '2015. METHODOLOGY: Study population included 50 patients of upper gastrointestinal bleeding. Blatchford score was calculated for each patient. Patients needing clinical intervention to control bleeding were defined as high risk having a Blatchford score of =5. RESULTS: A total of 50 patients took part in this study with a male to female ratio of 1.5:1. The age range was 20-85 years, with mean age of 39.24 ± 13.37 years (SD). The Blatchford score identified 20 of 50 patients as high risk for clinical intervention. These patients presented with 2-3 episodes of hemetemesis and vitally un- stable and referred for endoscopy. Two third of our patients presented with one episode of bleeding and vitally stable & were categorized as low risk. Peptic ulcer disease came out to be the main cause of non variceal bleeding on endoscopy. CONCLUSION: Decision for endoscopy depends upon Blatchford score and general health of patients. We observed Blatchford score to be helpful for differentiating among high and low risk groups and to evaluate the need for clinical intervention in patients of upper gastrointestinal bleeding admitted in the hospital. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The crucial apprehension of high level of performance in sports is the final performance whether it is during training or sports competition. The ultimate result relies on intricacy of factors. Level of performance can be improved if the physical educationist and coaches more inclusively understand the anatomy and working of skeletal muscles. It can be examined by reviewing the size; shape and form of athlete's body and for this rationale, a series of preferred anthropometric dimensions and physiological parameters of athletes are measured. The affiliation among any two parameters can play a helpful role in performance. Several aspects are responsible for the performance of badminton players. Basic skills of badminton such as various types of serves, loops and lobs, smashing and blocking, involves a particular type of physique having specific proportions with specified provisional capabilities, observed in physiological variables for instance vital capacities, heart rate, blood pressure and breathing frequency at rest. The aim of this study is to evaluate the measurements and proportions of the human body (anthropometry) and physiological diversities in various degrees performance among male badminton players belonging to District Hyderabad Sindh. Every now and then Physical Educators and trainers are involved with team assortment plus the coaching and scientific training of athletes for competitions. Their job requires a relevant understanding of the sport concerned and in addition to the techniques and strategy concerning that game and an insight of the anthropometrical and physiological differences which materialize the basis of good techniques and tactics. The study will be of significance in tendering awareness in the domain of Badminton. For present study National and all Pakistan Intervarsity level players were considered as High level competitors while District, Region and Collegiate level Players were considered as Low level competitors A total of 20 subjects (10 from each category that is high & low level Badminton competitors) were selected randomly. Anthropometrical measures, body Indices and physiological considerations such as blood pressure, vital capacity, heart rate and resting breathing frequency were measured to evaluate the study variables. Present research observed that top level badminton competitors were greater than bottom level badminton competitors in mass, forearm, leg and foot length, biceps and calf muscle girth, vital capacity and mesomorphy whereas bottom level badminton competitors were bigger in lengthwise measurement of hand, shoulder girth, hip girth, biceps skin fold, heart rate, diastolic and systolic blood pressure, breathing frequency at rest, sitting height - height index, thigh, lower and upper leg length indices, upper and lower arm length indices, hip width - stature, shoulder width - statue and hand length-wrist width indices, whereas in rest of the variables, the differences were insignificant. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate different clinical presentations of chronic kidney disease (CKD) and to raise the index of clinical suspicion so to diagnose and treat CKD at the earliest. STUDY DESIGN: A cross sectional observational study. PLACE AND DURATION: Medical unit III, Liaquat University hospital, Jamshoro from 1st Apr - 30th Sep'2014. METHODOLOGY: We studied fifty patients of CKD, diagnosed by standard clinical criteria. A self administered questionnaire was used to record patient's history and clinical examination. Complete blood count, urine analysis, urea, creatinine, electrolytes, sugar, calcium, spot urine albumin to creatinine ratio and renal ultrasound were done in every patient. In selected cases, renal biopsy was also done. RESULTS: Out of 50 patients, 62% (n = 31) were men, a mean age of 46.22 years (± 12.89 SD), a mean creatinine clearance of 5 mmol/24 hours (±2.16 SD), a mean albumin: creatinine ratio of 49 mg/g (±11.33 SD) and a mean serum creatinine of 16.5 mg/dl (±6.65 SD). Chronic glomerulonephritis (30%), hypertension (24%) and diabetic nephropathy (20%) were the leading causes of CKD. Anemia (94%) was universal finding on laboratory work up. Gastrointestinal manifestations stand out among the clinical presentations with anorexia (76%), nausea (60%) vomiting (40%) and abdominal pain (26%). CONCLUSION: We observed that gastrointestinal disturbances are the commonest clinical presentations in CKD along with anemia, fatigue, dyspnea, hiccups, itching, hypertension and edema. Early diagnosis and management of CKD may prevent or delay the progress to end stage renal disease. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

This paper has been written relating to advance technology which has effectively magnified the equipment designs used in International sports competitions, and actively understand the impact of the advanced technology of apparatuses in conducting sports competitions received better-quality design to refer it as a paramount importance in getting accurate results in the contested events. Thus, use of various technological apparatuses such as computers plays a very effective and crucial role in conducting the sport competitions worldwide. In many Asian as well as in Euro American nations, it has become remarkable example that these nations are using advance technology in sports competitions and have the ability to use modern equipment that are incorporated with sensitive devices in computers as its important function. The known international athletes often go through performing some human performance evaluating their training progress as it express the dissimilarity in exercise stress testing, cardiovascular, neuromuscular and exercise tolerance evaluation to utilize the command over these sophisticated biomechanical equipments to collect the accurate results through these advanced equipments such as knowing the advanced computer technology to make active use of evaluating the strength and condition of the body movements of athletes. The display of well designed equipments manufacturing athletic gears provide enormous benefits to the relevance of delicate resources which reduce the weight during active work outs that increase the strength and provide superior probability to extend the life span of individuals who engage themselves in regular physical daily activity programs. It is important to note that advance equipments and material used have made the sport participation safer that helped to increase the large number of participants in sports competitions equally for boys and girls at all levels as it seems good sign for sports competitions particularly developing country like Pakistan. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

The objective of this study was to determine the knowledge, attitude, prevalence and factors leading to smoking among students at the Center for Physical Education and Sports Science, University of Sindh, Jamsoro Pakistan. A total of 148 (128 males and 20 females) students of Center for Physical Education and Sports Science were randomly selected. A self-administered questionnaire was used to elicit information on demographics, smoking habits, attitude towards public action against smoking and knowledge of health hazards. Smoking was more common among bachelors (n=18) than master's degree students (n=04). There were 22 smokers, but most of them were occasional smokers (n=13). All female students indicated that they never smoked. The students' ages ranged from 18-35 years (mean age 22. 3 ± 9.37 years). Sixteen students started smoking between ages 10-20 years. Out of 22 smokers, only five were heavy smokers (>20 cigarettes/d). The most favoured smoking tool was filter tipped cigarettes (n=12). The most common reason for smoking was peer pressure (n=12). Majority of students (n=53) who do not smoke believed that it is a useless habit. Twelve smokers and 112 non-smokers favoured banning smoking advertisements in print and electronic media. Fourteen smokers and all non-smokers favored banning smoking at public places. Both smokers (91%) and non smokers (98%) had good knowledge of health hazards associated with smoking and passive smoking. Smoking still constitutes a major problem among university students inspite of their knowledge of its hazards. This may be due to the addictive effect of smoking, peer pressure, negative parental attitudes and other reasons. There is a need to implement an anti-smoking programme for college students in order to educate them on the health implications of smoking, thereby possibly preventing or controlling smoking among the students. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]

OBJECTIVES: To assess different patterns of retinopathy in diabetic patients admitted at LUMHS & to determine risk factors for diabetic retinopathy (DR). METHODOLOGY: This descriptive (case series) comparative study was conducted in medical unit IV, LUMHS Jamshoro/ Hyderabad from January 2009 to June 2009. Total 100 patients either known cases or newly diagnosed cases of both type1 and type2 diabetes mellitus, aged 20 to 60 years, were selected. All patients were subjected to thorough history taking & clinical examination. Blood pressure, weight & body mass index (BMI) were recorded & systemic examination done. Every patient then underwent a detailed ophthalmoscopic examination by the principal researcher. Blood & urine samples of those having DR were taken for HbA1c estimation, hemoglobin levels & proteinuria. RESULTS: Out of 100 diabetic patients examined, 24 (24%) had diabetic retinopathy (DR). The commonest form of DR was non-proliferative (74.9% [mild: 33.3 %, moderate: 29.1 %, and severe: 12.5 %]), followed by Maculopathy (16.6 %) and proliferative diabetic retinopathy (8.3 %). The frequency of DR was higher among individuals with type 1 diabetes, having early onset and greater duration of diabetes with proteinuria, poor glycemic control with high blood pressure & among women, anemic & obese patients. CONCLUSION: Routine retinal screening for Diabetic retinopathy at the time of diagnosis in type2 diabetes and annual retinal screening in both type1 and type2 diabetes can considerably reduce the risk of visual loss. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]