12,131 results on '"AIR flow"'
Search Results
2. Exergetic and energetic experimental analysis study of solar assisted thermoelectric air-conditioning system.
- Author
-
Abdulsattar, Mohammed Wajeeh, Mahdi, Mahmoud Mustafa, and Ahmed, Majida KhaleeL
- Subjects
- *
SOLAR stills , *AIR conditioning , *AIR flow , *AIR ducts , *EXERGY - Abstract
Solar photovoltaic with thermoelectric air conditioners are better and suitable for remote locations, particularly those with direct power source from the sun. Thermoelectric air-conditioning systems have demonstrated promising advantages over conventional air-conditioning systems on the other hand the thermoelectric peltier has low coefficient of performance. In this work the exergy and energy of new thermoelectric solar assisted air-cooling integrated duct are experimentally studied for two cases by using two values of operating current. First case used maximum current while the second case used fixed current of (2.7A). the air cooler duct used in this work is an integrated type that has two side one is for the cold air and the other is for hot air flow. The goal of this research is to evaluate the exergy and energy of the thermoelectric air-conditioning to obtain optimum operation technique for the system and better COP values. The average value of COP was (0.38) for both maximum current case and (2.7A) case. The exergy efficiency of maximum current case ranged between maximum value (1.03%) and minimum value (0.44%) with average value of (0.59%). While the second case maximum value was (0.26%) a minimum value (0.08%) with average of (0.12%). regardless the lower COP value in maximum current case the exergy efficiency improved by (79%) which mean that using maximum current value leads to better performance. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
3. Thermal investigation of solar collector with variable solar flux using new design sun simulator.
- Author
-
Fadhil, Alyaa M., Jalil, Jalal M., and Bilal, Ghassan A.
- Subjects
- *
SOLAR collectors , *SOLAR radiation , *THERMAL efficiency , *AIR flow , *AIR masses , *HELIOSEISMOLOGY - Abstract
The new design of the sun simulator offered a wide range of solar flux according to the outside data recorded by the Iraqi Meteorological Organization and Seismology for Baghdad in 2020. This study consists of two parts: experimental and numerical work. Three mass flow rates (0.01531, 0.02321, and 0.02937 kg/s) were tested experimentally, as well as three months of intensity data. order to confirm the accuracy of the numerical work, A mathematical model was built using a finite volume scheme. SIMPLE algorithm was utilized to solve three dimensions of steady state, turbulent, and forced convection flow. The maximum air temperature difference was 20, with the air mass flow rate of 0.01531 kg/s and the solar radiation of 950 W/m2 in July. Also, the greatest thermal efficiency was obtained at 47.4% in mass flow rate of 0.02937 kg/s and maximum intensity of 950 W/m2. There was an acceptable difference in results between the numerical and experimental tests. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
4. Experimental study to investigate the influence of air bubble injection on solar water collector performance.
- Author
-
Kadhum, Zahraa Mohammed, Aljibory, Mohammed Wahhab, and Rashid, Farhan Lafta
- Subjects
- *
SOLAR collectors , *MICROBUBBLES , *COPPER tubes , *AIR flow , *RADIATION absorption , *SOLAR radiation - Abstract
In this paper, the effect of injecting micro bubbles of air into a flowing water stream in copper tube of 8-meter length with a wavy design and a diameter of 0.0125 meter has been studied. The solar collector's inner surface moreover, coated with matte black paint that includes thermal die and 5% of TiN (Titanium Nitrate) nanoparticles to enhance the ability of solar radiation absorption. The solar collector's performance was evaluated. The experimental rig was designed and built in Karbala-Iraq, latitude (32.6160 oN) and longitude (44.0249 oE) within the first four months of the year. The air was introduced into the tubes through a venturi device, which mixed with the water and then flowed together inside the solar water collecting tube. The first section of the experiment involved only four various levels of water flow (0.5, 1, 1.5, 2) L/min, while the second section involved a water flow with injection of air bubbles at three different levels (0.25, 0.35) L/min. The result showed that as the rate of mass flow is reduced, the outgoing temperature rises, resulting in a rise the difference in temperature between the entrance and the output temperatures in both the incoming and departing systems. The largest temperature difference was 6.6 oC for opened system and 9.1 oC for closed system. But the small flow rate showed that the collector efficiency is decrease. Also, the results shows that the best efficiency for opened system at 1 liter per minute and 2 liter per minute for closed system. The average efficiency in the closed system was (65.57 %) at water and air bubble flow rate of 2 L/min and 0.35 L/min, respectively. The average efficiency of the opened system was (39.27 %) for water and air bubble flow rate of 1 L/min and 0.25 L/min, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
5. The numerical study of indoor air temperature distribution in two-seater tandem vehicle cabin.
- Author
-
Rahman, Haolia, Kamal, Dianta Mustofa, Abadi, Cecep Slamet, Saputra, Yuli Mafendro Dedet Eka, Perdanakusuma, Adhitya Duta, and Agung, Ajie
- Subjects
- *
TEMPERATURE distribution , *ATMOSPHERIC temperature , *THERMAL comfort , *AIR flow , *HEATING load ,TROPICAL climate - Abstract
The aim of the present study is to investigate the air flow and temperature distributions of two-seater tandem vehicle cabin. The air flows and temperature distribution in the cabin must be designed to reach acceptable passenger thermal comfort while at the same time minimizing the energy of mechanical cooling efficiently. The model is two-seater tandem vehicle cabin with a volume of 1.7 m3. The heat load from internal and external source is applied into the calculation, and the outdoor environment is assumed in tropical climate. We evaluate the thermal comfort of the passenger using PMV model based on temperature distribution in the cabin. Two conditions inside cabin, are implemented, there are at peak and lowest heat load. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
6. Experimental study of forced convection hot air flow in a clay roasting machine.
- Author
-
Andini, Melisa Surya, Wulandari, Retno, and Bintara, Redyarsa Dharma
- Subjects
- *
AIR flow , *FORCED convection , *FLAME temperature , *HEAT convection , *FLOW velocity , *MASS transfer , *COFFEE beans - Abstract
Indonesia has an opportunity in developing the coffee processing industry, because apart from having a large market, it is also supported by potential raw materials. Therefore, strategic efforts are needed, such as downstream in order to increase added value and increase production capacity (Kemenperin, 2019). To determine the quality of the coffee can be seen based on two tests namely physical quality testing, and taste. Moisture value of coffee beans the maximum is 12.5%. One form of control is an increase in coffee processing technology, namely roasting machines (Maulid et al, 2021). This research focuses on forced convection hot air flow by a blower whose speed is engineered using the help of a dimmer speed controller to obtain optimal heat and mass transfer results by experimentally varying airflow and heat transfer then obtaining optimal speed and temperature values. Temperature also affects the value of the forced convection coefficient. The largest convection coefficient is found in the variation of the highest temperature value test, namely 297.5 ᵒC with a value of 43.66 W/m2 ᵒC. The lowest convection coefficient value lies in the experimental variation with an air flow velocity value of 11.4 m/s at a temperature of 297.5 ᵒC with a convection coefficient value of 28.38 43.66 W/m2 ᵒC. The convection heat transfer value (Q) will increase when the flame temperature (T) and air flow velocity increase (v). The greatest electric power will increase when the air flow velocity increases with a low flame temperature value. Effect of airflow velocity (v) and flame temperature (T) simultaneously on the final roasting temperature of 87.5%. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
7. Indoor radon and energy efficiency: A "short blanket" problem that demands for balanced ventilation.
- Author
-
Curado, António and Nunes, Leonel J. R.
- Subjects
- *
INDOOR air quality , *ENERGY consumption , *NATURAL ventilation , *ARCHITECTURAL style , *VENTILATION , *AIR flow , *HISTORIC buildings , *FUSION reactor blankets - Abstract
A historic school building was recently retrofitted. Due to its high architectural quality, the building is listed as National Architectural Patrimony, and therefore the rehabilitation process has met very challenging requirements regarding its conservation to maintain the original layout. In view of its age, the building is done with thick stone walls which help energy conservation and enhance thermal inertia. Its primitive architecture enables natural lighting, increases solar radiation gains, and favors natural ventilation, assuring, consequently, an improved energy efficiency. The implemented rehabilitation actions tried to preserve the original architecture and the building restorations were designed to conserve as much as possible the ancient distinctive architectural style. Given the imposed constraints, matters like Indoor Air Quality (IAQ) and thermal comfort in rooms and offices for administration and staff were not met. The current situation has resulted in justifiable complaints from the building users, reporting poor rooms IAQ due to a lack of air renovation. Because of the impossibility to install mechanical ventilation ducts, the building rooms are operated through natural ventilation, which makes the adoption of constant air flow regimes difficult to implement. To evaluate the problem and promote measures to deal with it, an experimental campaign to assess IAQ and building thermal comfort was implemented during the Winter of 2022. In the framework of the campaign, two identical rooms with similar occupancy, size, volume, building typology, heating regime, and with the same equipment installed, were measured in situ for 3 months, by monitoring continuously the following variables: indoor radon concentration, air temperature and relative humidity, under distinct regimes of ventilation. By using statistical analysis of the experimental data, the results show, as expected, that the room with a permanent air renovation has an improved IAQ than the other monitored room, operated with a restricted ventilation schedule, without jeopardizing the energy efficiency. Based on the results, natural ventilation in a steady state mode is the key to balancing IAQ and energy efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
8. Heat transfer and air flow inside a domestic refrigerator working with natural and forced convection modes.
- Author
-
Praveenadevi, Nagireddy, Kupireddi, Kirankumar, and Nagarjuna
- Subjects
- *
NATURAL heat convection , *HEAT transfer , *TEMPERATURE distribution , *FORCED convection , *HOUSEKEEPING , *AIR flow , *ATMOSPHERIC temperature - Abstract
The work has been carried out to study the temperature distribution and air flow variation inside the food compartment of domestic refrigerator. Effect of natural convection and forced convection modes of operation on secondary air flow and temperature distribution has been studied numerically. Also, effect of placement of evaporator in the natural circulation mode of operation has been studied. Commercial CFD software ANSYS FLUENT is used to model and simulate the food compartment of the refrigerator. Radiation effect has been considered into account while carrying out the simulation. Temperature and air flow distribution contours along with air velocities at specific locations have been presented and analyzed. It is observed that forced convection mode of operation results in better refrigeration effect. It also concluded that radiation plays a vital role in the temperature distribution. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
9. Study of airflow in the human respiratory airway having tracheal stenosis.
- Author
-
Balasubramanian, R. and Jayakumar, J. S.
- Subjects
- *
TRACHEAL stenosis , *AIRWAY (Anatomy) , *COMPUTATIONAL fluid dynamics , *PRESSURE drop (Fluid dynamics) , *LAMINAR flow , *VENTILATION , *AIR flow - Abstract
This paper focuses on the effect of airway narrowing caused by the disease tracheal stenosis in the respiratory tract of human. A circular model of the human respiratory airway was constructed, and a 50% constriction was considered in the trachea to mimic the tracheal stenosis. Airflow pattern, pressure distribution, and their effect on drug transport and deposition are numerically investigated using Computational Fluid Dynamics analysis. The inhalation rate for resting condition (15L/min) and laminar flow model were considered in the present analysis. Velocity contours and pressure drop around the upstream and downstream of the stenosis constriction were obtained. The presence of tracheal stenosis alters the flow patterns significantly downstream of the stenosis, which can be observed in the velocity contours. There are large recirculation zones after the stenosis constriction indicating the possibility of large residence time of particles in those areas. The upstream of the stenosis imparts high resistance to the airflow producing significant pressure drop, which supports the evidence that airway constriction can cause drastic and relatively rapid rise in breathing impairment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
10. Versatile, energy-efficient design air transport systems of cotton picking machines.
- Author
-
Rizaev, A. A., Normatov, M. K., Ganjayev, Sh. A., and Khunarov, A. A.
- Subjects
- *
AIR travel , *COTTON picking , *UNIVERSAL design , *AIR flow , *COTTON , *MACHINERY - Abstract
The article is devoted to the development of a universal and energy-efficient design of the air transport system of semi-trailed cotton-picking machines. The principles of operation and the development trend of air transport systems of cotton picking machines were studied various modifications, including with spindle devices. As is known, the main unit in the air transport system is a centrifugal fan. The airflow generated by the fan allows the cotton to be transported, collected by the harvester, into the bunker of the machine. Calculations are given for the effective use of the area of the ellipsoidal side inlet for flow air flow through the fan. Based on our research on improving the air system of a semi-trailed cotton-picking machine justified recommendations for the development of its universal design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
11. Performance evaluation of airflow sensor for mechanical ventilator.
- Author
-
Busono, Pratondo, Wibowo, Dena Karunianto, Irawan, Bagus Bakti, Gustian, Widar Dwi, Febryarto, Rony, Riyanto, Riyanto, Aulya, Nailul Rahmi, and Gunawan, Indra
- Subjects
- *
MECHANICAL ventilators , *FLOW sensors , *VENTILATION , *AIR flow , *COVID-19 pandemic , *DETECTORS - Abstract
Airflow sensor is an important component in medical ventilators. It measured the air flow rate, tidal volume, and minute volume delivered to the patient. During the COVID-19 pandemic, airflow sensors were not locally available due to international demand; also, their design and fabrication for this medical application require complex processes and standards. This work aimed to develop flow sensors for medical ventilators. Two types of airflow sensors have been created: orifice-based flow sensors and venturi-based flow sensors. Methods for flow sensor development include defining design specifications, developing CAD design, choosing the material for housing, 3D printing, flow sensor assembly, testing, and calibration. Performance analysis was performed for accuracy, precision, and linearity across the desired flow range encountered in mechanical ventilation. The prototypes of flow sensors have also been compared their performance to commercially available flow sensors. Using a statistical analysis t-test, it was observed that there was no difference in performance between the prototypes and the commercial flow sensors. These airflow sensors had been installed in the automatic airbag ventilator #BPPT3S-POLY for measuring the tidal volume and minute volume delivered to the patients. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
12. Transient heat transfer studies on different positions of thermoelectric generator integrated solar air heaters for buildings.
- Author
-
Prakash, Shubh, Sharma, Shivam, Mahajan, Naman, Bhat, Shivam, Eswaramoorthy, M., and Goyal, Ravi Kumar
- Subjects
- *
SOLAR air heaters , *THERMOELECTRIC generators , *HEAT transfer , *AIR-supported structures , *ENERGY conversion , *AIR flow , *BUILDING-integrated photovoltaic systems - Abstract
The use of solar air heaters for building in European countries is important as it helps in making the rooms hot during the winter. Due to the low energy conversion efficiency of passive solar air heaters, a constant flow of air is required. This flow can be achieved with the help of an airflow pump which is driven by electricity. The alternate source for providing the electricity to pump is a thermoelectric generator that generates the electricity with the help of solar radiation. The positioning of the thermoelectric generator is a new task that is investigated in the present work, two configurations, one on the placement of the thermoelectric generator over the absorber plate and the other at the house walls are investigated. A simulation model is developed in COMSOL Multiphysics 5.5 with the measurement of the temperature of thermoelectric material at different positions calculated. The results indicated that the placement of a thermo-electric generator at the absorber plate generates a temperature of 325 K which is more in comparison to when placed over the walls i.e., 312 K. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
13. Optimization of injection molding parameters for thermoplastic composter bottom.
- Author
-
Tujmer, Mislav, Pilipović, Ana, and Godec, Damir
- Subjects
- *
INJECTION molding , *TIME pressure , *AIR flow , *PLASTICS , *PRODUCT quality , *MATHEMATICAL optimization - Abstract
Decomposition of organic matter is sensitive to air flow, humidity and temperature, thus appropriate conditions are needed for effective composting which are achieved through a correct composter design. The paper focuses on a simulation analysis for the injection molding process of the bottom part of a composter. Contemporary injection molding machines require fine tuning to ensure successful mold filling and the attainment of satisfactory product quality. Addressing plastic product design from a manufacturing perspective helps ease challenges related to injection molding process and mold design. Process optimization commonly involves variables such as injection pressure, injection time, packing pressure, packing pressure holding time, melt temperature, mold cavity temperature and features of the cooling system. To ensure consistent product quality, it's crucial to optimize process parameters for specific cases due to substantial variability among injection molding input parameters. The use of Moldex3D software aids in identifying locations of critical values of defects, such as shrinkage and warpage. Warpage and shrinkage defects are minimized by Design of Experiments (DOE) optimization method. The results show that simulation, combined with optimization techniques, significantly improves product quality and process efficiency. Reducing warpage is achievable by extending the packing pressure time and using a lower coolant temperature. However, while extending the packing pressure time and reducing the melt temperature have a marginal effect on reducing shrinkage, higher cooling temperatures, as predicted, results in diminished shrinkage. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
14. Energy saving for buildings using phase change materials.
- Author
-
Jasim, Qusay Kamil and Jassim, Najim Abd
- Subjects
- *
HEAT storage , *AIR conditioning , *SANDWICH construction (Materials) , *EVAPORATIVE cooling , *TEMPERATURE distribution , *AIR flow , *PHASE change materials - Abstract
Iraq, daytime load consumption exceeded midnight due to the country's all-year increase in summer power demand. Building air conditioning is the main cause of this. Thus, one way to lower the peak demand would be to generate and consume power at night while storing cold thermal energy to lower the demand for air conditioning during the day. We Suggest a new radiant floor cooling system using two types (spiral and counter geometry) of thermal energy storage (TES) filled with phase-changed materials (PCMs) with night re-cooling using air conditioning (A/C) in the summer of Iraq. This study aims to save and shift energy from nighttime to daytime for two test rooms full-size prototypes made from sandwich panels of dimension (length 2.25 x width 2.95 x height 2.95) m situated in Kirkuk-Iraq, also to clarify the steps to guarantee the thermal storage effect of the suggested cooling system during the day for two test rooms within a very small diurnal temperature range, focusing primarily on the thermal characteristics of PCMs. We investigated the connection between the suggested system's heat flows and indoor air temperature distributions. The results showed a decrease in the room temperature was about 1 when using forced water cooling for the floor room, while it was 2.8 °C using the PCM. The evaporative cooling used in Test 1 to cool the floor and increase the COP of the air conditioner resulted in a 40.2% and 34.79 % for spiral and counter design respectively, reduction in energy use for the entire summer compared to Test 3 and a 28.2 % and 23.55 % for spiral and counter design respectively, reduction in energy compared to Test 2. It is clear from the results that the energy saving of the counter design is (6%) more than that of the spiral design. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
15. Numerical investigation on heat transfer of tube heat exchanger in closed-circuit cooling tower.
- Author
-
Madyshev, Ilnur, Kharkov, Vitaly, Chetyrchinsky, Yaroslav, Semenychev, Pavel, and Kuznetsov, Maxim
- Subjects
- *
HEAT exchangers , *COOLING towers , *HEAT transfer , *HEAT transfer coefficient , *TUBES , *AIR flow , *NUMERICAL calculations - Abstract
Water cooling in the circulating water supply systems is common in different industries. A closed-circuit cooling tower is developed with indirect gas-liquid contact by means of an internal tube heat exchanger with an inline tube arrangement. The purpose of the work is a numerical study of the thermal characteristics of the developed cooling tower. The heat transfer coefficients on the different tubes of the heat exchanger were found to vary significantly depending on the mean air velocity in the cooling tower unit and the location of the tubes. The obtained results of numerical calculation were verified by comparison with an analytical solution based on the various criterion equations describing the transverse air flow around a tube bundle with a corridor arrangement of tubes. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
16. Experimental study of the visualization of bubble breaking mechanism on the swirl type MBG output channel.
- Author
-
Mawarni, Drajat Indah, Indarto, and Deendarlianto
- Subjects
- *
DEPTH of field , *DATA visualization , *FOCAL length , *MICROBUBBLES , *CAMCORDERS , *AIR flow , *BUBBLES - Abstract
This study aims to determine the mechanism of breaking bubbles into small size in a Swirl type microbubble generator (MBG) with variations in water discharge (QL) at the distance of the air nozzle to the MBG outlet of 1mm. Observations were made using a Phantom Miro M310 high speed video camera with a maximum resolution of 1200×800 to record the microbubble phenomenon. All measurements were taken at a frame rate of 3000 fps. The spatial resolution and frame rate used in this study allow the behavior of the microbubbles to be observed in detail. The focal length and lens aperture are 85 mm and 2.8 mm, respectively. The length between the lens and the viewing area is 350 mm. A wide measuring field and a narrow depth of field were obtained, which is about 2 mm. Its field of measurement is 40.3 mm x 85 mm, and it was found that the 1 pixel of the camera represents 89,55 µm. The results of the investigation showed that the mechanism of the bubbles breaking into smaller sizes starts with bubbly flow in the mixing chamber channel, then forming ligaments at the MBG outlet, before finally bursting into small bubbles. At higher QL and constant air flow (QG), more bubbles were produced and more uniform with smaller size. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
17. Simulation of temperature and air flow distribution in coffee drying chamber using low enthalpy geothermal energy resource with thermosiphon technology.
- Author
-
Hakim, Imansyah Ibnu, Palupi, Irene Deby, and Putra, Nandy
- Subjects
- *
GEOTHERMAL resources , *POWER resources , *ATMOSPHERIC temperature , *COMPUTATIONAL fluid dynamics , *ENTHALPY , *FLOW velocity , *GROUND source heat pump systems , *AIR flow - Abstract
Utilization of geothermal energy is still dominated by indirect use for electricity generation, beside geothermal energy can also be used for direct application. Direct use is mostly using a low enthalpy geothermal resources (<150°C), one of the applications of low enthalpy geothermal energy is for drying process. Drying is a post-harvest method that aims to improve the quality of agricultural products by removing some of the water to an agreed an d safe limit, while microorganisms unable to grow and multiply. Coffee is one of the important commodity which has an important role in economic sector in Indonesia. In this study, the Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) method is used to determine and predict the drying chamber's temperature and air flow distribution patterns. The simulation process is carried out by varying the thermosiphon heat temperature (50, 60, and 70 °C) and the air inlet velocity (0.2, 0.4, and 0.6 m/s). The simulation results show the uniformity of temperature in the drying chamber, with the highest drying air temperature is 57.72°C, where the air temperature is influenced by the thermal temperature of the thermosiphon and the large air flow velocity. Based on the simulation conditions, the highest amount of heat needed in the drying process is 118.79 kJ/kg at temperature condition of 50°C with velocity 0.6 m/s and the lowest is 117.41 kJ/kg. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
18. Use of regular patterns-based background oriented schlieren imaging and digital image correlation for visualization of convective airflow.
- Author
-
Sasono, Margi, Sakti, Setyawan P., Noor, Johan E., and Soetedjo, Hariyadi
- Subjects
- *
DIGITAL images , *AIR flow , *DIGITAL image correlation , *FLUID dynamics , *DATA visualization , *DIFFRACTION patterns , *IMAGE processing software - Abstract
Hot air rising (or convective airflow) is transparent gases (fluids) and invisible. The visualization of fluid dynamics is of considerable interest due to its widespread applications. Background-oriented schlieren (BOS) as an optical method offers numerous advantages in the visualization since this method can provide simple, non-contact, non-invasive, and non-intrusive measurements. The performance of the BOS method strongly depends on the background patterns. Implementing the BOS method usually use random dot patterns as a background and the digital image correlation (DIC) algorithm as a software tool for image processing. However, this algorithm can also analyze the regular pattern background. So far, the experimental BOS using regular patterns background and the DIC algorithm are rarely developed. In this paper, three types of regular patterns, including a checkerboard (crossed fringes), vertical and horizontal fringes patterns, have been proposed as the background in the experimental BOS. During the experiment, a camera is continuously focusing on the background patterns. At the same time, a convective airflow is in the position between the background and the camera. The digital camera records the change of background patterns with and without a convective airflow, giving them distorted and undistorted (reference) images. By comparing both images, the DIC algorithm estimates the pixel displacements. Finally, the interpolation method reconstructs the pixel displacements field into an image resembling the convective airflow. For calibration purposes, the developed BOS uses the known deflection angle of a wedge prism as a standard to assess the accuracy. As a testing, the calibrated BOS visualize the convective airflow induced by a hot object as a heat source, such as candle flame and hot plate. The results show that all the types of backgrounds in the experimental BOS has created image, visualized and distinguished the fluid dynamics of convective airflow. Also, the developed BOS can calculate quantitatively the magnitude of pixel displacements that are proportional to density (or refractive index) gradients of the convective airflow. Thus, the developed BOS can detect an invisible phenomenon and potentially measure density (or refractive index) fluids and other transparent materials. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
19. Delaying the flow separation by using passage and vortex generator techniques.
- Author
-
Priyanka, K. Sai, Vihar, R. Sabari, and Jeyan, Muruga Lal
- Subjects
- *
FLOW separation , *VORTEX generators , *AIR flow , *AIR analysis , *AEROFOILS - Abstract
Flow separation is when the air flow gets detached from the surface of the object which was travelling through the flow. Several studies are going on. In attempt to improve this airflow, we utilize a vortex generator and a passage vane type in this research, which permits the air to remain connected to the surface without being detached. By studying NACA 5 series 23013 designing part is done by using Catia to make 3D model of the selected airfoil and the model which is used is K-e SST for analysis in ansys 19.1 workbench tool with the velocity 10m/s and varying the angle of attacks. This review aims at comparing about the analysis of air flow over a surface with vortex generators and passage vane created. The computational results are compared with respect to lift and drag variation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
20. Research on dynamic internal performance of PEMFC under oxygen starvation using high-resolution segmented cell measurement.
- Author
-
Yu, Jun, Yin, Cong, Gong, Xiufang, Yang, Haiyu, Cao, Jishen, and Tang, Hao
- Subjects
- *
PROTON exchange membrane fuel cells , *CURRENT distribution , *STARVATION , *AIR flow - Abstract
Oxygen starvation in proton exchange membrane fuel cells (PEMFCs) could lead to uneven internal current distribution, which is unfavorable to the fuel cell performance and lifetime. As oxygen starvation could occur locally, investigating the internal dynamic characteristics of PEMFC is critical to understanding the performance degradation mechanism. In this paper, the self-designed segmented cell of 396 segments is used to measure the dynamic current distributions of the automotive PEMFC with active area of 406 cm2 during oxygen starvation operation by decreasing air flow rate. As the air stoichiometry decreases from 2.4 to 0.8, the cell voltage drops gradually to 0.005 V and the internal current distribution becomes extremely nonuniform. The local current density increases to 1.64 A/cm2 at the air inlet and decreases to 0.25 A/cm2 at air outlet under the load current density of 0.6 A/cm2, which is dominated by the localized oxygen starvation around air outlet. When air flow rate is decreased to 0, the cell voltage reverses with a negative value of −0.042 V and the current distribution uniformity recovers. Under the negative cell voltage condition without air supply, the current distribution is determined by the membrane water content rather than the oxygen concentration. It is also found that larger step variation of air flow rate leads to a more significant overshoot of local current at air inlet and undershoot at air outlet. The different mechanisms for the internal current evolution of PEMFC is analyzed under Rich-Oxygen, Lack-Oxygen and No-Oxygen conditions, which are beneficial to improve air supply control strategy and the fuel cell design. • Dynamic internal performance of PEMFC under oxygen starvation is studied. • Segmented cell with 396 segments is used to measure the dynamic current distributions. • Uneven oxygen distribution worsens the uniformity of the current distribution significantly. • Under No-Oxygen condition cell voltage reverses with recovered internal current uniformity. • Step variation of air flow rate leads to overshoot and undershoot of local currents. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
21. Investigation on mixing characteristics of rotating detonation combustor with convergent inlet.
- Author
-
Qi, Lei, Fu, Lei, Liu, Shizheng, Niu, Xiaojuan, and Hong, Wenpeng
- Subjects
- *
FLOW velocity , *INLETS , *ACCELERATION (Mechanics) , *NUMERICAL calculations , *AIR flow , *BLAST effect - Abstract
Mixing characteristics play an important role on the operational process of rotating detonation combustor (RDC). In this paper, a series of numerical calculations were conducted to analyze the influence of injection diameter, injection position, reactant mass flow rate, and equivalence ratio on mixing characteristics. Mixing performance parameters and total pressure loss in combustor dome and ignition zone were analyzed in detail. The findings indicated that all four injection conditions had significant influence on mixing characteristics, among which injection position was the most significant factor. When injection position was in convergent section, the mixing characteristics were better than those in ignition section. Reducing the fuel diameter gradually improved mixing characteristics, but also increased total pressure loss. The change of reactant mass flow rate had a minimal effect on mixing characteristics. As equivalence ratio decreased, mixing characteristics decreased and total pressure loss decreased. In addition, the comparative analysis also showed that penetration depth of hydrogen had an impact on flow field disturbance and distribution of return region, which led to the difference in mixing characteristics. When hydrogen was injected into the convergent structure section where air flow velocity did not reach sonic speed and was in acceleration phase, total pressure loss would be effectively reduced in combustor dome. • A new rotating detonation combustor model with convergent inlet structure was built. • Mixing performance parameters and total pressure loss in combustor dome and ignition zone were analyzed using RANS and LES. • Mixing characteristics of RDC were significantly enhanced when the injection position was in convergent structure section. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
22. Multiphysics modeling for local structural heat source and high-speed airflow coupled ablation behavior of the lightweight quartz fiber-reinforced phenolic (LQFRP) composite.
- Author
-
Yan, Xiaojie, Wang, Hebing, Pan, Yiwu, Fan, Jiahui, Fan, Zhaolin, Zhang, Xinghong, and Hong, Changqing
- Subjects
- *
STRUCTURAL models , *AIR flow , *AERODYNAMIC load , *QUARTZ , *HEAT conduction , *URANIUM-lead dating - Abstract
When the lightweight quartz fiber-reinforced phenolic (LQFRP) composite is subjected to the combined effect of a local structural heat source and high-speed airflow, its ablation behavior exhibits significant localized characteristics and strong coupled effect. In this study, we have developed a bidirectional loosely coupled numerical model that integrates thermal, fluid, solid and ablation phenomena to solve the ablation-through problem of the LQFRP composite. The model takes into account the mechanisms of pyrolysis, oxidation, sublimation, and thermal mechanical erosion that occur during the ablation process of the LQFRP composite. The results suggest that the local structural heat source plays a crucial role in the erosion and retreat of the LQFRP composite. The morphology of the ablation pit shows a noticeable asymmetry, which is attributed to the aerodynamic heat and force. As a result of the local structural heat source, the fluid temperature downstream of the ablation pit is higher compared to that upstream of the ablation pit. The fluid that flows downstream of the ablation pit undergoes significant compression, leading to the formation of an oblique shock wave. The distribution of resin pyrolysis degree within the LQFRP composite is influenced by internal heat conduction. This study will offer valuable insights and guidance for the practical application of the LQFRP composite in the ultra-high temperature field. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
23. The archerfish uses motor adaptation in shooting to correct for changing physical conditions.
- Author
-
Volotsky, Svetlana, Donchin, Opher, and Segev, Ronen
- Subjects
- *
AIR-water interfaces , *WATER jets , *REFRACTION (Optics) , *SHOOTING (Sports) , *PHYSIOLOGICAL adaptation , *AIR flow , *MOTOR learning , *MOUTH - Abstract
The archerfish is unique in its ability to hunt by shooting a jet of water from its mouth that hits insects situated above the water's surface. To aim accurately, the fish needs to overcome physical factors including changes in light refraction at the air-water interface. Nevertheless, archerfish can still hit the target with a high success rate under changing conditions. One possible explanation for this extraordinary ability is that it is learned by trial and error through a motor adaptation process. We tested this possibility by characterizing the ability of the archerfish to adapt to perturbations in the environment to make appropriate adjustments to its shots. We introduced a perturbing airflow above the water tank of the archerfish trained to shoot at a target. For each trial shot, we measured the error, i.e., the distance between the center of the target and the center of the water jet produced by the fish. Immediately after the airflow perturbation, there was an increase in shot error. Then, over the course of several trials, the error was reduced and eventually plateaued. After the removal of the perturbation, there was an aftereffect, where the error was in the opposite direction but washed out after several trials. These results indicate that archerfish can adapt to the airflow perturbation. Testing the fish with two opposite airflow directions indicated that adaptation took place within an egocentric frame of reference. These results thus suggest that the archerfish is capable of motor adaptation, as indicated by data showing that the fish produced motor commands that anticipated the perturbation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
24. Predictive Control Scheme for Fuel Cell Air Compressor Efficiency Enhancement with Surge‐ and Choke‐Constrained Awareness.
- Author
-
Ye, Wangcheng, Zhong, Shunbin, Shen, Ying, Zhang, Xuezhi, and Wang, Ya‐Xiong
- Subjects
- *
AIR compressors , *AIR flow , *AWARENESS , *PRESSURE control , *FUEL cells , *NONLINEAR functions - Abstract
The efficiency and dynamic response of air compressors are crucial for stability and lifespan of hydrogen fuel cells. A predictive control scheme with surge‐ and choke‐constrained awareness is proposed to ensure safe and efficient operation of air compressors in this study. The proposed scheme consists of an efficiency enhancement model predictive control (EE‐MPC), and an improved active disturbance rejection control (IADRC). Surge‐ and choke‐constrained awareness is achieved by comparing predicted air flow with surge and choke limitations. Simultaneously, the EE‐MPC is constrained with oxygen excess ratio (OER) and obtains optimal solution by searching active set. The reference flow and supply manifold pressure trajectories for IADRC are generated by EE‐MPC. A designed piecewise differentiable nonlinear smoothing function is embedded in IADRC. The disturbances are estimated for coordinating flow and pressure control. Under China heavy‐duty commercial vehicle test cycle for bus conditions, root‐mean‐squared errors (RMSEs) of flow and pressure are 3.27 g s−1 and 1.88 × 103 Pa, respectively, and the mean efficiency can be enhanced by 13.4% compared to the MPC with fixed OER. Finally, a controller hardware‐in‐the‐loop test is conducted, with flow and pressure RMSEs of 2.48 g s−1 and 4.28 × 103 Pa between the test and simulation, respectively. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
25. Numerical Coupling Simulation of the Vertical Blowing Suspension Position of Tea Leaves Based on Computational Fluid Dynamics and the Discrete Element Method.
- Author
-
Xu Zhang, Xinyu Zhu, Kai Yu, and Rongyang Wang
- Subjects
- *
DISCRETE element method , *LEAF anatomy , *COMPUTER simulation , *AIR flow , *TEA , *COMPUTATIONAL fluid dynamics , *ERROR rates - Abstract
To provide reference for the design of the air-suction tea sorting device, the coupled numerical simulation model was established by the coupling method of computational fluid dynamics (CFD) and discrete element method (DEM) with tea of different quality as test objects, and the model was verified experimentally. Regarding tea particles of different quality, when the test tea particle mass was 0.215, the test value was located in the simulation value with a minimum error of 9 mm, which an error rate of 3.33%, and maximum error of 19 mm, with an error rate of 7.03%. When the test tea particle mass was 0.145, the minimum error of the test value was 5 mm and the error rate was 1.54%, and the maximum error was 9 mm and the error rate was 3.33%. The verification results established the accuracy of the model. During the suspension test and simulation, tea particles were affected by the air flow field of the observation tube, and tea particles fluctuated. During suspension, tea particles were attached to the inner wall of the observation tube under the action of the air flow field. An in-depth study showed that the relationship between the different distances from the initial position of the particles during suspension and the simulation time was a peak function. The extreme function is used to fit the actual trajectory, and the fitting degree is good. The fitting degree of the particle closest to the initial position was 0.9455, and the fitting degree of the particle farthest from the initial position was 0.9981. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
26. Aeroelastic-electric flutter characteristics of functionally graded piezoelectric material plates in supersonic airflow.
- Author
-
Su, Jinpeng, Wei, Jianhui, Jiang, Shoubo, and Zhang, Qiang
- Subjects
- *
PIEZOELECTRIC materials , *FUNCTIONALLY gradient materials , *AIR flow , *HAMILTON'S principle function , *SHEAR (Mechanics) , *ELECTRIC properties - Abstract
Excellent mechanical and electric properties enable the piezoelectric materials to be widely and dynamic aero-mechanical-electric coupling properties of the piezoelectric plate structures can significantly affect performance of aircrafts flying in high speed. This paper is focused on the flutter behaviors of the functionally graded piezoelectric material (FGPM) plate in supersonic airflow. The first-order shear deformation theory (FSDT) is employed to formulate the energy functional of the FGPM plate with general boundary conditions. The supersonic air flow is taken into account using the supersonic piston theory. The governing equations for the aero-mechanical-electric coupling system are deduced on basis of the Hamilton's principle. To address the limitation of intricate boundary conditions to the admissible functions, a modified Fourier series is introduced to yield the unified solutions of the FGPM plate subject to supersonic airflow and with arbitrary boundary conditions. Flutter properties of series of FGPM plates are investigated to demonstrate robust ability of the proposed method to accurately yet consistency include the aero-elastic-electric coupling, inhomogeneous material and arbitrary boundary conditions. The influences of the boundary condition, material constituent, external voltage and yawed flow angle on the vibration, and flutter behaviors of the FGPM plate are examined. Adjusting corresponding parameters accordingly can significantly improve the stability of the plate structures subject to supersonic airflow, which provides physical insights into dynamic optimal design of the plate structures. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
27. Mitigation of thermal runaway in air cooled Li-ion batteries using a novel cell arrangement coupled with air flow improviser: A numerical investigation and optimization.
- Author
-
M, Anikrishnan and C, Kannan
- Subjects
- *
AIR flow , *GREY relational analysis , *LITHIUM-ion batteries , *FORCED convection , *PRESSURE drop (Fluid dynamics) , *THERMAL batteries , *KINETIC energy - Abstract
The concept of e-mobility is gaining the utmost importance owing to stringent emission norms. However, the safety issues associated with propulsion batteries are posing a major threat to their success. The occurrences of accidents caused due to thermal runaway in electric two-wheelers grabbed global attention. In this research work, an effort is being taken to address this concern, by arranging the battery cells in a pentagonal arrangement and employing forced air convection. The influence of air velocity (0.15, 0.30, and 0.45 m/s) and air inlet position (60, 75, and 90 mm) and intermediate cell distance (4, 6, and 8 mm) on the thermal performance of the battery is investigated using a numerical approach. Maximum cell temperature, pressure drop across the channel, maximum air velocity, maximum turbulent kinetic energy, and maximum turbulence intensity are considered output responses. A grey relational analysis (GRA) is used to identify the optimum level for all input parameters considering all output responses. The optimal forced convection parameters for the proposed pentagonal cell arrangement are the intermediate cell distance of 6 mm, air velocity of 0.45 m/s, and air inlet position of 90 mm from the center of the cell arrangement. With this arrangement, the peak cell temperature is reduced from 48.32 to 36.83 °C (8%). The study is extended with an airflow improviser to examine the influence of its geometrical parameters (improviser angle, fillet angle, and its distance from the center of the battery module) on the battery cell temperature. At the optimal conditions, the presence of an airflow improviser increases the air velocity from 1.76 to 2.302 m/s (19%) and turbulence intensity from 196 to 0.350 m2/s2 (33%). Thus, the cell temperature could be reduced to the extent of 8.6% by adopting the pentagonal cell arrangement with airflow improviser and optimal operating parameters. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
28. Study of a novel solar-driven internally cooled liquid desiccant system for hot and humid climates.
- Author
-
Kalpana and Subudhi, Sudhakar
- Subjects
- *
DRYING agents , *SOLAR heating , *AIR flow , *AIR masses , *LIQUIDS , *SOLAR energy - Abstract
The current paper experimentally studied the performance of solar-driven internally cooled liquid desiccant system for hot and humid climates using CaCl2 as a liquid desiccant. The system is designed to investigate the input conditions of the room by adjusting various air and solution variables. This internally cooled liquid desiccant system consists of the dehumidifier and regenerator in a single module and the regeneration of the solution is done by solar energy. The present study analyzes the effect of solution concentration, air mass flow rate and solution volume flow rate using different performance indices such as humidity reduction, moisture effectiveness, enthalpy effectiveness, and COP. The results demonstrate that the maximum moisture reduction of 4.2 g/kg d.a. is found at an airflow rate of 0.03195 kg/s, a solution volume flow rate of 12.5 LPM, and a solution concentration of 37%, while the maximum COP of 0.274 is obtained at an airflow rate of 0.0715 kg/s, a solution volume flow rate of 12.5 LPM, and a solution concentration of 37%. The maximum moisture and enthalpy effectiveness are obtained as 24.1% and 26.2%, respectively. The paper also presents the correlations for moisture and enthalpy effectiveness based on findings from experiments. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
29. Mathematical model of the evaporative condenser for on-site condition simulation.
- Author
-
Li, Yanpeng, Shen, Shaofeng, Li, Zengqun, Wang, Chuang, Xing, Ziwen, Ren, Dawei, and Zhang, Huanliang
- Subjects
- *
MATHEMATICAL models , *AIR flow , *PARAMETER identification , *MASS transfer , *DATA integrity , *WORKING fluids - Abstract
• A modified evaporative condenser model with 4 characteristic parameters is proposed. • Data screening and supplementation methods are developed for on-site applications. • The average relative errors of the training and test sets are 2.10 % and 2.87 %. • Air–water mass transfer is the major factor in enhancing thermodynamic performance. Evaporative condensers (ECs) have been widely adopted in the fields of refrigeration, petrochemicals, etc. owing to the advantages of low water and energy consumption. However, due to the lack of a reliable mathematical model, the energy-saving potential of ECs remains unexplored. To realize thermodynamic performance predictions under on-site conditions, a generic model with 4 characteristic parameters, that could be identified specifically for different ECs, is innovatively proposed in this paper. Taking the refrigeration system of a food factory as a case study, a well-organized data processing method including filtering, screening, and supplementation is established. The processed real-operating data is used for characteristic parameters identification and model validation. Simulations indicate satisfactory transferability and a good agreement between the test and simulated results, with average relative errors of 2.10 % and 2.87 % for the training and test sets, respectively. Based on the proposed model, the overall performance and the working fluids' thermodynamic state of the EC during operation are investigated carefully. It could be concluded that the air–water mass transfer is the dominating factor in enhancing EC's thermodynamic performance, and air flow shows greater significance than water in improving heat exchange capacity. The heat exchange intensity of the superheating and two-phase zones is similar, while that of the subcooling zone is the lowest, averaging only 37.9 %. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
30. Performance evaluation of a vertical-finned microchannel and a fin-tube heat exchangers under wet and frosting conditions.
- Author
-
Li, Feng, Shi, Kewei, Sun, Xihui, Yue, Bao, Huang, Dong, Zhao, Rijing, and Zhao, Yongfeng
- Subjects
- *
HEAT exchangers , *MICROCHANNEL flow , *DRAINAGE , *AIR flow , *HEAT transfer , *FROST , *TUBES , *ATMOSPHERIC temperature - Abstract
This paper compares the performance of a vertical-finned microchannel heat exchanger (VMHX) and a 2-row fin-tube heat exchanger (FTHX) under wet and frosting conditions. The VMHX features vertically oriented fins with an extension at the windward side and parallel microchannel tubes, allowing for efficient water drainage and better performance than conventional microchannel heat exchangers with parallel serpentine fins. However, the performance of the VMHX has not been sufficiently compared to that of FTHX. After conducting experiments under specific operating conditions, the VMHX exhibits better water drainage performance than the FTHX at higher inlet air velocities, higher maximum heat flow, and time-integrating heat flow under certain operating conditions. Although the heating time is relatively shorter than the 2-row FTHX, these results suggest that the VMHX may be a more suitable option for applications requiring efficient water drainage and heat transfer. Additionally, the operating conditions significantly affect the heat exchanger's performance. The performance of VMHX is analyzed under different inlet air velocities, inlet air temperatures, and evaporation temperatures. The results indicate that frost itself had no effect on the heat exchanger performance and that the decrease of the inlet air flow rate was the main factor that decreased the heat exchanger performance. Overall, the results of this study provide valuable insights into the performance of VMHX and FTHX under wet and frosting conditions and the impact of various operating parameters on VMHX performance. These findings can inform the development of more efficient and reliable heat exchangers for various applications. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
31. Research on temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of passenger flow of Daxing airport line based on automatic fare collection data.
- Author
-
Jie, Zhao, Shuainan, Ding, Bengang, Guo, Zhenchao, Ma, and Jiamin, Jin
- Subjects
- *
AIRPORTS , *TRAVEL time (Traffic engineering) , *AIRPORT terminals , *ACQUISITION of data , *AIR travelers , *AIR flow , *PASSENGERS - Abstract
The airport line plays an important role in the airport landside traffic connection, which greatly relieves the urban road pressure. Studying the characteristics and laws of the time and space distribution of the airport line passenger flow will provide basic support for the airport line's capacity configuration, passenger flow control, and air‐track coordinated operation, and will also provide quantitative basis for the layout of urban terminal buildings. This paper proposes a method to analyse the temporal and spatial distribution characteristics of airport line passenger flow based on AFC card swiping data. By mining and extracting the travel behaviour data of subway airport line air passengers, the distribution characteristics of airport line passenger flow are analysed and visualized from two aspects of passenger travel time and space. Finally, a case study is carried out based on the actual data of Daxing airport express. The results show that: (1) the travel time of departure and return passengers is concentrated in 60–90 min; (2) The departure and arrival points of passengers are concentrated within the Fourth Ring Road, and a large number of air passenger flows are gathered and evacuated at hubs such as Beijing South Railway Station and Beijing West Railway Station. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
32. Analysis of Capture Velocity in the Case of Local Exhaust Ventilation.
- Author
-
Szekeres, Szabolcs, Kostyák, Attila, and Csáky, Imre
- Subjects
- *
VENTILATION , *VELOCITY , *AIR flow , *TURBULENCE - Abstract
This article presents a study on the capture velocity of local exhaust ventilation (LEV) using a specially designed workstation within a laboratory setting. The workstation featured a worktop with dimensions of 90 cm width and 45 cm depth, and the exhaust duct was positioned near the pollutant source, considering the intended operation of the LEV system. The worktop was divided into squares for precise documentation and remeasurement. A supply duct above the worktop provided controlled fresh airflow. Smoke was used to visualize airflow patterns. The measurements focused on air velocity and turbulence intensity, aiming to understand flow structures and vortices. Various capture rates were tested at specific measurement points. The study revealed that the central capture lines yielded the highest efficiency. To address air extraction from behind the exhaust duct, a back sheet panel was introduced. The results showed that installing a back sheet enhanced capture velocities. The findings contribute to understanding LEV efficiency and the importance of proper design and adjustments for effective containment of contaminants in the occupational environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
33. Assessment of Natural Ventilation Techniques by Means of Measurements and Retrospective CFD Simulation on a Test Building.
- Author
-
Belpoliti, Vittorino, Mushtaha, Emad S. N., Saleem, Ahmed A., and Elmualim, Abbas A.
- Subjects
- *
NATURAL ventilation , *COMPUTATIONAL fluid dynamics , *SUSTAINABLE buildings , *AIR flow , *DIGITAL computer simulation , *BUOYANCY - Abstract
The study described here analyzed natural ventilation techniques, operated in a real building in the United Arab Emirates (UAE), to assist passive cooling. The assessment has been conducted by comparing digital simulation results and field measurements. Computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was used to retrospectively understand and quantify the monitored contribution of natural ventilation toward cooling the building. After calibrating the model with the field monitored data, the CFD simulations showed that the predicted ventilation strategies (buoyancy and stack effect to remove indoor heat; "wind catcher" effect to provide indoor passive cooling) contribute to lower the indoor temperature by an average of 0.7°C throughout the day. The outcomes of the study contributes to assist early stage design, with special regard to passive cooling via natural ventilation, to achieve more sustainable buildings. Nevertheless, while it is quite reliable to plan for main air flow and direction, in a real building alternative behavior might occur that is difficult to control and might affect the ventilation purpose and efficiency. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
34. Performance Comparison between Data Centers with Different Airflow Management Technologies.
- Author
-
Li, Xueqiang, Zhang, Zhongyao, Wang, Qihui, Yang, Xiaohu, Hooman, Kamel, and Liu, Shengchun
- Subjects
- *
AIR flow , *SERVER farms (Computer network management) , *AIR conditioning , *CAPITAL costs , *COOLING systems , *ECONOMIC indicators - Abstract
Air cooling systems are widely used in current data centers owing to their low capital costs and high reliability. To satisfy the increasing rack power density, the optimal air-cooling technology and an economic analysis should be carefully discussed. Therefore, this study discusses four airflow management technologies: Case 1: raised floor and cold aisle containment supply/computer room air conditioning (CRAC) direct return; Case 2: CRAC direct supply/hot aisle containment (HAC) return; Case 3: overhead duct supply/CRAC direct return; and Case 4: overhead duct supply/HAC return. Using a validated model, the thermal and economic performances of each case were compared. Results showed that Case 4 exhibited the best thermal performance, followed by Cases 3, 2, and 1. Case 1 cannot satisfy the heat dissipation requirement when the rack power density is larger than 12.5 kW; whereas only Case 4 can be used when the power density is larger than 15 kW. Regarding location within China, owing to the high ambient temperature, Shenzhen showed the highest annual cost value and power usage effectiveness, followed by Shanghai, Xi'an, Beijing, and Harbin. Finally, Cases 3 and 4 are recommended for application when the rack power density is greater than 10 kW. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
35. Development of Model for Heat Transfer via Superheated Steam Considering Condensation/Evaporation.
- Author
-
Masuda, Hayato, Minami, Koki, Yuji, Naoto, and Iyota, Hiroyuki
- Subjects
- *
SUPERHEATED steam , *HEAT transfer , *CONDENSATION , *HEAT flux , *HEAT pipes , *LATENT heat , *AIR flow - Abstract
In heating processes using superheated steam, a practical heat transfer model for predicting the change in the material temperature taking condensation/evaporation into consideration is required. This study observed the behavior of condensed water and verified a simple but practical heat transfer model to predict the heating time of materials. The one-dimensional model, which comprehensively includes the conductive, convective, radiative, and latent heat fluxes, was utilized. For simplicity, film condensation was assumed. To conduct experiments covering a wide humidity range, the humidity of the airflow was regulated by mixing superheated steam with high-temperature air. The sample material having 50 mm of length, 50 mm of width, and 10 mm of thickness was placed under this airflow, and the change in temperature over time was measured. During the initial stages of heating via superheated steam, condensation, and subsequent evaporation were observed. The time required for the evaporation of condensed water increased with the humidity, owing to the large amount of condensed water. The ending time of evaporation was successfully estimated within about −30% error. Although some modifications will be required in the future, the model is expected to be a powerful tool in various industries where superheated steam is applied. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
36. Effects of Negative Pressure Ventilation on Lung Volume and Airflow in Drug-Induced Sleep Endoscopy.
- Author
-
Yu, Jason L., Plageman, Jack M., Gouldman, Katherine P., Bliwise, Donald L., and Schwartz, Alan R.
- Subjects
- *
LUNG volume , *AIR flow , *VENTILATION , *DRUG side effects , *ENDOSCOPY - Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
37. Dust resuspension from fabrics exposed to airflow.
- Author
-
Feng, Jie, Lai, Tsz Wai, Fu, Sau Chung, Chan, Ka Chung, Liu, Chun-Ho, and Chao, Christopher Y.H.
- Subjects
- *
AIR flow , *DUST , *PARTICULATE matter , *MINERAL dusts , *TEXTILES - Abstract
Dust resuspension from four typical fabrics (cotton, linen, silk, and polyester) exposed to airflow with common velocities within 0–10 m/s, including a moving fabric case and a fixed fabric case, was experimentally studied in this article. A set of empirical correlations, involving air velocity, fabric motion mode, fabric type, and airflow duration was developed to describe and predict the moving fabric case. It was found that a stronger-than-expected resuspension was triggered by short-term accelerating airflow. The resuspension enhancement of over 90% was reported for the moving fabrics compared with the fixed ones. Fabric motion induced by airflow was proposed to account for these resuspension findings. Fabric acceleration was then demonstrated to be a key factor in evaluating the resuspension for such a scenario. This article not only reveals an inconspicuous phenomenon of dust resuspension from fabrics under the impact of airflow and consequent fabric motion, but also provides a theoretical basis for particulate matter assessment and regulation. Copyright © 2024 American Association for Aerosol Research [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
38. Algorithm for Nasal Breathing Impairment Evaluation.
- Author
-
Xavier, Rui
- Subjects
- *
AIRWAY resistance (Respiration) , *RESPIRATION , *AIR flow , *ALGORITHMS - Abstract
Assessing patients with complaints of nasal obstruction has traditionally been done by evaluation of the nasal airway looking for fixed or dynamic obstructive locations that could impair nasal airflow. Not infrequently, however, symptoms of nasal obstruction do not match the clinical examination of the nasal airway. Addressing this subset of patients may be a challenge to the surgeon. Evaluation of patients with symptoms of nasal obstruction should include a combination of a patient-reported assessment of nasal breathing and at least one objective method for measuring nasal airflow or nasal airway resistance or dimensions. This will allow distinction between patients with symptoms of nasal obstruction and low airflow or high nasal airway resistance and patients with similar symptoms but whose objective evaluation demonstrates normal nasal airflow or normal airway dimensions or resistance. Patients with low nasal airflow or high nasal airway resistance will require treatment to increase nasal airflow as a necessary step to improve symptoms, whereas patients with normal nasal airflow or nasal airway resistance will require a multidimensional assessment looking for less obvious causes of impaired nasal breathing sensation. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
39. Peak Nasal Inspiratory Flow (PNIF) for Nasal Breathing Evaluation.
- Author
-
Xavier, Rui
- Subjects
- *
RESPIRATION , *AIRWAY resistance (Respiration) , *NASAL cavity , *RESPIRATORY obstructions , *AIR flow - Abstract
Measuring nasal airflow and nasal breathing has been a major goal of rhinology. Many objective methods for measuring nasal airflow or nasal airway resistance or dimensions provide valuable data but are time-consuming and require expensive equipment and trained technicians, thus making these methods less practical for clinical practice. Peak nasal inspiratory flow (PNIF) measurement is fast, unexpensive, noninvasive, and able to provide an objective evaluation of nasal airflow in real-time. Unilateral PNIF measurements allow separated evaluation of each side of the nasal airway and may prove particularly useful when clinical assessment detects significant asymmetry between both nasal cavities. PNIF measurements are most useful for assessing changes in nasal airflow achieved by any form of therapy, including surgical treatment of the nasal airway. These measurements generally correlate with other objective methods for nasal airway evaluation, but not unequivocally with patient-reported evaluation of nasal breathing. Nevertheless, as low PNIF values prevent the sensation of a suitable nasal breathing, PNIF measurement may also prove useful to optimize the decision of how to best address patients with complaints of nasal airway obstruction. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
40. Distribution of common pipistrelle (Pipistrellus pipistrellus) activity is altered by airflow disruption generated by wind turbines.
- Author
-
Leroux, Camille, Barré, Kévin, Valet, Nicolas, Kerbiriou, Christian, and Le Viol, Isabelle
- Subjects
- *
WIND turbines , *PREY availability , *WIND speed , *AIR flow , *WIND power , *TURBINES , *AZIMUTH - Abstract
The mechanisms underlying bat and bird activity peaks (attraction) or losses (avoidance) near wind turbines remain unknown. Yet, understanding them would be a major lever to limit the resulting habitat loss and fatalities. Given that bat activity is strongly related to airflows, we hypothesized that airflow disturbances generated leeward (downwind) of operating wind turbines–via the so-called wake effect–make this area less favorable for bats, due to increased flight costs, decreased maneuverability and possibly lower prey abundance. To test this hypothesis, we quantified Pipistrellus pipistrellus activity acoustically at 361 site-nights in western France in June on a longitudinal distance gradient from the wind turbine and on a circular azimuth gradient of wind incidence angle, calculated from the prevailing wind direction of the night. We show that P. pipistrellus avoid the wake area, as less activity was detected leeward of turbines than windward (upwind) at relatively moderate and high wind speeds. Furthermore, we found that P. pipistrellus response to wind turbine (attraction and avoidance) depended on the angle from the wake area. These findings are consistent with the hypothesis that changes in airflows around operating wind turbines can strongly impact the way bats use habitats up to at least 1500 m from the turbines, and thus should prompt the consideration of prevailing winds in wind energy planning. Based on the evidence we present here, we strongly recommend avoiding configurations involving the installation of a turbine between the origin of prevailing winds and important habitats for bats, such as hedgerows, water or woodlands. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
41. Effects of landfill void fraction and moisture content on the formation of aerobic areas in a semi-aerobic bioreactor.
- Author
-
Zhao, Xinyu, Zhang, Xin, and Zhang, Xinyan
- Subjects
- *
POROSITY , *LANDFILL gases , *LANDFILLS , *GAS flow , *AIR flow , *SOLID waste - Abstract
[Display omitted] • The void fraction (41.31%) formed by large-particle size gravel was rapidly reduced. • High rate of gas flow in the pipeline made landfill gas diluted rapidly. • A larger void fraction (44.62%) led to formation of a smaller anaerobic zone. The main disposal method for municipal solid waste (MSW), including the growing worldwide volumes of kitchen waste, involves transport to landfills. Because kitchen waste is mainly composed of organic matter and has a high moisture content, large amounts of leachate and landfill gas are generated when it is sent to landfills. Therefore, rapid waste stabilization is essential. In this study, four semi-aerobic bioreactors (named NS, SS, MS, and LS) were established with void fractions of 33.76%, 39.84%, 44.62%, and 41.31%, respectively. The results showed that the void fractions of landfill directly affected the gas flow path. When the landfill void fraction was small (e.g., NS), most airflow traveled directly through the pipeline and minimal airflow entered the waste layer. When the landfill void fraction was large (e.g., MS), air easily entered the waste layer and some air flowed into the gas vent with the landfill gas. As the reaction proceeded, the void fraction gradually decreased due to gravity-induced sedimentation. During the water addition experiment, the voids were occupied by water, leading to formation of an anaerobic area. Among the four bioreactors, only MS had negligible formation of an anaerobic zone in the center. Methane (CH 4) generation was detected only at the connection between the gas vent and the leachate collection pipe. A larger void fraction led to formation of a smaller anaerobic zone. The ratio of air flowing in pipeline was lowest in MS. These results indicated that a large void fraction promotes the decomposition of organic matter. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
42. Numerical simulation of the influence of nasal cycle on nasal airflow.
- Author
-
Wei, Jing, He, Xuan, Yang, Qing, Gu, Qifei, Zhang, Xiaodan, Sui, Xue, Zhou, Rui, and Feng, Wei
- Subjects
- *
AIR flow , *COMPUTATIONAL fluid dynamics , *NASAL cavity , *COMPUTER simulation , *TEMPERATURE control , *COMPUTED tomography - Abstract
To study the characteristics of nasal airflow in the presence of nasal cycle by computational fluid dynamics. CT scan data of a healthy Chinese individual was used to construct a three-dimensional model of the nasal cavity to be used as simulation domain. A sinusoidal airflow velocity is set at the nasal cavity entrance to reproduce the breathing pattern of a healthy human. There was a significant difference in the cross-sectional area between the two sides of the nasal cavity. Particularly, the decongested side is characterized by a larger cross-section area, and consequently, by a larger volume with respect to the congested side. The airflow velocity, pressure, and nasal resistance were higher on the congested narrow side. The temperature regulation ability on the congested narrow side was stronger than that on the decongested wider side. During the nasal cycle, there are differences in the nasal cavity function between the congested and decongested sides. Therefore, when evaluating the impact of various factors on nasal cavity function, the nasal cycle should be considered. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
43. Glass bead system to study mycotoxin production of Aspergillus spp. on corn and rice starches.
- Author
-
Inotai, Katalin, Bata-Vidács, Ildikó, Tóth, Ákos, Kosztik, Judit, Varga, Mónika, Szekeres, András, Nagy, István, Dobolyi, Csaba, Mörtl, Mária, Székács, András, and Kukolya, József
- Subjects
- *
CORNSTARCH , *AFLATOXINS , *GLASS beads , *RICE starch , *ASPERGILLUS , *CORN , *ASPERGILLUS flavus , *AIR flow , *SCANNING electron microscopy - Abstract
Mycotoxin production by aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) -producing Aspergillus flavus Zt41 and sterigmatocystin (ST) -hyperproducer Aspergillus creber 2663 mold strains on corn and rice starch, both of high purity and nearly identical amylose-amylopectin composition, as the only source of carbon, was studied. Scanning electron microscopy revealed average starch particle sizes of 4.54 ± 0.635 µm and 10.9 ± 2.78 µm, corresponding to surface area to volume ratios of 127 1/µm for rice starch and 0.49 1/µm for corn starch. Thus, a 2.5-fold difference in particle size correlated to a larger, 259-fold difference in surface area. To allow starch, a water-absorbing powder, to be used as a sole food source for Aspergillus strains, a special glass bead system was applied. AFB1 production of A. flavus Zt41 was determined to be 437.6 ± 128.4 ng/g and 90.0 ± 44.8 ng/g on rice and corn starch, respectively, while corresponding ST production levels by A. creber 2663 were 72.8 ± 10.0 µg/g and 26.8 ± 11.6 µg/g, indicating 3–fivefold higher mycotoxin levels on rice starch than on corn starch as sole carbon and energy sources. Key points: • A glass bead system ensuring the flow of air when studying powders was developed. • AFB1 and ST production of A. flavus and A. creber on rice and corn starches were studied. • 3–fivefold higher mycotoxin levels on rice starch than on corn starch were detected. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
44. Measuring flow rate and purity in portable oxygen concentrators.
- Author
-
Sivalingam, Vijai, Jayaraj, Jayakumar, and Paul, Subha Hency Jose
- Subjects
- *
ARDUINO (Microcontroller) , *PRESSURE sensors , *AIR flow , *OXYGEN therapy , *CHANNEL flow , *OXYGEN , *COLLOIDAL carbon - Abstract
For people with respiratory disorders who need additional oxygen therapy, oxygen concentrators are vital medical equipment. By concentrating oxygen from the ambient air, they function to give the user a greater flow of oxygen-enriched air. The application of lithium zeolite for oxygen concentration in POCs is the most intense part of this work. One kind of zeolite material that may selectively absorb nitrogen from the air to increase oxygen concentration is lithium zeolite. The capacity, effectiveness, and dependability of a POC fitted with lithium zeolite are all examined in this study, along with its overall performance. The findings show that lithium zeolite, which has benefits including high oxygen purity and low energy consumption, is a potential material for use in POCs. The results of this study aid in the creation of POCs for oxygen therapy that are more effective and efficient. This study suggests utilizing an Arduino microcontroller and an HX710B air pressure sensor to measure the oxygen flow rate in a POC. The POC's oxygen flow channel incorporates the HX710B sensor to monitor pressure variations, which the Arduino uses to translate into flow rate readings. To verify the accuracy and dependability of the system, its performance is assessed under different flow rate scenarios. Lithium zeolites are well-known for having a high selectivity for nitrogen adsorption, which can enhance the concentrator's oxygen separation process's effectiveness. Lithium-zeolite-based oxygen concentrators may have a lower environmental effect than standard concentrators. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
45. Combined leaf gas-exchange system for model assessment.
- Author
-
Tominaga, Jun and Kawamitsu, Yoshinobu
- Subjects
- *
LEMON , *SWEET cherry , *VITIS vinifera , *COMMON sunflower , *USEFUL plants , *AIR flow , *CHERRIES , *UNITS of measurement - Abstract
Leaf gas-exchange measurements are useful in assessing plant environmental responses. However, uncertainties in the leaf gas-exchange model potentially limit its application. The main challenge in the model-dependent calculations is to detect violations of assumptions. Here, we developed a system that integrates into one instrument the direct measurement of leaf intercellular CO2 concentration and the standard open-flow (OF) and novel open-diffusion (OD) systems for flux measurement. In the OD system, a gas-permeable membrane between the leaf ambient air and outside air creates CO2 and H2O differentials, rather than the air flow in the OF chamber. We measured hypostomatous and amphistomatous leaves of several species with different photosynthetic capacities [sunflower (Helianthus annuus), grape (Vitis vinifera), lemon (Citrus limon), and cherry (Prunus avium)]. The CO2 and H2O differentials in the OD system strictly depend on the flux measured by the OF system. The lower permeability of the membrane resulted in a larger differential per flux, indicating that the OD system can increase the resolution for a small flux. An analysis of the conductance model along with observations suggested that cuticle and leaf intercellular conductances and the unsaturation of leaf humidity contributed to discrepancies between the direct measurement and standard calculation. The combined system developed here provides an opportunity to address these overlooked concepts in leaf gas exchange. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
46. Validation of a CFD model for cell culture bioreactors at large scale and its application in scale-up.
- Author
-
Xing, Zizhuo, Duane, Gearóid, O'Sullivan, Josiah, Chelius, Cynthia, Smith, Laura, Borys, Michael C., and Khetan, Anurag
- Subjects
- *
MASS transfer coefficients , *CELL culture , *COMPUTATIONAL fluid dynamics , *BIOREACTORS , *MODEL validation , *CARBON dioxide , *AIR flow - Abstract
Among all the operating parameters that control the cell culture environment inside bioreactors, appropriate mixing and aeration are crucial to ensure sufficient oxygen supply, homogeneous mixing, and CO 2 stripping. A model-based manufacturing facility fit approach was applied to define agitation and bottom air flow rates during the process scale-up from laboratory to manufacturing, of which computational fluid dynamics (CFD) was the core modeling tool. The realizable k -ε turbulent dispersed Eulerian gas-liquid flow model was established and validated using experimental values for the volumetric oxygen transfer coefficient (k L a). Model validation defined the process operating parameter ranges for application of the model, identified mixing issues (e.g., impeller flooding, dissolved oxygen gradients, etc.) and the impact of antifoam on k L a. Using the CFD simulation results as inputs to the models for oxygen demand, gas entrance velocity, and CO 2 stripping aided in the design of the agitation and bottom air flow rates needed to meet cellular oxygen demand, control CO 2 levels, mitigate risks for cell damage due to shear, foaming, as well as fire hazards due to high O 2 levels in the bioreactor gas outlet. The recommended operating conditions led to the completion of five manufacturing runs with a 100% success rate. This model-based approach achieved a seamless scale-up and reduced the required number of at-scale development batches, resulting in cost and time savings of a cell culture commercialization process. [Display omitted] • Appling a bioprocessing model package in manufacturing facility fit. • Predicting impeller flooding of a scale-up model by computational fluid dynamics. • Predicting pCO2 levels by CO 2 stripping model. • Evaluating cellular oxygen demand, foaming, and fire hazards. • Achieving seamless scale-up with reduced manufacturing scale development batches. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
47. Formaldehyde-Degrading Bacteria R1 Is Effective in Removing HCHO from the Air in an Indoor Environment.
- Author
-
Wang, Ru, Wang, Wenyuan, Zhang, Wei, Li, Zhengxue, An, Zhengyang, Zhou, Dongming, and Min, Yong
- Subjects
- *
AIR flow , *AIR pollutants , *BIOFILTERS , *BACTERIA , *METHYLOBACTERIUM - Abstract
Formaldehyde (HCHO) is a widespread air pollutant in the indoor environment. Previous studies have shown that some bacteria have potential application to remove indoor HCHO. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effectiveness of Methylobacterium sp. strain R1 (S-R1) in removing formaldehyde (HCHO) from indoor air using biofilters. Three experiments confirmed S-R1's ability to degrade HCHO in the air, with 13C-NMR analysis revealing its involvement in the metabolic process. Optimal biofilter parameters, including 35 sponge layers, 30% humidity, and 9.50 m3/min air flow, resulted in a removal efficiency of up to 90% and an elimination capability of 24111-27000 μg/(m3 ∗ h) during a 60-minute test period. Long-term (31-day) operation of the biofilter with the optimal parameters effectively reduced HCHO levels from 1.60 mg/m3 to 0.02-0.03 mg/m3, below China's national standard, and maintained this level. Fluorescence microscope observation and downstream gas detection revealed stable S-R1 cell numbers and no bacterial leakage, respectively. Two conclusions can be drawn: (1) S-R1 is effective in removing HCHO in polluted air and (2) with optimum parameters, the S-R1 biofilter is engineering effective in purifying the indoor air environment. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
48. Simulation Analysis of Arc-Quenching Performance of Eco-Friendly Insulating Gas Mixture of CF3I and CO2 under Impulse Arc.
- Author
-
Wu, Dong, Chen, Wengui, and Ji, Zelin
- Subjects
- *
ELECTRIC stimulation , *ELECTRIC conductivity , *MAGNETOHYDRODYNAMICS , *AIR flow , *TWO-dimensional models , *GAS mixtures - Abstract
Due to its superior insulating qualities, SF6 gas is extensively used in the power sector. However, because of its poor environmental protection properties, finding ecologically acceptable insulating gas has become a critical challenge in the power sector in the context of pursuing green electricity. This work simulates the arc-quenching performance of a gas mixture of CF3I and CO2, which is thought to be a workable substitute for SF6 gas. The COMSOL software is used to build a two-dimensional model of a single-pipe arc-quenching chamber based on the concepts of magnetohydrodynamics (MHD) theory. The lightning impulse current is made by applying electrical stimulation to pure CO2 gas, gas mixtures with 10% CF3I and 90% CO2, and gas mixtures with 30% CF3I and 70% CO2 in the single-pipe arc-quenching chamber. During the first stage of arc formation, the results show that CF3I/CO2 gas mixtures with 10% and 30% CF3I have lower electrical conductivity than pure CO2 gas. An 8/20 μs lightning impulse current waveform with a magnitude of 4 kA is used for this observation. The highest airflow velocity for pure CO2 is 1744 m/s, but the mixture of 10%/90% CF3I/CO2 has a maximum airflow velocity of 1593 m/s. The 30%/70% CF3I/CO2 mixture has the highest maximum airflow velocity at 1840 m/s. Airflow velocity increases and the overpressure in the arc-quenching chamber is prolonged when there is a greater concentration of CF3I gas in the gas mixture. Consequently, these factors greatly reduce the duration of the arc-extinguishing time. The arc-quenching chamber's overpressure is extended when the amount of CF3I gas in the gas mixture is increased, which increases the velocity of the airflow. As a result, these factors significantly decrease the duration of the arc-extinguishing time. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
49. Assembling high-rise: The uneven agencies of air in suburban densification in the Anthropocene.
- Author
-
Cook, Nicole T and Kerr, Sophie-May
- Subjects
- *
ARCHITECTURAL engineering , *AIR quality , *SUBURBS , *ECOSYSTEMS , *COVID-19 pandemic , *AIR flow - Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic brought to the surface the critical qualities of air – airflow, ventilation, particulates etc. – in relation to the well-being of people living in high-rise. Engineering and architectural research has burgeoned in response. However, in focusing on models of airflow, ventilation and particulates as discrete variables, engineering and architectural discourse fails to capture the diverse ways that air enters into and shapes the everyday lived experience of high-rise dwelling. Drawing on research in Sydney's Southwestern suburbs, we reveal high-rise as an assemblage that links apartment dwelling with air, via car-dependent suburbanisation, pollution and climate-change induced temperature extremes in the Anthropocene. In addition to viruses, air teems with carbon, insects, noise and pollutants, while viscerally mediating human encounters with fluctuating temperatures. Multiple relations between people, buildings and air unfold simultaneously, confounding attempts to account for air's elemental milieu through single variables like greenhouse gas or COVID-19. While embedded in relations of power, high-rise assemblages unleash vernacular adaptation that through low-tech and low-cost technologies work to connect suburban high-rise with evolving ecological systems. Recognising the pharmacological quality of air, as both 'poison' and 'cure', we contrast models of high-rise as encapsulated environments with resident (and other) experiments that orient high-rise to the elements, and the interlinked challenges of urban living in the Anthropocene. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
50. Air Traffic Flow Prediction with Spatiotemporal Knowledge Distillation Network.
- Author
-
Shen, Zhiqi, Cai, Kaiquan, Fang, Quan, and Luo, Xiaoyan
- Subjects
- *
AIR traffic , *TRAFFIC flow , *AIR flow , *TRAFFIC patterns , *THUNDERSTORMS , *TRAFFIC congestion - Abstract
Accurate air traffic flow prediction assists controllers formulate control strategies in advance and alleviate air traffic congestion, which is important to flight safety. While existing works have made significant efforts in exploring the high dynamics and heterogeneous interactions of historical air traffic flow, two key challenges still remain. (1) The transfer patterns of air traffic are intricate, subject to numerous constraints and limitations such as controllers, flight regulations, and other regulatory factors. Relying solely on mining historical traffic evolution patterns makes it difficult to accurately predict the constrained air traffic flow. (2) Weather conditions exert a substantial influence on air traffic, making it exceptionally difficult to simulate the impact of external factors (such as thunderstorms) on the evolution of air traffic flow patterns. To address these two challenges, we propose a Spatiotemporal Knowledge Distillation Network (ST-KDN) for air traffic flow prediction. Firstly, recognizing the inherent future insights embedded within flight plans, we develop a "teacher-student" distillation model. This model leverages the prior knowledge of upstream-downstream migration patterns and future air traffic trends inherent in flight plans. Subsequently, to model the influence of external factors and predict air traffic flow disturbed by thunderstorm weather, we propose a student network based on the "parallel-fusion" structure. Finally, employing a feature-based knowledge distillation approach to integrate prior knowledge from flight plans and extract meteorological features, our method can accurately capture complex and constrained spatiotemporal dependencies in air traffic and explicitly model the impact of weather on air traffic flow. Experimental results on real-world flight data demonstrate that our method can achieve better prediction performance than other state-of-the-art comparison methods, and the advantages of the proposed method are particularly prominent in modeling the complicated transfer pattern of air traffic and inferring nonrecurrent flow patterns. [ABSTRACT FROM AUTHOR]
- Published
- 2024
- Full Text
- View/download PDF
Catalog
Discovery Service for Jio Institute Digital Library
For full access to our library's resources, please sign in.