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Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze the culture antibiogram results of samples obtained directly from the middle ear and/or mastoid cells in the operating room, and from the external auditory canal in the outpatient. Methods: This study was conducted between 2016-2018 in Microbiology and Otorhinolaryngology Department. Swab cultures were obtained through the external ear canal preoperatively in outpatients. Middle ear swabs and mastoid granulation tissue were collected intraoperatively, respectively. Demographic datas, bacterial identifications and antibiotic susceptibilities were compared in both groups. Results: Two hundred thirty eight patients with chronic otitis media were enrolled in the study. Out of the 238 cases, 86 patients had negative culture results. P. aeruginosa (n=44), Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus (n=33), S. aureus (n=27), Proteus mirabilis (n=16) and E. coli (n=10) were the most common grown bacteria in both groups. Most common identified groups were Gram-positive bacteria (n=92), non-fermenter Gram-negative bacteria (n=55) and Enterobactericeae (n=42). Gram-positive cocci were higher in outpatient group, whereas Enterobactericeae were higher in intraoperative group (p

OBJECTIVE: Chondroitin sulfate (CS) is a glycosaminoglycan with proven anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, anti-oxidant properties. CS increases type II collagen and proteoglycan synthesis in human joint chondrocytes. CS can reduce the production of pro-inflammatory mediators and proteases to improve the anabolic/catabolic balance of the extracellular cartilage matrix (ECM). Due to these characteristics, it is a natural compound that is considered to be Symptomatic Slow-Acting Drugs for Osteoarthritis (SYSADOA). Microbial chondroitin sulfate (MCS) was produced from two different bacterial sources using biotechnological methods by our team. In this study, we aimed to apply microbially produced CS and bovine- derived commercial CS forms to rabbit knees with osteoarthritis experimentally and to evaluate the results.

PubMed ID: 28929967, Colistin is a polymyxin antibiotic which is considered as one of the last line agents against infections due to multidrug resistant or carbapenem resistant gram-negative pathogens. Colistin resistance is associated with chromosomal alterations which can usually cause mutations in genes coding specific two component regulator systems. The first plasmid-mediated colistin resistance gene, mcr-1 was described in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in December 2015 and followed by another plasmidmediated colistin resistance gene mcr-2 in 2016. The rapid and interspecies dissemination of plasmidmediated resistance mechanisms through horizontal gene transfer, have made these genes considerably threatening. After the first reports, although mcr-1/mcr-2 producing Enterobacteriaceae isolates have been reported from many countries, there have been no reports from Turkey. Thus, the aim of this study was to investigate the presence of mcr-1/mcr-2 in clinical Enterobacteriaceae isolates from different parts of our country. A total of 329 Enterobacteriaceae isolates from 22 laboratories were collected which were isolated between March, 2015 and February, 2016. mcr-1/mcr-2 were investigated by polymerase chain reaction during February-March, 2016. Two hundred and seventeen of Klebsiella pneumoniae (66%), 75 of Salmonella spp. (22.8%), 31 of Esherichia coli (9.4%), 3 of Enterobacter cloacae (0.9%), 2 of Klebsiella oxytoca (0.6%) and 1 of Enterobacter aerogenes (0.3%) isolates were included to the study. Agarose gel electrophoresis results of PCR studies have shown expected band sizes for positive control isolates as 309 bp for mcr-1 and 567 bp for mcr-2. However, the presence of mcr-1/mcr-2 genes was not detected among the tested study isolates of Enterobacteriaceae. Although mcr-1/mcr-2 were not detected in our study isolates, it is highly important to understand the mechanism of resistance dissemination and determine the resistant isolates by considering that colistin is a last-line antibiotic against infections of multidrug or carbapenem resistant gram-negative bacteria. Thus, it is suggested that these mechanisms should be followed-up in both clinical and non-clinical (e.g. isolates from food animals, raw meats and environment) isolates of special populations.

Urothelial carcinomas (UC) are the most common cancer type of the urinary system. The early diagnosis and treatment of UC are very important.The aim of this study was to evaluate the importance of the nuclear matrix protein 22 (NMP22) in early diagnosis of UC and to present its variation in cystitis and urothelial dysplasia (UD). Twenty patients with UC, 20 patients with UD and 20 patients with cystitis diagnosed by urinary cytological examination were enrolled in this study. In addition, 20 healthy people constituted the control group. Urine samples were collected from all patients and control subjects for NMP22 measurement and cytology. Those who were diagnosed with cytological malignancy were also histologically evaluated for accuracy. Additionally, the NMP22 levels of all participants were measured by ELISA. When compared according to the cytologic results, the NMP22 levels in the UC group were found significantly higher compared to those having UD, cystitis and control group (P < 0.05). No statistically significant difference was found between other groups. It has been concluded that NMP22 can be used in the early diagnosis and determination of recurrences in UC. However, as the NMP22 level may be increased by other factors such as UD, cystitis, bladder stones and non-urothelial carcinomas of bladder, it is suggested urinary cytology that showed be jointly used with NMP22 measuring.

Key words: Nevus lipomatosus superficialis, Hoffmann-Zurhelle

The Comparison of the Acute Metabolic Effects of Fructose and Glucose Solutions Under Isofluorane or Halothane AnaesthesiaGlucose utilization may impair during stress such as surgery. Fructose solution may be an alternative to glucose solution during surgeiy. The aim of this study is to evaluate acute metabolic effects of fructose and glucose infusions under isofluorane and halothane anaesthesia. Sixty ASA (American Society of Anesthesiologists Physical Status Classification) I-II patients undergoing elective surgery were selected. The patients were divided into two groups: isofluorane (group I) or halothane (group II). Isofluorane and halothane groups were further divided into two more subgroups: a.Fructose infusion, b.Dextrose(glucose) infusion group. Basal blood samples were drawn before the administration of 5% dextrose or fructose infusions. Maintenance of anaesthesia were isofluorane (1%) in 02-N20 (67.7-33.3%) and halothane (0.6%) in 02-N20 (67.7-33.3%) in groups I and II, respectively. Serum glucose, lactic acid (LA), piruvic acid (PA), bicarbonate, sodium, potassium, chloride, creatinine and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) levels were measured before the anaesthesia and at 30th and 60th minutes after the beginning of anaesthesia.Serum glucose levels were increased significantly in both groups, but the increament was more marked in the patients who recieved dextrose solution. Serum LA and PA levels increased and bicarbonate levels decreased significantly in the patients who recieved fructose solution.These results suggest that fructose solution may be an alternative carbohydrate to glucose solution, but it must be used cautiously in patients at the risk of lactic acidosis. Cerrahi gibi stres hallerinde glukoz kullanımı azalabilir. Fruktoz solüsyonu cerrahi esnasında glukoz solüsyonuna alternatif olabilir. Bu çalışmanın amacı, izofluran ve halotan anestezisi altında fruktoz ve glukoz infüzyonlarının akut metabolik etkilerini karşılaştırmaktır. Elektif cerrahi girişim geçirecek ASA (Amerikan Anestezi Cemiyeti risk gruplandırması) I—11 grubundan 60 olgu seçildi. Olgular 2 gruba ayrıldı; İzofluran (Grup I) ve Halotan (Grup II). İzofluran ve halotan grupları kendi içinde iki alt gruba ayrıldı: a.fruktoz grubu, b.dekstroz (glukoz) grubu. %5 fruktoz veya dekstroz infüzyonu uygulamasından önce bazal kan örnekleri alındı. Anestezi idamesinde izofluran (%1) ile 02-NaO (%67.7-33.3) veya halotan (%0.6) ile 02-N20 (%67.7-33.3) kullanıldı.Hastaların serum glukoz, laktik asit (LA), pirüvik asit (PA), sodyum, potasyum, klor, kreatinin ve kan üre nitrojen (BUN) düzeyleri anesteziden önce ve anestezinin başlangıcından itibaren 30. ve 60. dakikalarda ölçüldü.Serum glukoz düzeyi, her iki grupta da anlamlı derecede arttı, fakat bu artış dekstroz solüsyonu alan hastalarda daha fazlaydı.Fruktoz solüsyonu alan grupta serum LA ve PA düzeyleri anlamlı derecede arttı ve bikarbonat düzeyleri anlamlı derecede azaldı.Bu sonuçlar, fruktoz solüsyonunun glukoz solüsyonuna alternatif bir karbonhidrat olacağını telkin etmektedir, fakat bu solüsyon laktik asidoz riski olan hastalarda dikkatle kullanılmalıdır.

The aims of this study are to investigate the contribution effect of oxidative stress in MK-801-induced experimental psychosis model, and to show that prevention of oxidative stress may improve prognosis. Because oxidative damage has been suggested in the neuropathophysiology of schizophrenia, the possible protecting agents against lipid peroxidation are potential target for the studies in this field. For this purpose, Wistar Albino rats were divided into three groups: the first group was used as control, MK-801 was given to the rats in the second group and MK-801 + omega - 3 essential fatty acids (EFA) was given to the third group. MK-801 was given intraperitoneally at the dose of 0.5 mg/(kg day) once a day for 5 days in experimental psychosis group. In the second group, 0.8 g/(kg day), omega - 3 FA (eicosapentaenoic acid, 18%, docosahexaenoic acid, 12%) was given to the rats while exposed MK-801. In control group, saline was given intraperitoneally at the same time. After 7 days, rats were killed by decapitation. Prefrontal brain area was removed for histological and biochemical analyses. As a result, malondialdehyde (MDA), as an indicator of lipid peroxidation, protein carbonyl (PC), as an indicator of protein oxidation, nitric oxide (NO) levels and superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase (GSH-Px) activities as antioxidant enzymes, and xanthine oxidase (XO) and adenosine deaminase (AD) activities as an indicator of DNA oxidation was found to be increased significantly in prefrontal cortex (PFC) of MK-801 group (P < 0.0001) compared to control group. In omega - 3 FA treated rats, prefrontal tissue MDA, PC and NO levels as well as SOD, GSH-Px, XO, and AD enzyme activities were significantly decreased when compared to MK-801 groups (P < 0.0001) whereas catalase (CAT) enzyme activity was not changed. Moreover, in the light of microscopic examination of MK-801 groups, a great number of apoptotic cells were observed. w - 3 FA supplementation decreased the apoptotic cell count in PFC. The results of this study revealed that oxidative stress and apoptotic changes in PFC may play an important role in the pathogenesis of MK-801-induced neuronal toxicity. This experimental study also provides some evidences for the protective effects of omega - 3 FA on MK-801-induced changes in PFC of rats. (c) 2006 Published by Elsevier Ltd.